As vias pavimentadas se deterioram com o passar do tempo, por ação das cargas do tráfego e das intempéries. Por isso necessitam de intervenções (atividades de Manutenção e Reabilitação - M&R). No Brasil é mais comum que sejam realizadas apenas operações tapa-buracos e recapeamentos. São soluções sem eficiência técnica ou econômica. Uma alternativa mais racional e já em uso em países desenvolvidos é um Sistema de Gerência de Pavimentos Urbanos - SGPU. Os objetivos desta tese são apresentar uma propostas para avaliação da condição de vias urbanas com base na identificação dos defeitos da superfície do revestimento, um modelo de previsão de desempenho de vias urbanas com base em séries históricas obtidas no Município de São Carlos e uma análise econômica com a simulação de diferentes cenários para diferentes opções de M&R. Ainda como objetivos desta tese estão a apresentação das vantagens de utilizar um Sistema de Informações Geográficas - SIG, em uso no SGPU do Distrito Federal. Com base nos resultados encontrados, pode-se inferir que a avaliação de campo pode ser mais eficiente se forem considerados menos defeitos e os critérios de severidade e extensão forem fixados, com menos critérios subjetivos do avaliador. Considerando-se as estratégias de M&R adotadas pela Prefeitura Municipal de São Carlos e, ainda, de acordo com as avaliações de campo, pôde-se verificar que os pavimentos necessitam de Reforço Estrutural após 6 anos da sua construção. Os custos de manutenção, ao longo do tempo, são influenciados pela escolha da M&R a ser aplicada na preservação das vias e, também, pela época em que são realizadas, sendo as manutenções preventivas menos onerosas. Nos Estados Unidos, por exemplo, particularmente na cidade de San Antonio, Texas, são realizadas manutenções preventivas e, nas corretivas, há rigoroso controle de qualidade, o que não se verifica nas cidades brasileiras. Um SGPU possui critérios de análise de dados que, aliados ao Sistema de Informações Geográficas - SIG, garantem clareza na apresentação dos resultados, tanto em mapas temáticos quanto em gráficos e planilhas. Os relatórios no padrão SGPU possibilitam solicitar recursos federais e internacionais para manutenção viária, como o Programa Asfalto Novo do DF, que obteve, no ano de 2013, R$565 milhões para a pavimentação urbana. Em simulação de diferentes cenários de M&R, pôde-se concluir que a opção por tapa-buracos e recapeamentos é mais de duas vezes mais onerosa e mantém o pavimento em condição inferior ao que é possível com base nas técnicas de SGPU. Portanto, um SGPU proporciona benefícios socioeconômicos para toda a sociedade, com vantagens no médio e longo prazo e, ainda, mantém as vias em melhor condição. / The paved roads deteriorate over time, due to traffic loads and bad weather. Therefore, they need interventions (Maintenance and Rehabilitation activities - M & R). In Brazil, it is more common to carry out only hole-hole operations and resurfacing. They are solutions without technical or economic efficiency. A more rational alternative already in use in developed countries is an Urban Pavement Management System - UPMS. In this thesis proposals are presented for the evaluation of urban road conditions based on defects of the surface of the coating, a performance prediction model and an economic analysis with the simulation of different scenarios for different M & R options. Data were analyzed from the Municipality of São Carlos, in the State of São Paulo and the Distrito Federal - DF. Based on the results, it can be inferred that the field evaluation can be more efficient if less defects are considered and the criteria of severity and extension are fixed, with less subjectivity on the part of the evaluator. Considering the M & R strategies adopted by the municipal government of São Carlos and also, according to the field evaluations, it was possible to verify that the pavements have a useful life of 6 years. The maintenance costs, over time, are strongly influenced by the choice of M & R to be applied in the preservation of roads and also by the time in which they are carried out. In the United States, for example, preventive maintenance is carried out and, in the correctives, there is strict quality control, which is not the case in Brazilian cities. An UPMS has data analysis criteria that, together with the Geographic Information System - GIS, guarantee clarity in the presentation of results, both in thematic maps and in charts and spreadsheets. The reports in the UPMS standard make it possible to request federal and international resources for road maintenance, such as the DF Asphalt New Program, which obtained R$ 565 million for urban paving. In the simulation of different M & R scenarios, it was concluded that the option to cover holes and resurfacing is more than twice as expensive and keeps the pavement in a lower condition than is possible based on SGPU techniques. Therefore, an SGPU confers socio-economic benefits for the whole society, with advantages in the medium and long term, and also keeps the roads in better condition.

New Jersey, Georgia, and the Eastern Shore of Virginia (ESV) are important snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) growing regions, but profitability is threatened by Pythium blight. Causal agents of Pythium blight on snap bean were identified using morphological characterization and sequence analysis of the rDNA-internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of 100 isolates. Most isolates were Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp. (53%), and also included Pythium deliense Meurs (31%; all from Georgia), Pythium ultimum Trow (12%), Pythium myriotylum Drechsler (2%), Pythium catenulatum Matthews (1%), and unknown Pythium sp. (1%). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. deliense in Georgia and on common bean and squash (Cucurbita pepo L.); as well as the first report of P. catenulatum on lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) and in New Jersey. Fungicide labeling and cultivar selection for Pythium blight management is hindered by difficulties associated with conducting successful trials, because the disease occurs sporadically and clustered in the field. Three P. aphanidermatum-infested inoculum substrates were evaluated at three concentrations. The vermiculite/V8 juice (5:3 weight to volume) inoculum (10,000 ppg/0.3 m) consistently caused at least 50% disease in 3 field trials. Sensitivity of the Pythium blight pathogens was determined in vitro against five fungicides. Twenty-two Pythium isolates representing P. aphanidermatum, P. deliense, P. ultimum, and P. myriotylum were inoculated to media amended with each active ingredient at 0, 100μg/ml, the concentration equivalent to the field labeled rate if applied on succulent beans at 187 L/ha, and the equivalent if applied at 374 L/ha. All isolates were completely sensitive (100% growth reduction, or GR) to all active ingredients at the labeled rates, except azoxystrobin. At 100μg/ml azoxystrobin, one P. deliense isolate had 8.9% GR. All isolates had 100% GR to copper hydroxide at 100μg/ml, and the lowest GR on mefenoxam-amended medium was 91.9%. At 100μg/ml cyazofamid, all P. deliense isolates were completely sensitive and variation was observed in P. aphanidermatum isolates. At 100μg/ml potassium phosphite, significant GR similarities were recorded within isolates of the same species, and less than 50% GR was observed in all P. deliense isolates. / Ph. D.