The thesis traces the development, between 1790 and 1914, of the two industries of fishing and tourism, which, by the end of the 19th century, dominated the economies of the Fife coastal burghs, stretching from St. Andrews to Earlsferry. Both industries expanded enormously throughout Scotland during the 19th century. Scotland's fisheries were long-established, but their prosperity after 1808 was based upon the rapid growth of the Scottish cured herring trade; the tourist industry, on the other hand, was a new area of economic activity, which developed with the ability of ever-increasing number of people to afford a holiday by the seaside. The East Neuk burghs had the potential for expansion in both industries. For centuries, fishing has been an important occupation in the area, and the re-appearance of large shoals of herrings in local fishing grounds, particularly in the period 1840-1865, was the impetus required to stimulate the growth of a flourishing local curing industry. Equally, with their beaches, sea-bathing facilities, golf links and picturesque surroundings, the burghs were equipped, to varying degrees, to attract holiday visitors, particularly since the extension of the railway system made the East Neuk readily accessible to the population of the nearby large urban centres of Central Scotland. The two Industries were not incompatible - Anstruther had both a prosperous fishing community and numerous summer visitors by 1914. Compatibility was largely dependant upon the character of the resort. In St. Andrews and Elie, tourism had developed early, with an emphasis upon 'gentility' and peaceful repose; the simultaneous development of a large scale fishing industry was subsequently considered inconceivable. Thus, the major fishing ports such as Anstruther, did not become size- able resorts until the close of the 19th century, when less affluent sectors of the population who were less fastidious in the facilities and lenities which they demanded were able to afford seaside holidays. Accommodation for summer visitors in Pittenweea, St, Monance and Anstruther, had not been available in the mid 19th century when the area had been one of Scotland's premier fishing districts; housing accommodation did not expand quickly enough to supply the demands of the rapidly increasing local population. The decline of the local fisheries after 1870 promoted a rationalisation of the fishing industry. Larger and better boats were invested in, and though the fleet remained "based upon the East Neuk, catches were made and landed in other districts in Scotland, England, and Ireland. However, even the need for increased capital outlay, particularly with the development of steam fishing boats, did not cause successful large fishing companies to become established, and in 1914, as in 1790, the fishing community was still a close knit, independent and distinctive feature of the East Neuk fishing ports.

This thesis traces the establishment and development of a functioning reformed church in the parishes of Fife after the official Reformation of 1560. Based principally on archival sources, especially the records of the kirk sessions which governed the church at parish level, it examines how ecclesiastical institutions developed and interacted with laypeople, and evaluates the progress made in the challenging task of inculcating Protestant values and identity in Fife’s parishioners. The first section examines the development of the reformed church in three chapters on the parish ministry, church discipline, and reformed worship respectively. The progress made in providing parish ministers and establishing kirk sessions was hesitant, and it took several decades before the church’s institutions were functioning healthily across Fife. This gradual process of reformation was not what the original reformers wanted, but it may have in fact eased the transition to the more firmly Protestant parish culture that emerged around the turn of the century. The second section looks more thematically at three key aspects of the church, focusing mainly on this latter period. The fourth chapter analyses the ministry as a profession, while the fifth chapter goes on to discuss the efforts made to instruct the laity in more detailed Protestant understandings from the 1590s onwards. The sixth and final chapter returns to the subject of discipline, describing the main targets of the disciplinary regime and evaluating the effectiveness of discipline. The church that emerged in the seventeenth century was relatively healthy, staffed by a stable and well-educated ministry, and was starting to make much stronger efforts to educate and discipline the laypeople of Fife. The thesis concludes that while the Scottish Reformation still emerges as an ultimately successful transformation, the path to religious change was more complicated than has been appreciated by historians.

Investigação dos conjuntos denominados Bandas de Pífanos ou Zabumbas, atuantes na região do sertão baiano, nas proximidades da cidade de Canudos. Buscamos as fontes bibliográficas sobre o assunto, destacamos as abordagens acadêmicas e realizamos extensa pesquisa de campo na região. Apresentamos um estudo das características ogrnanológicas dos conjuntos com dados da nossa pesquisa de campo. Todos os conjuntos pesquisados utilizam o aerofone longitudinal, a gaita, apesar da denominação pífano também ser utilizada. Procuramos a desambiguação dos termos e tratamos das diferenças entre os aerofones transversais, pifanos, e os longitudinais, gaitas. Apresentamos 40 transcrições musicais realizadas e um estudo das característica musicais dos grupos pesquisados. Analisamos aspectos melódicos, harmônicos, formais e os gêneros musicais praticados pelas Zabumbas do sertão baiano. / Investigation of the bands called Bandas de Pífanos or Zabumbas, operating in the region of Bahia\'s countryside, near the town of Canudos. We draft the academic approaches of the subject, up to now, and present a study of the organological characteristics of the musical instruments based on our field research in the countryside of Bahia. All goups researched utilizes the longitudinal aerofone, the gaita, although the designation fife also be used. We seek the disambiguation of the terms and studied the differences between the transverse aerophones, fifes, and the longitudinal, gaitas. We also presented 40 musical transcriptions and a study of the reserched groups` musical caracteristics. Then, we anilysed the melodical, harmonical and forms aspects as well the musical genres practiced by the Zabumbas of the countryside of Bahia. We highlight our experience in field research and present a study of the characteristics of the musical band of Bendegó, from the Canudos Velho village. We analyze aspects of melodic, harmonic and cadential formula of beginning and termination of transcripts from artists in field research.

Investigação dos conjuntos denominados Bandas de Pífanos ou Zabumbas, atuantes na região do sertão baiano, nas proximidades da cidade de Canudos. Buscamos as fontes bibliográficas sobre o assunto, destacamos as abordagens acadêmicas e realizamos extensa pesquisa de campo na região. Apresentamos um estudo das características ogrnanológicas dos conjuntos com dados da nossa pesquisa de campo. Todos os conjuntos pesquisados utilizam o aerofone longitudinal, a gaita, apesar da denominação pífano também ser utilizada. Procuramos a desambiguação dos termos e tratamos das diferenças entre os aerofones transversais, pifanos, e os longitudinais, gaitas. Apresentamos 40 transcrições musicais realizadas e um estudo das característica musicais dos grupos pesquisados. Analisamos aspectos melódicos, harmônicos, formais e os gêneros musicais praticados pelas Zabumbas do sertão baiano. / Investigation of the bands called Bandas de Pífanos or Zabumbas, operating in the region of Bahia\'s countryside, near the town of Canudos. We draft the academic approaches of the subject, up to now, and present a study of the organological characteristics of the musical instruments based on our field research in the countryside of Bahia. All goups researched utilizes the longitudinal aerofone, the gaita, although the designation fife also be used. We seek the disambiguation of the terms and studied the differences between the transverse aerophones, fifes, and the longitudinal, gaitas. We also presented 40 musical transcriptions and a study of the reserched groups` musical caracteristics. Then, we anilysed the melodical, harmonical and forms aspects as well the musical genres practiced by the Zabumbas of the countryside of Bahia. We highlight our experience in field research and present a study of the characteristics of the musical band of Bendegó, from the Canudos Velho village. We analyze aspects of melodic, harmonic and cadential formula of beginning and termination of transcripts from artists in field research.

Investigations into the supply, settlement and recruitment of the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides (L.) to shores in Fife, East Scotland were undertaken over three consecutive years (2004 – 2006). Several designs of a passive larval trap, based on earlier published designs, were employed to quantify the delivery (supply) of cyprids to the substratum. Pump samples from the water column were collected to provide a measure of intertidal cyprid concentration. Cyprid concentration was found to exhibit both spatial and temporal variation, but was also found to be significantly correlated with cyprid supply, as quantified by the traps. In some years, pump and trap samples suggested that cyprid abundance in the intertidal was mediated by wind-driven processes. An artificial substratum was used to quantify cyprid settlement, allowing investigations into the supply-settlement relationship. Supply and settlement were found to be two very distinct biological phases. Supply describes the flux of larvae to the substratum. Settlement provides a measure of the amount of larvae that decide to settle on the substratum, as initial attachment for barnacle larvae is not permanent. Whilst supply saturation is unfeasible, daily saturation of the substratum by settlers was observed at many sites along the Fife coast. Levels of settlement saturation were found to vary both temporally, between years, and spatially, over scales of km. Varying levels of the desperation of larvae to settle, mediated by dwindling energy reserves, was thought to explain some of this variation. The supply data also provided some evidence of the possible movement of cyprids along the Fife coast from Fife Ness to Tentsmuir. However, wind-induced transport may also play a dominant role on the Fife coast. A comparison of supply and recruitment of larvae into adult populations revealed that both pre- and post-settlement events may influence recruitment. The relative importance of these factors was shown to be density-dependent. Negative intraspecific interactions were only seen in denser aggregations of adults. In less crowded aggregations, recruitment reflected initial patterns of larval supply.

Introduction: The index of new cars’ climate impact (Trafikverket 2010) calculated a reduction factor to quantify the positive impact of renewable fuels on CO2 emissions for new cars in Sweden 2009. Although uncertainty for many input parameters is acknowledged, all calculations were made with point estimates. Aim: The aim of this study was to verify consumer recommendations based on carbon dioxide emissions of new cars by re-assessing the CO2 emissions considering the uncertainty in input data. The data uncertainty was quantified by using probabilistic risk assessment methodology. The objectives were (1) to calculate the possible reduction of CO2 emissions for new cars in Sweden accounting for uncertainties; (2) to identify the most influential factors by conducting a sensitivity analysis; and (3) to assess the implications of interval analysis and probabilistic modelling for epistemic uncertainty in this context and thereby to contribute to the discussion on which method is the most appropriate to support decision making. Method: Calculations were performed with the deterministic model proposed by Trafikverket (2010) using probability distributions (Bayesian probability distributions assigned by expert judgements) and intervals as model input. Probabilistic modelling was implemented as Monte Carlo simulation with uniform distributions and triangular distributions in Matlab. Interval calculations were done by hand. Results: The best estimate from probabilistic modelling of CO2 reduction when using E85 as a fuel of 30% (95% confidence interval = 10% to 52%) is in a similar range as the 20% given by Trafikverket (2010). The best estimate of 28% decrease for gas cars (95% confidence interval = 3% to 44%) is lower than the originally proposed 42%, but still in a similar range. The difference is due to the large extent of optimistic values taken by Trafikverket (2010). The interval analysis produced a wider range. For ethanol driven cars, a CO2 reduction of 68%, an increase of 14% or anything in between is calculated, for cars operated on gas the result is a CO2 reduction of 59%, an increase of 29% or anything in between. Conclusions: The use of biofuels most likely reduces CO2 emissions. The CO2 emissions from the production of the biofuel are the most influential factors. The recommendations of Trafikverket to the consumers are still valid after probabilistic recalculation. Probabilistic modelling is more appropriate than interval analysis to guide authority and consumer decisions as it allows conclusions to be drawn and therefore can support decision making.

There is a consensus of scientific thought that humana ctivities are altering the gaseous composition of the atmosphere and leading to global climate change. This thesis addresses the question of how this global climate change will manifest itself at the regional level. In particular, a dynamic simulation model integrating both climate change and climatically sensitives ocio-economic activities will be developed. This model will explore the regional variations in both climate change and socio-economic activity. Three Local Authorities in Scotland were chosen for this study, Argyll on the west coast, Stirling inland and Fife on the east coast. This provides a west-east transect across central Scotland. Meteorological data, covering the period 1970-1998, was collected from twelve sites spread across these regions. These data were analysed in order to provide a climatic profile of each of the regions, and to identify any evidence of climate change in the form of trends in the data. Data relating to socio-economic factors was taken from a variety of sources. Mere possible this covered the same period in time as the climate data. Both sets of data were examined to determine evidence of climate sensitivity in the socioeconomic data using suitable statistical techniques. A simple, yet thermodynamically sound, dynamic climate model was developed and calibrated for each region using the data from the previous analysis. This model allowed increasing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (C02) to directly affect the mean surface temperature of the three regions. Precipitation changes from the UKCIP02 regional climate model were included This allowed seasonal temperature and precipitation totals to be simulated, on a regional basis, under different climate change scenarios. Simulations, calibrated on datafrom 1970-1998, were run forward to 2100. The climate results were similar to the outputfrom the UKCIP02 model. Six sectors of a socio-economic model were constructed population, employment, land use, water resources, housing and emissions. Where statistically significant relationships, between climatic and the local socio-economic variables were found, these were included in the model. Simulations for the period 1970-2100, were run under four different climate change scenarios, and that of constant climate, in order to assessth eir impact on the six sectors at the regional scale. The results indicate considerable regional variations in the impacts both of climate change and the associated climatically sensitive activities. Argyll in the west, for example, could benefit from increased tourism and the potential for agricultural expansion. If in-migration is allowed to offset labour shortages, then the west sees a reversal of the population decline of previous decades. Climate change has little impact on the economy of the inland and eastern regions. However, a problem does emerge with water resources in the east. Summer droughts are seen to increase in frequency, suggesting that both the costs and benefits of climate change will be unevenly distributed. The implications of these results for the management of change are then discussed along with future research needs.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Adelaide, 1984. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 208-221).

Thesis (M.A.R.)--Emmanuel School of Religion, Johnson City, Tennessee, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 133-139).

Thesis (M.A.R.)--Emmanuel School of Religion, Johnson City, Tennessee, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 133-139).