In this essay, we developed an environmental immunity of multiplexed In-line sagnac interferometric fiber-optic current sensing system. The multiplexedwas used the time-division technique, were proposed to meet this research objective. The theoretical inference and experimental results were presented. The experimental results the system have sensitivity 56£gV/A¡Eturns, and the signal to noise ratio is 70dB. Besides, the multiplexed sensed two current in the same time, those two responses are still linearity. The uniform of these multiplex sensed are less than 2%. The system is hysteresis-free operator, no saturation limit. These features are suit for fiber-optic current sensor in measuring large range variable current. The current waveform can be read directly. In this research, the result let the fiber-optic current sensor approach to application on industrial power delivery line and monitor more current by this system.

The statistics of the phase dependent optical time-domain reflectometer have been analyzed. The optical fiber is modeled by the use of a discrete set of reflectors positioned randomly along the fiber. The statistics of the reflected light from a traveling pulse are derived. The statistics of the signal are used to calculate the characteristics of shot noise in the photodetector, and the probability that noise of certain intensity will occur. An estimation of the backscattered power is made by calculating the fraction of the backscattered power that is captured in a guiding mode. Upper power limits are calculated by considering nonlinear optical effects. An estimation of noise from thermally excited sound waves, amplified by Brillouin scattering, is derived. This noise considers the parameters of a photodetector, giving a model for the noise in the measurable photocurrent. Two models are used to describe the fading probability of the signal. The first model, based on the Fabry-Perot interferometer with a random phase perturbation in the middle, is used to calculate the probability that the whole signal vanishes for any value of phase perturbation. The second model, by calculating the correlation between two signals, one perturbed and one unperturbed, predicts the fading of the signal of interest. The present work gives the theoretical basis for the phase dependant Optical Time Domain Reflectometry, allowing its optimization and setting the fundamental limitations to the performance of the system.

This thesis includes studies of developing distributed optical fiber vibration sensor based on Rayleigh backscattering with broad frequency response range and high spatial resolution. Distributed vibration sensor based on all-polarization-maintaining configurations of the phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) is developed to achieve high frequency response and spatial resolution. Signal fading and noise induced by polarization change can be mitigated via polarization-maintaining components. Pencil-break event is tested as a vibration source and the layout of the sensing fiber part is designed for real applications. The spatial resolution is 1m and the maximum distance between sensing fiber and vibration event is 18cm. Wavelet denoising method is introduced to improve the performance of the distributed vibration sensor based on phase-sensitive OTDR in standard single-mode fiber. Noise can be reduced more effectively by thresholding the wavelet coefficient. Sub-meter spatial resolution is obtained with a detectable frequency up to 8 kHz. A new distributed vibration sensor based on time-division multiplexing (TDM) scheme is also studied. A special probe waveform including a narrow pules and a quasi-continuous wave can combine the conventional phase-sensitive OTDR system and polarization diversity scheme together in one single-mode fiber without crosstalk. Position and frequency of the vibration can be determined by these two detection systems consecutively in different time slots. Vibration event up to 0.6 MHz is detected with 1m spatial resolution along a 680m single-mode sensing fiber. Continuous wavelet transform (CWT) is investigated to study the non-stationary vibration events measured by our phase OTDR system. The CWT approach can access both frequency and time information of the vibration event simultaneously. Distributed vibration measurements of 500Hz and 500Hz to 1 kHz sweep events over 20 cm fiber length are demonstrated using a single-mode fiber. Optical frequency-domain reflectometry (OFDR) for vibration sensing is proposed for the first time. The local Rayleigh backscatter spectrum shift in time sequence could be used to determine dynamic strain information at a specific position of the vibrated state with respect to that of the non-vibrated state. Measurable frequency range of 0-32 Hz with the spatial resolution of 10 cm is demonstrated along a 17 m fiber.

This thesis includes studies of developing distributed optical fiber vibration sensor based on Rayleigh backscattering with broad frequency response range and high spatial resolution. Distributed vibration sensor based on all-polarization-maintaining configurations of the phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) is developed to achieve high frequency response and spatial resolution. Signal fading and noise induced by polarization change can be mitigated via polarization-maintaining components. Pencil-break event is tested as a vibration source and the layout of the sensing fiber part is designed for real applications. The spatial resolution is 1m and the maximum distance between sensing fiber and vibration event is 18cm. Wavelet denoising method is introduced to improve the performance of the distributed vibration sensor based on phase-sensitive OTDR in standard single-mode fiber. Noise can be reduced more effectively by thresholding the wavelet coefficient. Sub-meter spatial resolution is obtained with a detectable frequency up to 8 kHz. A new distributed vibration sensor based on time-division multiplexing (TDM) scheme is also studied. A special probe waveform including a narrow pules and a quasi-continuous wave can combine the conventional phase-sensitive OTDR system and polarization diversity scheme together in one single-mode fiber without crosstalk. Position and frequency of the vibration can be determined by these two detection systems consecutively in different time slots. Vibration event up to 0.6 MHz is detected with 1m spatial resolution along a 680m single-mode sensing fiber. Continuous wavelet transform (CWT) is investigated to study the non-stationary vibration events measured by our phase OTDR system. The CWT approach can access both frequency and time information of the vibration event simultaneously. Distributed vibration measurements of 500Hz and 500Hz to 1 kHz sweep events over 20 cm fiber length are demonstrated using a single-mode fiber. Optical frequency-domain reflectometry (OFDR) for vibration sensing is proposed for the first time. The local Rayleigh backscatter spectrum shift in time sequence could be used to determine dynamic strain information at a specific position of the vibrated state with respect to that of the non-vibrated state. Measurable frequency range of 0-32 Hz with the spatial resolution of 10 cm is demonstrated along a 17 m fiber.

Birefringent fibers have attracted considerable attention in recent years for their potential applications in communication and sensing. In this thesis we selectively infiltrate high-index liquids or liquid crystals (LCs) into specified air holes of the photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) by using a selective blocking technique and the vacuum filling method to form half-filled birefringent PCFs and central-filled liquid crystal PCF (LCPCF). We first measure the bending loss of the half-filled PCF. Smaller bending loss was obtained as the PCF was bent in 0¢X due to the dominat index-guiding. Compared with the full-filled PCF, the half-filled PCF possesses a smaller bending loss for the reduction of liquid-filled air holes. The birefringent properties of the half-filled PCF and the LCPCF were then measured in cooperation with the Sagnac fiber loop. We can obtain the birefringence of the half-filled PCF of 2.39¡Ñ10^-4 at £f = 1411 nm, and the sensitivity to temperature, strain, and torsion can be obtained as -0.614 nm/¢XC, 0.466 pm/£g£`, and -0.316 nm/deg. These large sensitivities make the half-filled PCF useful in sensing applications. We also measured the birefringence of the central-filled LCPCF with variant laser irradiation and temperature. The optical and thermal birefringence variations from 2.8¡Ñ10^-3 to 4.12¡Ñ10^-3 and from 2.3¡Ñ10^-3 to 3.3¡Ñ10^-3 can be oberserved, respectively. The optically and thermally tunable birefringence of the central-filled LCPCF was experimentally demonstrated.

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The technique of the distributed fiber optic sensor system, the principle that we use Sagnac interferometer to sense time-varying physical field, can be used to measure the position of the disturbed physical field and have the ability of detecting continuous position. Based on the configuration of the Sagnac interferometer, sensing optic fiber is loop design, which is hard to be set in real surroundings, and a half length of loop fiber have to be the isolated protection of the physical field. Therefore, this essay brings up the In-Line conception to be the design direction. And we make use of the physical field of pipeline leak acoustic to detect disturbance position. The measurable range of systematic structure signal is 3¡Ñ10-4 ~ 3¡Ñ10-2 , and the dynamic range is 40 dB. On the other hand, the structure of polarization insensitive is brought up, the measurable range is 1.5¡Ñ10-3 ~ 3¡Ñ10-2 , and the dynamic range is 26 dB.

Abstract The electrical microphone has came to maturity, which has some restrictions on high electromagnetic and wet environments¡CFiber-Optic sensor can improve the problems, because it has better characters in electromagnetic interference and wet environment than the traditional microphone. The structure of Sagnac interferometer is circulator, so the design of head to a sensor has to wind fiber around. Because the minimum radius of winded fiber has a threshold, we can not miniaturize the sensor-head. A typical Mach-Zehnder interferometer has to use high-coherence light source and the length of two arms in equality without any interference, so it is difficult in fabrication. If we make a microphone by FBG and Mach-Zehnder interferometer, and the advantage is that we can use low-coherence light source, and shorten the length of two arms in interferometer. By using the structure, the minimum measured pressure of sound is 0.6 Pa, and the dynamic range is 30dB.

In this paper, the fesibility of using a Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) as a sensing scheme to detect the underwater acoustic signals is analyzed. When a FBG is disturbed by an underwater sound, the wavelength of the FBG is changed. Therefore, the central spectrum of the reflected light is shifted according to the wavelength change of the FBG. This spectrum can be detected by an imbalanced two-arm interferometer. Its transfer function will be studied. Also, the polarization induced signal fading of those two-arm interferometers will be studied.

Optical waves propagation in various types of volume gratings, materials with constant impendence and optical fibers are studied. Instability of cross–phase modulation and of Energy transfer via GRON-type (Grating-type Orientational Nonlinearity in Liquid Crystal) Stimulated Scattering is numerically observed. Two diffractive optical elements made of volume gratings are suggested and analyzed. A transmission hologram based on the analogy with Stimulated Raman Adiabatic Passage (STIRAP) in nonlinear optics is proposed. This transmission hologram demonstrates high diffraction efficiency and low sensitivity to polarization and hologram strength. The other is a reflection hologram with two crossed-gratings. It features good angular selectivity in comparison with the poor angular selectivity of conventional Bragg grating mirror. This defense also contains the approximation of Maxwell equations for the description of depolarized light sources and polarization-insensitive detectors. A scalar wave equation, Z-Helmholtz equation, is proposed and discussed in the approximation of constant impedance media. As examples, this equation successfully describes a) Fresnel transmission coefficient, and b) Goose-Hanschen shift in total internal reflection, for depolarized incident light and, at the same time, polarization-insensitive detectors. Evolution of polarization during light propagation in an inhomogeneous locally isotropic medium, and also in a single-mode fiber is described by Rytov's non-rotation equation. With arbitrary chosen real unit vector, the complete description of polarization change can be described in a single rotation angle obtained from the integral of rotation rate. Based on introduction of this reference frame, a device is suggested as rigid body's rotation sensor due to polarization change in a twisted fiber.