This thesis concerns with the development of a dual-parameter sensor based on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and a packaging design for high pressure sensing in harsh environment. This thesis starts by introducing a novel design of a partially coated FBG, using a metallic insert and a thermal curing epoxy. An analytical opto-mechanical model, based on couple mode theory, was developed and presented. The experimental and modelling result of the optical response of the partially coated FBG were compared and shown to be in excellent agreement. The experiments were executed on a custom-built fiber optic calibration station. The coated FBG sensor has a temperature sensitivity of 26.9 ± 0.3 pm/°C, which is 2.7 times higher than a bare fiber; and a force sensitivity of 0.104 nm/N, which is 13 times smaller than a bare fiber. The zero reference of the sensor has a drift of a maximum of 70 pm but the sensor is shown to settle within ±5 pm after 3 thermal cycles and 10 tensile loading cycles. A low profile packaging design is presented for a maximum pressure of 20.68 MPa (3000 psi) for harsh environment applications. A detailed study with FEM analysis revealed the optimal design for the package’s sleeve thickness is 0.5 mm. The temperature sensitivity is in close agreement with the unpackaged coated sensor with 10% difference. Compared to the modelling, the equivalent force sensitivity is 27% lower due to prototype dimensional uncertainties and modelling uncertainties with the material properties. The lack of pre-tension of the FBG sensor in the package also attributed to lower force sensitivity at pressure level lower than 4.13 MPa (600 psi).

Wavelength Division Multiplexing Passive Optical Networks (WDM PONs) offer a great solution to satisfy the increasing demand of bandwidth. In addition, it offers a higher level of data security through virtual point to point connections. A great challenge in realizing cost-effective WDM PON is the need for a transmitter at each Optical Network Unit (ONU) with a dedicated wavelength, which overloads the total cost of the system, in addition to reducing the number of available wavelengths in the system. Remodulation scheme is an ultimate solution for these problems of WDM PONs as the downstream signal itself is remodulated with upstream data which saves the need for a laser source at the ONU side. In this thesis I propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel wavelength remodulation scheme for WDM PONs that employs Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK) for downstream and Return to Zero DPSK (RZ-DPSK) for upstream. The use of DPSK enhanced the system with improved receiver sensitivity and RZ-DPSK improved the tolerance toward chromatic dispersion. In addition, I investigate the Backreflection (BR) penalty resulting from beat noise of BRs with upstream signal in a bidirectional WDM PON system that uses remodulation and phase modulation as a modulation format. I experimentally demonstrate the optimal conditions to operate the system and minimize the BR penalty.

Thesis (M.S. in Electrical Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2004. / Thesis advisor(s): Gamani Karunasiri, Xiaoping Yun. Includes bibliographical references (p. 47-50). Also available online.

Orientador: Cláudio Kitano / Banca: Mauro Henrique de Paula / Banca: Aparecido Augusto de Carvalho / Resumo: A interferometria a laser é uma técnica consolidada para a caracterização de atuadores piezoelétricos. No entanto, este método requer um alinhamento óptico preciso e uma operação meticulosa. Há um grande interesse no desenvolvimento de sistemas de medição de deslocamento e vibração usando sensores reflexivos em fibra óptica devido a sua inerente simplicidade, tamanho reduzido, largura de banda ampla, limite de detecção extremamente baixo e capacidade de realizar medições sem contato ou afetar o sistema a ser ensaiado. Neste trabalho apresenta-se um arranjo simples do sensor reflexivo para se atingir resolução sub-micrométrica, utilizando-se fibras e componentes ópticos de baixo custo e circuitos eletrônicos simples. O sistema é constituído por duas fibras ópticas adjacentes (uma transmissora e outra receptora) e com extremidades emparelhadas, posicionadas na frente de uma superfície reflexiva vibratória. A luz proveniente de uma fonte óptica (no caso um laser) é acoplada à fibra transmissora e parte dos raios refletidos pela superfície móvel é capturada pela fibra receptora, que conduz a luz para um fotodetector. A tensão de saída do fotodetector é função da distância entre as extremidades das fibras e a superfície reflexiva. Apresenta-se uma formulação teórica da função de intensidade óptica refletida no plano a uma distância qualquer, juntamente com comparações entre características experimentais e teóricas do sensor reflexivo. Finalmente, atuadores piezoelétricos flextensionais, projetados com o método de otimização topológica, são caracterizados experimentalmente através da medição de seus deslocamentos sub-micrométricos, utilizando o sensor reflexivo. As respostas em freqüência dos piezoatuadores flextensionais são levantadas e o fenômeno de erro de trajetória e linearidade são discutidos. / Abstract: The laser interferometer method is a well-established technique for the characterization of piezoelectric actuators. However, this method requires precise optical alignment and meticulous operation. There is great interest in developing displacement and vibration measurement systems using reflective fiber optic displacement sensors (RFODS) because of their inherent simplicity, small size, wide frequency range, extremely low displacement detection limit, and ability to perform measurements without contact or affecting the vibrating system. This work presents a simple arrangement of RFODS to achieve sub-micrometer resolution, using low-cost fibers and optical components, and simple electronic circuits. The system is composed of two adjacent transmitting and receiving fibers at one end, located in front of a reflecting vibrating surface. The transmitting fiber is connected to a laser source, and part of the reflected rays by the moving surface is captured by the receiving fiber, which is connected to a light detector. The output voltage is a function of the distance between probe and vibrating surface. A theoretical formulation of the reflected light intensity function at distal end plane is presented, together with comparisons of experimental and ideal RFODS characteristics. Finally, piezoelectric flextensional actuators (PFAs), designed with the topology optimization method, are experimentally characterized by the measurement of their sub micrometric displacements using a RFODS. The frequency responses of the PFAs are evaluated, and the tracking error phenomenon and linearity are discussed. / Mestre

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-07-20T13:25:52Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação-digital.pdf: 2703779 bytes, checksum: 932fadac81fdbfd0fee52b9e614ccf40 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-20T13:25:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação-digital.pdf: 2703779 bytes, checksum: 932fadac81fdbfd0fee52b9e614ccf40 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-20 / Esta dissertação apresenta a construção e caracterização de um protótipo de cabeça sensora óptica para medição da corrosão em estruturas metálicas que têm o zinco como elemento de proteção. O elemento sensor consiste de uma fibra óptica com ponta metalizada com zinco. A fabricação da cabeça sensora envolve a clivagem, limpeza e deposição do metal. A caracterização foi realizada colocando o elemento sensor num sistema de medição óptica que mede o sinal óptico refletido pelo metal depositado na face da fibra. Foram estudados três métodos de deposição: térmica, por spray metálico e por sputtering. Porém, a deposição por sputtering foi a única que se mostrou ser mais adequada na construção do elemento sensor. Os resultados da medição pelo sistema proposto sugerem ser possível monitorar a corrosão do metal na ponta da fibra pela modulação do sinal óptico refletido. Desta forma, ao medir o tempo entre a intensidade da luz refletida máxima e mínima, foi possível calcular a taxa de corrosão do zinco. Isso sugere que as cabeças construídas, nos experimentos desta dissertação, têm um grande potencial para serem utilizadas num sistema óptico de monitoramento da corrosão em estruturas galvanizadas. / This dissertation presents the construction and characterization of a prototype optical sensor head for measuring corrosion on metal structures that have zinc as a protective element. The sensor element consists of an optical fiber with metalized face with zinc. The manufacture of the sensor head involves the cleavage, cleaning and metal deposition. Characterization was made by placing the sensor element in an optical measuring system that measures the optical signal reflected by the metal deposited on the face of the fiber. Three methods of deposition were studied, thermal, by metal spraying and sputtering. However, the sputtering deposition was the only one that was more appropriate in the construction of the sensor element. The measurement results by the proposed system suggest that it is possible to monitor metal corrosion on the tip of the fiber optic signal modulation reflected. Therefore, when measuring the time between intensity maximum and minimum reflected light, it was possible to calculate the zinc corrosion rate. This suggests that the heads built, in this dissertation, have great potential to be used in the optical system of monitoring corrosion in galvanized structures.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-07-20T15:27:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação-digital.pdf: 2703779 bytes, checksum: 932fadac81fdbfd0fee52b9e614ccf40 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-20T15:27:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação-digital.pdf: 2703779 bytes, checksum: 932fadac81fdbfd0fee52b9e614ccf40 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-20 / Esta dissertação apresenta a construção e caracterização de um protótipo de cabeça sensora óptica para medição da corrosão em estruturas metálicas que têm o zinco como elemento de proteção. O elemento sensor consiste de uma fibra óptica com ponta metalizada com zinco. A fabricação da cabeça sensora envolve a clivagem, limpeza e deposição do metal. A caracterização foi realizada colocando o elemento sensor num sistema de medição óptica que mede o sinal óptico refletido pelo metal depositado na face da fibra. Foram estudados três métodos de deposição: térmica, por spray metálico e por sputtering. Porém, a deposição por sputtering foi a única que se mostrou ser mais adequada na construção do elemento sensor. Os resultados da medição pelo sistema proposto sugerem ser possível monitorar a corrosão do metal na ponta da fibra pela modulação do sinal óptico refletido. Desta forma, ao medir o tempo entre a intensidade da luz refletida máxima e mínima, foi possível calcular a taxa de corrosão do zinco. Isso sugere que as cabeças construídas, nos experimentos desta dissertação, têm um grande potencial para serem utilizadas num sistema óptico de monitoramento da corrosão em estruturas galvanizadas. / This dissertation presents the construction and characterization of a prototype optical sensor head for measuring corrosion on metal structures that have zinc as a protective element. The sensor element consists of an optical fiber with metalized face with zinc. The manufacture of the sensor head involves the cleavage, cleaning and metal deposition. Characterization was made by placing the sensor element in an optical measuring system that measures the optical signal reflected by the metal deposited on the face of the fiber. Three methods of deposition were studied, thermal, by metal spraying and sputtering. However, the sputtering deposition was the only one that was more appropriate in the construction of the sensor element. The measurement results by the proposed system suggest that it is possible to monitor metal corrosion on the tip of the fiber optic signal modulation reflected. Therefore, when measuring the time between intensity maximum and minimum reflected light, it was possible to calculate the zinc corrosion rate. This suggests that the heads built, in this dissertation, have great potential to be used in the optical system of monitoring corrosion in galvanized structures.

La croissance sans cesse de la demande des débits de données élevés durant ces dernières décennies, soutenue par le déploiement des réseaux optiques permettant un débit de l’ordre de plusieurs Gbit/s a conduit naturellement vers l’intérêt de développement des applications à 60 GHz dans les réseaux locaux. Des normes telles que l’IEEE 802.15.3c et IEEE 802.11ad pour la transmission sans fil en bande millimétrique ont été proposées. A de telles fréquences, les pertes en espace libre sont très élevées et les ondes radios ne traversent pas les murs. Les liaisons radio sur fibre (RoF), utilisées comme déport optique d’une pièce vers une autre, permettent ainsi la distribution des signaux très haut débit dans toute la maison ou dans l’ensemble du bâtiment, en palliant le défaut de faible distance de propagation en espace libre. L’accès, par la modélisation des circuits électriques équivalents de chacun des composants du système considéré, à la simulation de ces systèmes RoF permet une optimisation du système en termes de qualité de transmission. Ainsi, les caractéristiques optiques et électriques des composants constituant les systèmes RoF sont étudiées et analysées conjointement ce qui offre la possibilité de la conception de circuits intégrés photonique-RF. Cette thèse concerne l’étude et simulation des liaisons RoF à l’aide de circuits électriques équivalents de composants photoniques. Cette étude est destinée aux applications sans fil à 60 GHz de grande bande passante permettant un très haut débit de transmission. La technique de modulation d’intensité directe ou externe et détection directe est privilégiée à une fréquence intermédiaire afin d’assurer la simplicité et le bas coût du système. Le signal radio est ensuite transposé sur une porteuse dans la bande 60 GHz. Dans un premier temps, pour valider les modèles des circuits électriques équivalents développés, les caractéristiques mesurées des composants optoélectroniques sont comparées aux résultats de simulation. Ensuite, l’étude de caractérisation est menée à l’échelle système par analyse des paramètres analogiques comme le gain, le bruit et non-linéarité. La dynamique de différentes liaisons RoF peut ainsi être déterminée. La transmission des signaux numériques complexes de type OFDM est finalement réalisée par une méthode de co-simulation numérique/analogique. La qualité de transmission est étudiée par évaluation de l’amplitude du vecteur d’erreur (EVM) des constellations des signaux numériques. L’étude est effectuée et validée dans un premier temps conformément à la norme ECMA-368 dédiée à la bande centimétrique et ensuite étendue à la bande millimétrique conformément à la norme IEEE 802.15.3c. Pour finir, l’effet du canal en espace libre à 60 GHz est considéré afin d’analyser la transmission de bout en bout / The growth continually demand of higher data rates in recent decades, supported by the deployment of optical networks allowing a flow of the order of several Gbit/s naturally leads to application development interest on 60 GHz local networks. Standards such as IEEE IEEE 802.15.3c and 802.11ad for millimeter-band wireless transmission have been proposed. At such frequencies, the free space loss is very high and the radio waves do not penetrate walls. The radio over fiber links (RoF), used as optical link from one room to another and enable the distribution of high-speed signals throughout the home or throughout the building, overcoming the failure for low distance free space propagation. Access, by modeling the electrical equivalent of each component of the system considered circuits, simulation of the RoF systems enables optimization of the system in terms of transmission quality. Thus, the optical and electrical characteristics of components of RoF systems are studied and analyzed together which offers the possibility of designing integrated photonic-RF circuits. This thesis concerns the study and simulation of RoF links using electrical equivalent circuits of photonic components. This study is intended for wireless applications at 60 GHz of bandwidth for a high transmission rate. The modulation technique of direct or external intensity and direct detection is preferred at an intermediate frequency in order to ensure simplicity and low cost of the system. The radio signal is then transposed onto a carrier in the band 60 GHz. First, to validate the models developed electrical equivalent circuit, the measured characteristics of optoelectronic components are compared with simulation results. Then, the characterization study is conducted to the scale by analysis of analog parameters such as gain, noise and non-linearity. The dynamics of different RoF links can thus be determined. Transmitting OFDM complex digital signal is finally achieved by a method of digital / analog co-simulation. The transmission quality has been studied by evaluation of the magnitude of the error vector (EVM) constellations digital signals. The study is conducted and validated as a first step in accordance with the ECMA-368 standard dedicated to the centimetric band and then spread to the millimeter band from IEEE 802.15.3c standard. Finally, the channel effect in free space at 60 GHz is considered to analyze the transmission end to end

Wavelength Division Multiplexing Passive Optical Networks (WDM PONs) offer a great solution to satisfy the increasing demand of bandwidth. In addition, it offers a higher level of data security through virtual point to point connections. A great challenge in realizing cost-effective WDM PON is the need for a transmitter at each Optical Network Unit (ONU) with a dedicated wavelength, which overloads the total cost of the system, in addition to reducing the number of available wavelengths in the system. Remodulation scheme is an ultimate solution for these problems of WDM PONs as the downstream signal itself is remodulated with upstream data which saves the need for a laser source at the ONU side. In this thesis I propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel wavelength remodulation scheme for WDM PONs that employs Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK) for downstream and Return to Zero DPSK (RZ-DPSK) for upstream. The use of DPSK enhanced the system with improved receiver sensitivity and RZ-DPSK improved the tolerance toward chromatic dispersion. In addition, I investigate the Backreflection (BR) penalty resulting from beat noise of BRs with upstream signal in a bidirectional WDM PON system that uses remodulation and phase modulation as a modulation format. I experimentally demonstrate the optimal conditions to operate the system and minimize the BR penalty.

The financial requirements between fiber optic sensors and conventional sensors are gradually declining, which, despite many advatages and wide range of applicationas, has slowed down the demand for these sensors. With the demand for fiber optic sensors also grow the requirements for the parameters of these sensors. This thesis deals with distributed temperature fiber optic sensors. Non--linear phenomen in optical fibers, such as Raman scattering is used for measuring with these sensors. This scatterin was used to obtain information about temperature, which effected the optical cable under the test.

Recently, adding more lanes becomes less and less feasible, which is no longer an applicable solution for the traffic congestion problem due to the increment of vehicles. Using the existing infrastructure more efficiently with better traffic control and management is the realistic solution. An effective traffic management requires the use of monitoring technologies to extract traffic parameters that describe the characteristics of vehicles and their movement on the road. A three-dimension glass fiber-reinforced polymer packaged fiber Bragg grating sensor (3D GFRP-FBG) is introduced for the traffic monitoring system. The proposed sensor network was installed for validation at the Cold Weather Road Research Facility in Minnesota (MnROAD) facility of Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT) in MN. A vehicle classification system based on the proposed sensor network has been validated. The vehicle classification system uses support vector machine (SVM), Neural Network (NN), and K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN) learning algorithms to classify vehicles into categories ranging from small vehicles to combination trucks. The field-testing results from real traffic show that the developed system can accurately estimate the vehicle classifications with 98.5 % of accuracy. Also, the proposed sensor network has been validated for low-speed and high-speed WIM measurements in flexible pavement. Field testing validated that the longitudinal component of the sensor has a measurement accuracy of 86.3% and 89.5% at 5 mph and 45 mph vehicle speed, respectively. A performed parametric study on the stability of the WIM system shows that the loading position is the most significant parameter affecting the WIM measurements accuracy compared to the vehicle speed and pavement temperature. Also the system shows the capability to estimate the location of the loading position to enhance the system accuracy.