Thesis (MHSc--Health Science) -- AUT University, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references. Also held in print (160 leaves ; 30 cm.) in the Archive at the City Campus (T 612.044 LYT)

The purpose of this study was to analyze the throw technique as it related to the technique of the three established field hockey strokes. From this analysis, a description of the throw technique was formulated and compared to that of the push, flick, and scoop strokes. The subject was a female field hockey player who had been a member of the United States Field Hockey Team.The comparison of the four strokes was made from a film analysis of two performances of each, one from the frontal and one from the saggital plane. Ten frames of each performance were selected for analysis. Each sequence was analyzed by the Ball State Computer program "Filmdat." Additional measurements were taken from the film itself to complete the study.From the analysis of data, it was concluded that no consistant pattern of differences in body segment patterns of motion, the angular velocity of each segment could be determined for any of the four strokes. The pattern of percent contribution of the extremities and trunk to total body kinetic energy was similar in all four strokes considered in the study. It was also concluded that the stick velocity, the stick angle at release, the height of the ball at release, and the height of the ball during flight distinguished the push and scoop strokes from the flick and throw strokes. The above data could not distinguish the flick stroke from the throw stroke. The path of the body center of gravity was able to distinguish the scoop stroke from the push, flick, and throw strokes, but could not separate the push from the flick or throw strokes.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1969. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

The metabolic demands for women hockey players (n=12) were estimated during real match play using heart rate analysis and time-motion analysis. An individual heart rate - oxygen uptake regression equation, established at steady state workloads on the treadmill, was applied to heart rates recorded throughout the match to estimate energy expenditure. A specific energy cost was assigned to each of nine discrete activities to give an energy cost for the whole match. The mean estimated energy cost for a complete match from heart rate analysis was 3873 +/-436 kj and from time-motion analysis, 2846 +/-284 kJ. In order to check the errors in these methodologies expired air was collected continually during 15 minutes intermittent activity on a treadmill (n=16) with the heart rates and work : rest ratios similar to those established in the earlier part of the study. The error in the use of heart rate to estimate energy expenditure was 3.7 +/-5.1% and for time-motion analysis was 16.6 +/-4.8%, when compared with the measured value from the analysis of expired air. It was concluded that heart rate gave a good estimation of energy expenditure during intermittent activity at workloads similar to women's hockey. In order to gain a greater insight into the metabolic demands of women's hockey both heart rate and time-motion analysis need to be applied simultaneously. The heart rate analysis suggested that the estimated energy expenditure was similar during the first and second halves, hi contrast the time-motion analysis established that less time was spent in high intensity activity during the second half. Women's hockey is played at greater intensities than previously reported with no differences in the metabolic demands when related to specific player positions.

The aim of the study was twofold namely (1) to describe and compare the incidence and mechanism of injuries that occurred in the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University hockey teams that play in the Premier and President Leagues; and (2) to determine the relationships between the level of physical preparation of the relevant players and injury occurrence. The study utilised an exploratory-descriptive epidemiological approach, implementing a cohort study design and was conducted over a period of six months. Data collection was done by means of two physical tests, one to assess the players’ endurance and the other to assess their anaerobic fitness. This was performed twice on the participants during the study. Data collection also utilised four questionnaires to determine the following: the players’ personal information and medical history, the preparation and training the players did for hockey, the incidence and mechanism of the injury the players have incurred and the follow-up of the injury to describe the type of injury and the rehabilitation process. The study included 42 participants with 25 from the two Premier League Teams and 17 from the President League Team. The results were placed into table and graph format and elucidated by means of descriptive statistics. Furthermore inferential statistics and Cohen’s d were utilised to determine both statistical and practical significances of differences between groups mean values respectively. The statistical significance of differences between the frequency distributions of the two sample groups was determined by means of Chi2 tests of independence. Cramér’s V statistic was used when there were statistically significant Chi2 tests results to determine the practical significance of the two sample group’s differences. The variable of highest level of play showed the only significant difference with regards to screening statistics as the Premier League Participants had a higher number of years participating at a provincial level. The injury statistics revealed that the incidence of injury in the Premier League was 4.08 injuries per 1000 athlete-exposures (A-E), while there was a significantly higher incidence for the President League of 14.71 injuries per 1000 A-E. Matches showed a significantly higher incidence of injuries (8.18 injuries per 1000 A-E) than xiv practices (2.42 injuries per 1000 A-E) which follows previous research. Goalkeepers and halves showed the highest occurrence of injuries (36 percent each) and are supported by 59 percent of the injuries occurring on the defensive side of the 23 metre line. Contact injuries (collision 6 percent, hit by stick 17 percent and hit by ball 33 percent) accounted for 56 percent of all the injuries. No significant differences were found between the two leagues with regards to preparation, the Multi Stage Shuttle Run Test (MSSRT) and the Repeated Sprint Test (RST), except for one period each for technical skills and aerobic training. The relationship between injuries and training showed no significances with regards to preparation, MSSRT and RST, although there was minimal balance and proprioceptive training performed. Thus the lower league showed a significantly higher incidence of injury with preparation not being a mechanism for injuries.

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston University

A dissertation completed in partial compliance with the requirements for a Master's Degree in Technology: Chiropractic at Technikon Natal, 2002. / The purpose of this retrospective investigation was to analyze and critique, the Chiropractic Students' Sports Questionnaire in order to refine the questionnaire and establish its face validity with reference to field hockey. / M

The teaching of organized physical education for girls in our schools is rather new in comparison to the number of years schools have existed. In some states physical education is not part of the curriculum but in others, such as California, it is required by law. When one realizes that physical education in the schools is in its infancy one becomes aware of the fact that source materials must therefore be inadequate. Hockey, although an ancient sport, is one of the comparatively newest field sports in the curriculum of the physical education program in the United States. As a result there is still a dearth of printed information available for the teacher. The lack of adequate source materials is felt especially by those who teach the advanced students of hockey. It may be assumed then, that there is a great need today for printed matter which would be used as source materials by the many teachers of hockey.

The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence and potential abnormalities of biomarkers in female soccer and field hockey players by conducting a meta-analysis of previous studies. In this study, previous research on certain biomarkers (Creatine kinase, lactic acid, iron, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and cortisol) in collegiate, elite and national level female soccer and field hockey players was collected and evaluated. Studies on baseline measurements for these biomarkers in female soccer and field hockey athletes were collected and their group means were considered. These values were collectively put into individual forest plots, one for each biomarker, and were thereafter compared to a given normal laboratory blood value range for the general population. Whereas iron, white blood cell count and especially hemoglobin tended to lie either towards or beneath the lower limit of the reference range assigned to the general population, CK and cortisol have a tendency to be higher in athletes compared to the general population. The findings for lactic acid did not have a significant tendency in either direction. The findings made throughout this study indicate the importance of proper nutrition for the athletes. Furthermore, the findings reiterate and remind coaches and health professionals of the importance on not only the education on proper nutrition for athletes, including sufficient iron intake and possible iron and vitamin supplementation but also the importance of adequate rest and time for recovery to limit the risk of overtraining and high intensity exercise related illness and infection.

This study examined and compared the effect of two feedback methodologies (visual and traditional) on the degree of skill acquisition for the two field hockey skills, Indian dribble and moving drive. Forty-seven female physical education students, ages 12 to 14 years, practised two basic field hockey skills for four consecutive classes. The experimental group was presented with a prototypic example, video feedback (VF), and checklist analysis while the control group was taught by traditional feedback methods which included teacher and student demonstrations in conjunction with verbal feedback. Performance evaluations were made by comparing scores on the Russell (1989) Field Hockey Checklist of Critical Behaviours. Motivational and attitudinal aspects were compared by the use of a Learning Perceptions Questionnaire. An ANCOVA of the Indian dribble performances did not reveal a significant difference between the methodologies. Analysis of the degrees of improvement was made using two comparisons (a) percentage improvement calculations revealed a mean of 27% for the control group and 31% for the experimental group, (b) the Hale and Hale (1972) procedure indicated means of 7.42 and 7.24 for the control and experimental groups, respectively. The ANCOVA of the moving drive indicated a significant difference (F=5.75, p<.05) between the methodologies in favor of the experimental group. The improvement comparisons revealed (a) mean scores of 10% for the control group and 32% for the experimental group, (b) the Hale and Hale procedure results revealed mean scores of 5 and 13 for the control and experimental groups, respectively. The analysis of the Learning Perceptions Questionnaire revealed that the subjects in the experimental group perceived that the checklists helped them to focus on the correct and incorrect behaviours and that watching the prototypic example in conjunction with personal performances helped to improve their skill level, thus providing a motivational element. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate