Nous étudions les fibrations de Lefschetz réelles. Nous présentons des invariants de fibrations de Lefschetz réelles au dessus de $D^2$ ou $S^2$ n'ayant que des valeurs critiques réelles. Dans le cas où le genre des fibres est égal à 1, nous obtenons un objet combinatoire, appelé le diagramme de collier. En utilisant les diagrammes de collier nous obtenons une classification des fibrations de Lefschetz réelles de genre 1 admettant une section réelle et dont toutes les valeurs critiques sont réelles. On définit les diagrammes de collier raffinés pour les fibrations qui n'admettent pas de section réelle. Grâce aux diagrammes de collier, nous observons l'existence de quelques exemples intéressants.

In this thesis, we present real Lefschetz fibrations. We first study real Lefschetz fibrations around a real singular fiber. We obtain a classification of real Lefschetz fibrations around a real singular fiber by a study of monodromy properties of real Lefschetz fibrations. Using this classification, we obtain some invariants, called real Lefschetz chains, of real Lefschetz fibrations which admit only real critical values. We show that in case the fiber genus is greater then 1, the real Lefschetz chains are complete invariants of directed real Lefschetz fibrations with only real critical values. If the genus is 1, we obtain complete invariants by decorating real Lefschetz chains. For elliptic Lefschetz fibrations we define a combinatorial object which we call necklace diagrams. Using necklace diagrams we obtain a classification of directed elliptic real Lefschetz fibrations which admit a real section and which have only real critical values. We obtain 25 real Lefschetz fibrations which admit a real section and which have 12 critical values all of which are real. We show that among 25 real Lefschetz fibrations, 8 of them are not algebraic. Moreover, using necklace diagrams we show the existence of real elliptic Lefschetz fibrations which can not be written as the fiber sum of two real elliptic Lefschetz fibrations. We define refined necklace diagrams for real elliptic Lefschetz fibrations without a real section and show that refined necklace diagrams classify real elliptic Lefschetz fibrations which have only real critical values.