A crescente utilização de equipamentos inteligentes na área de automação industrial tem assegurado eficiência e qualidade na produção. Em conseqüência deste crescimento, existe uma grande quantidade de equipamentos interligados abrangendo áreas geográficas distantes. Este cenário criou a demanda de sistemas que permitissem o acesso às informações geradas no chão de fábrica a partir de qualquer computador localizado na área industrial ou em qualquer outro ponto do planeta. A Internet propiciou uma nova opção para gerenciamento e monitoramento de equipamentos inteligentes a longa distância. Assim, este trabalho propõe um algoritmo para monitorar, via Internet, os eventos gerados por equipamentos inteligentes instalados em plantas industriais. Com o monitoramento contínuo, é possível analisar o desempenho dos equipamentos, detectar problemas e tomar decisões de forma a garantir que toda uma malha de controle não venha a parar inesperadamente. / The increasing usage of smart field devices in the industrial automation area has assured efficiency and quality of production. Thanks to this expansion, a large number of devices can be interconnected through distant geographical areas. This scenario created the need of computational systems that would make the information from the plant floor accessible to any computer in the local industrial area or any other earth wide location. The Internet has created a new possibility of remote managing and monitoring of smart devices. This work proposes an algorithm to monitor, via Internet, the events generated by smart devices installed in industrial plants. The continuous monitoring makes it possible to analyze the performance of the devices, detect problems and make decisions to ensure that an entire control loop does not come to an unexpected halt.

A crescente utilização de equipamentos inteligentes na área de automação industrial tem assegurado eficiência e qualidade na produção. Em conseqüência deste crescimento, existe uma grande quantidade de equipamentos interligados abrangendo áreas geográficas distantes. Este cenário criou a demanda de sistemas que permitissem o acesso às informações geradas no chão de fábrica a partir de qualquer computador localizado na área industrial ou em qualquer outro ponto do planeta. A Internet propiciou uma nova opção para gerenciamento e monitoramento de equipamentos inteligentes a longa distância. Assim, este trabalho propõe um algoritmo para monitorar, via Internet, os eventos gerados por equipamentos inteligentes instalados em plantas industriais. Com o monitoramento contínuo, é possível analisar o desempenho dos equipamentos, detectar problemas e tomar decisões de forma a garantir que toda uma malha de controle não venha a parar inesperadamente. / The increasing usage of smart field devices in the industrial automation area has assured efficiency and quality of production. Thanks to this expansion, a large number of devices can be interconnected through distant geographical areas. This scenario created the need of computational systems that would make the information from the plant floor accessible to any computer in the local industrial area or any other earth wide location. The Internet has created a new possibility of remote managing and monitoring of smart devices. This work proposes an algorithm to monitor, via Internet, the events generated by smart devices installed in industrial plants. The continuous monitoring makes it possible to analyze the performance of the devices, detect problems and make decisions to ensure that an entire control loop does not come to an unexpected halt.

Die Entwicklung von Feldgeräten ist ein äußerst komplexer Vorgang, welcher auf vielen Vorrausetzungen aufsetzt, diverse Anforderungen und Randbedingungen mitbringt und bisher wenig beachtet und veröffentlicht wurde. Angesichts der fortschreitenden Digitalisierung drängen immer mehr Anbieter auf den Automatisierungsmarkt. So sind aktuell zunehmend Technologien und Ansätze aus dem Umfeld des Internet of Things im Automatisierungsbereich zu finden. Diese Ansätze reichen von Sensoren ohne die in der Industrie üblichen Beschreibungen bis hin zu Marktplätzen, auf denen Integratoren und Anwender Softwareteile für Anlagen kaufen können. Für die neuen Anbieter, die häufig nicht aus dem klassischen Automatisierungsgeschäft kommen, sind die bisher bestehenden Modelle, Funktionalitäten, Profile und Beschreibungsmittel nicht immer leicht zu verwenden. So entstehen disruptive Lösungen auf Basis neu definierter Spezifikationen und Modelle. Trotz dieser Disruptivität sollte es das Ziel sein, die bewährten Automatisierungsfunktionen nicht neu zu erfinden, sondern diese effektiv und effizient in Abhängigkeit der Anforderungen auf unterschiedlichen Plattformen zu verwenden. Dies schließt ihre flexible Verteilung auf heterogene vernetzte Ressourcen explizit ein. Dabei können die Plattformen sowohl klassische Feldgeräte und Steuerungen sein, als auch normale Desktop-PCs und IoT-Knoten. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, eine Werkzeugkette für den modellbasierten Entwurf von Feldgeräteapplikationen auf Basis von Profilen und damit für den erweiterten Entwurf von verteilten Anlagenapplikationen zu entwickeln. Dabei müssen die verschiedenen Beschreibungsmöglichkeiten evaluiert werden, um diese mit detaillierten Parameter- und Prozessdatenbeschreibungen zu erweitern. Außerdem sollen modulare Konzepte genutzt und Vorbereitungen für die Verwendung von Semantik im Entwurfsprozess getroffen werden. In Bezug auf den Geräteengineeringprozess soll der Anteil des automatisierten Geräteengineerings erweitert werden. Dies soll zu einer Flexibilisierung der Geräteentwicklung führen, in der die Verschaltung der funktionalen Elemente beim Endkunden erfolgt. Auch das Deployment von eigenen funktionalen Elementen auf die Geräte der Hersteller soll durch den Endkunden möglich werden. Dabei wird auch eine automatisierte Erstellung von Gerätebeschreibungen benötigt. Alle diese Erweiterungen ermöglichen dann den letzten großen Schritt zu einer verteilten Applikation über heterogene Infrastrukturen. Dabei sind die funktionalen Elemente nicht nur durch die Gerätehersteller verteilbar, sondern diese können auch auf verschiedenen Plattformen unterschiedlicher Gerätehersteller verwendet werden. Damit einher geht die für aktuelle Entwicklungen wie Industrie 4.0 benötigte geräteunabhängige Definition von Funktionalität. Alle im Engineering entstandenen Informationen können dabei auf den unterschiedlichen Ebenen der Automatisierungspyramide und während des Lebenszyklus weiterverwendet werden. Eine Integration diverser Gerätefamilien außerhalb der Automatisierungstechnik wie z. B. IoT-Geräte und IT-Geräte ist damit vorstellbar. Nach einer Analyse der relevanten Techniken, Technologien, Konzepte, Methoden und Spezifikationen wurde eine Werkzeugkette für den modellgestützten Entwurf von Feldgeräten entwickelt und die benötigten Werkzeugteile und Erweiterungen an bestehenden Beschreibungen diskutiert. Dies Konzept wurde dann auf den verteilten Entwurf auf heterogener Hardware und heterogenen Plattformen erweitert, bevor beide Konzepte prototypisch umgesetzt und evaluiert wurden. Die Evaluation erfolgt an einem zweigeteilten Szenario aus der Sicht eines Geräteherstellers und eines Integrators. Die entwickelte Lösung integriert Ansätze aus dem Kontext von Industrie 4.0 und IoT. Sie trägt zu einer vereinfachten und effizienteren Automatisierung des Engineerings bei. Dabei können Profile als Baukasten für die Funktionalität der Feldgeräte und Anlagenapplikationen verwendet werden. Bestehende Beschränkungen im Engineering werden somit abgeschwächt, so dass eine Verteilung der Funktionalität auf heterogene Hardware und heterogene Plattformen möglich wird und damit zur Flexibilisierung der Automatisierungssysteme beiträgt. / The development of field devices is a very complex procedure. Many preconditions need to be met. Various requirements and constrains need to be addressed. Beside this, there are only a few publications on this topic. Due to the ongoing digitalization, more and more solution providers are entering the market of the industrial automation. Technologies and approaches from the context of the Internet of Things are being used more and more in the automation domain. These approaches range from sensors without the typical descriptions from industry up to marketplaces where integrators and users can buy software components for plants. For new suppliers, who often do not come from the classical automation business, the already existing models, functionalities, profiles, and descriptions are not always easy to use. This results in disruptive solutions based on newly defined specifications and models. Despite this disruptiveness, the aim should be to prevent reinventing the proven automation functions, and to use them effectively, and efficiently on different platforms depending on the requirements. This explicitly includes the flexible distribution of the automation functions to heterogeneous networked resources. The platforms can be classical field devices and controllers, as well as normal desktop PCs and IoT nodes. The aim of this thesis is to develop a toolchain for the model-based design of field device applications based on profiles, and thus also suitable for the extended design of distributed plant applications. Therefore, different description methods are evaluated in order to enrich them with detailed descriptions of parameters and process data. Furthermore, c oncepts of modularity will also be used and preparations will be made for the use of semantics in the design process. With regard to the device engineering process, the share of automated device engineering will be increased. This leads to a flexibilisation of the device development, allowing the customer to perform the networking of the functional elements by himself. The customer should also be able to deploy his own functional elements to the manufacturers' devices. This requires an automated creation of device descriptions. Finally, all these extensions will enable a major step towards using a distributed application over heterogeneous infrastructures. Thus, the functional elements can not only be distributed by equipment manufacturers, but also be distributed on different platforms of different equipment manufacturers. This is accompanied by the device-independent definition of functionality required for current developments such as Industry 4.0. All information created during engineering can be used at different levels of the automation pyramid and throughout the life cycle. An integration of various device families from outside of Automation Technology, such as IoT devices and IT devices, is thus conceivable. After an analysis of the relevant techniques, technologies, concepts, methods, and specifications a toolchain for the model-based design of field devices was developed and the required tool parts, and extensions to existing descriptions were discussed. This concept was then extended to the distributed design on heterogeneous hardware and heterogeneous platforms. Finally, both concepts were prototypically implemented and evaluated. The evaluation is based on a two-part scenario from both the perspective of a device manufacturer, and the one of an integrator. The developed solution integrates approaches from the context of Industry 4.0 and IoT. It contributes to a simplified, and more efficient automation of engineering. Within this context, profiles can be used as building blocks for the functionality of field devices, and plant applications. Existing limitations in engineering are thus reduced, so that a distribution of functionality across heterogeneous hardware and heterogeneous platforms becomes possible and contributing to the flexibility of automation systems.

<p dir="ltr">High-power microwave (HPM) devices are generally vacuum-based devices that transform electron beam energy into microwaves with peak powers above 100 MW from 1-300 GHz. Solid-state HPM devices provide more compactness and greater reliability while consuming less power. Nonlinear transmission lines (NLTLs) provide a solid-state alternative to HPM generation by sharpening the input pulses from a pulse forming network to create output oscillations.</p><p dir="ltr">The first section of this dissertation evaluates and explores the feasibility of using nonlinear composites containing ferroelectric (e.g., Ba_2/3Sr_1/3TiO₃, BST) and/or ferromagnetic (e.g., Ni_1/2Zn_1/2Fe₂O₄, NZF) inclusions in a linear polymer host (polydimethylsiloxane, PDMS) to tune NLTL properties for HPM applications. Appropriately modelling and designing NLTLs using nonlinear composites require accurately characterizing their linear and nonlinear electromagnetic properties. We first studied the electromagnetic properties of the composites using theoretical, numerical, and experimental approaches. Incorporating these composite models and characterizations into NLTL simulations will be discussed.</p><p dir="ltr">Vacuum-based HPM devices, such as magnetrons and crossed-field amplifiers, generally operate in the space-charge-limited region, which corresponds to the maximum current possible for insertion into the device. This motivated studying the space-charge-limited current and electron flow in a two-dimensional (2D) planar diode with various crossed-magnetic fields using particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. For non-magnetically insulated diodes (electrons emitted from the cathode can reach the anode), analytical and/or semi-empirical solutions are derived for electrons with nonzero monoenergetic initial velocity that agree well with PIC simulations. For magnetically insulated conditions, we developed new metrics using simulations and analytic theories to assess electron cycloidal and Brillouin flow to understand the implications of increasing injection current for 2D diodes. These analyses provide details on the operation of these devices at high currents, particularly virtual cathode operation, that may elucidate behavior near their limits of operation.</p>