An interferometer is used for phase detection. Thus, the hydrophone which is based on interferometric optic fiber sensor has extremely high sensitivity. Sagnac interferometric hydrophone has low noise of marine environment, which is more suitably used to detect underwater acoustic signal than that of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. In this paper, a configuration of dual Sagnac interferometer was proposed. The mathematical model was derived and analyzed. The fiber optic sensor head contains mandrel type and planar one. The acoustic window are made of silicon rubbers. It was should that we can increase their sensitivities by increase number of wrapping fiber coils. In our experiment, the result shows that among all the mandrel sensor heads, the most highest dynamic range is up to 37.6¡Ó1.4 dB, and its sensitivity is -223.3¡Ó1.7 dB re V/1µPa ; while the dynamic range of the planar sensor head is 42.1¡Ó1.5 dB, and its sensitivity is -213.8¡Ó1.3 dB re V/1µPa¡C As for the configuration of the optical interferometers, the intensity of the dual Sagnac interferometer is 20 dB larger than its Sagnac counterpart. Its dynamic range is above 66 dB, which is 24 dB larger than that of the Sagnac interferometer with the sensitivity of -192.0 dB re V/1µPa. In addition, by using software simulation to design optimal lengths of delay fibers , we can increase interferometer¡¦s the dynamic range of underwater acoustic detection. This paper verify that, by means of adjusting the length of these two delay fibers, we can actually increase the dynamic range of acoustic signal detection.

This system is designed to detect the leakage position of gas pipelines. By Sagnac interferometric theory, we develop the hybrid configuration of Mach-Zehnder and Sagnac Interferometer. It contains the properties of Sagnac Interferometer and it is easy to spread the fiber on the pipelines. When the leakage happened, it will generate the sound signal. This kind of sound pressure will make the total fiber length changed, and hence it will make phase difference. By getting the phase difference, we will get the information of leakage position. After a series of experiments, we prove our theory is correct and we can get an accurate position. The Dynamic range of the system is more than 75 dB. The smallest signal that can be detected is about 3.345x10^-4(rad/Hz).

Because the acoustic wave is capable of propagating at a long-distance in water, the hydrophone plays a key role in the underwater acoustic sensing all the time. The hydrophone based on fiber optic interferometry has an extremely high sensitivity and large dynamic range. In addition, the electrically passive, immunity to electromagnetic interference, and multiplexing properties of fiber optic sensor offer great advantages over traditional piezoelectric hydrophone. Due to the complete path-balance between the two counterpropagating waves, a Sagnac interferometric configuration can employ a low-coherent light source to reduce the cost. This configuration can easily route optical paths and replace sensor heads to compare with each other. But, the sensitivity varying with frequency and the polarization-induced signal fading problem make it unsuitable for applications in need of detecting correct amplitude of signals. The Michelson interferometric configuration with Farady rotator mirror (FRM) has a constant sensitivity and solves the polarization-induced signal fading problem. But, this configuration uses a high-coherent light source and expensive FRMs, and be difficult to route. In this paper, we use the polarization-insensitive Michelson fiber optic sensor to adjust the demodulation circuits we design. In this paper, we establish the interferometric hydrophones. The fiber optic coil of the sensor head is embedded with the special materials in order to acoustic impedance matching and waterproofing. We employ phase generated carrier demodulation technology to get the acoustic signal of interest from the output of the interferometer. In our experiment, the dual Sagnac configuration has a dynamic range of 23 dB and a sensitivity of -226 dB re V/1uPa, the Michelson configuration with FRMs has a dynamic range of 25 dB and a sensitivity of -204 dB re V/1uPa.

The versatility of surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices stems from the accessibility of the propagation path to modification and detection. This has led to the integration of SAWs in a variety of novel fields, including quantum information processing. The development of technologically competitive devices requires the use of gigahertz frequency SAWs. This thesis develops fabrication processes for high frequency interdigital transducers on gallium arsenide. Optically lithography was used to create linear and stepped transducers, with a minimum feature size of 2 um, that were driven at their fifth harmonic. The highest frequency achieved was 1435 MHz, but the power absorbed was less than 3% and insertion losses were greater than -80 dB. Further improvements in the design and fabrication are required if optically fabricated transducers are to be an alternative to transducers with narrower finger widths. Electron-beam lithography techniques were developed and used to create transducers with finger widths of 500 and 400 nm, with fundamental resonance frequencies of 1387 and 1744 MHz, respectively. The power absorbed was 3 to 6% with insertion losses greater than -45 dB. The performance characteristics can be improved by the removal of residual resist on the surface of the transducer. An indispensable tool for the characterization of one-port transducers is an all optical probe to measure the displacement field of a SAW. This work details the design and construction of a scanning Sagnac interferometer, that is capable of measuring the outward displacement of a surface. The spatial resolution of the interferometer was 2.4 +/- 0.2 um and the displacement sensitivity was determined to be 4 +/- 1 pm. The instrument was used to map the SAW displacement field from a 358 MHz transducer, with results showing the resonant cavity behaviour of the fingers due to Bragg reflections. It also allowed for the direct detection of the SAW amplitude as a function of the driving frequency of the transducer. The results showed good agreement with the related S21 scattering parameter. Lastly, the interferometer was used to image the attenuated propagation of SAWs through a phononic crystal. Results showed good agreement with theoretical simulations. / Thesis (Master, Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy) -- Queen's University, 2009-12-08 12:28:35.962

The main purpose of the optical fiber sensing technology is to detect perturbation of physical fields. By means of some demodulating scheme, we can extract the real signal from those light beams which modified by physical fields. In the thesis, we proposed a configuration of modified Sagnac Interferometer as a sensing system. The optical sensing and demodulation system are exploited separately. Next, we study the advantages and disadvantages of the configuration. Besides, we are also measured the sensitivity and dynamic range. The sensing system used a low coherence light source to reduce cost. This system also improves the shortage of a Sagnac Interferometer which has a blind point in the middle position. In addition, the structure is easily implemented and can detect weak signal in a high noisy water environment. For matching the main structure, we make many kinds of sensing heads for detecting signals under water. We also use the mathematical model as the base of the theory. The dynamic range is 40 dB and the sensitivity is -231.47 dB re V/uPa.

The interferometeric optical fiber sensor has high sensitivity for sound signal. This characteristic is used to design hydrophones. The sound pressure causes the optical fiber to change its shape. So as to induce phase difference between sensing and reference arms. Using the demodulation system, we can get the signal we want. In this thesis, we plan to analyze three different kinds of optic configurations, such as Michelson, compensating Mach-Zehnder, hybrid configuration of Mach-Zehnder and Sagnac interferometers. The mathematical methods are used to compare their characters. We also use software to simulate the relation among sensitivity, delay fiber and frequency character of the Sagnac interferometer. In our experiment, we use PGC modulation technology and compare the results with a standard hydrophone B&K 8103 for calibration. We also measure the dynamic range of proposed three interferometers. The measurement result of this paper is as following: Michelson and compensating type Mach-Zehnder interferometer dynamic range were about 24.90 dB and 13.98 dB, the acoustic signal sensitivity was -201.67 dB re V/1uPa and -205.97 dB re V/Pa, respectively. The dynamic range of the hybrid of Mach-Zehnder and Sagnac type interferometer was 33.67 dB and acoustic signal sensitivity was -212.47 dB re V/1uPa.

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The technique of the distributed fiber optic sensor system, the principle that we use Sagnac interferometer to sense time-varying physical field, can be used to measure the position of the disturbed physical field and have the ability of detecting continuous position. Based on the configuration of the Sagnac interferometer, sensing optic fiber is loop design, which is hard to be set in real surroundings, and a half length of loop fiber have to be the isolated protection of the physical field. Therefore, this essay brings up the In-Line conception to be the design direction. And we make use of the physical field of pipeline leak acoustic to detect disturbance position. The measurable range of systematic structure signal is 3¡Ñ10-4 ~ 3¡Ñ10-2 , and the dynamic range is 40 dB. On the other hand, the structure of polarization insensitive is brought up, the measurable range is 1.5¡Ñ10-3 ~ 3¡Ñ10-2 , and the dynamic range is 26 dB.

Position and navigation of vehicle in two and three dimensions have been important as being advanced technology. Therefore, some system has been evaluated to get information of vehicle&rsquo / s position. Main problem in navigation is how to determine position and rotation in three dimensions. If position and rotation is determined, navigation will also be determined with respect to their initial point. There is a technology that vehicle velocity can be discovered, but a technology that rotation can be discovered is needed. Sensor which sense rotation is called gyroscope. If this instrument consists of optical and solid state material, it&rsquo / s defined by Fiber Optic Gyroscope (FOG). There are various studies in order to increase the sensitivity of fiber optic gyroscopes, which is an excellent vehicle for sensing rotation. One of them is interferometric fiber optic gyroscope with amplified optical feedback (FE_FOG). In this system, a feedback loop, which sent the output pulse through the input again, is used. The total output is the summation of each interference and it is in pulse state. The peak position of the output pulse is shifted when rotation occurs. Analyzing this shift, the rotation angle can be determined. In this study, fiber optic gyroscopes, their components and performance characteristics were reviewed. The simulation code was developed by VPIsystems and I used VPItransmissionMakerTM software in this work. The results getting from both rotation and nonrotation cases were analyzed to determine the rotation angle and sensitivity of the gyroscope.

The High Efficiency HyperSpectral Imager (HEHSI) is a Fourier Transform hyperspectral imager based on a Sagnac interferometer. This thesis research concentrates on the design upgrade and calibration of HEHSI from a proof of concept instrument to a prototype field instrument. Stability is enhanced by removing degrees of freedom and alignment is enhanced by providing for in-situ adjustments. The use of off the shelf components allows for reduced development time and cost constraints. HEHSI is capable of multiple configurations to accommodate sensors and optics with specialized capabilities for multiple wavelength ranges and viewing conditions. With a spectral response of 400 to 1000 nanometers in the visible and very near IR as well as 900 to 1700nm in the Near IR. Creation and use of a real time feedback alignment utility allow quantifiable signal comparison and image alignment. Advances allow for HEHSI to remain aligned during data collection sessions and confirmation of alignment through quantitative measures.