Thesis (Th. M.)--Calvin Theological Seminary, 1988. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 160-174).

A distinct pattern of obligate mutualism exists between fig tree hosts and their pollinating fig wasps. Normally one section or subsection of fig tree hosts is associated with one fig wasp genus. In general, each species is pollinated by a specific fig wasp species. This led to the hypothesis that the fig wasp and fig tree lineages diverged simultaneously. African fig wasps pollinating hosts of the Galoglychia section frequently break the normal one fig wasp species-to-one host species ratio. The phylogeny for these species was reconstructed using three DNA segments and compared to the morphological classification of their Ficus hosts. Pollinator genera were monophyletic for all analyses, however, the relative positioning of genera was inconsistent. Analyses suggest frequent host jumps between fig trees and fig wasps. Fig wasps of the genus Alfonsiella that pollinate Ficus craterostoma, Ficus stuhlmannii and Ficus petersii are morphologically similar in South Africa. Based on host association, genetic differentiation for this group was investigated. Molecular data indicated that the pollinator of F. craterostoma is a good species, while the F. stuhlmannii and F. petersii pollinators were genetically indistinguishable. Based on molecular data and morphological re-evaluation, a new Alfonsiella species is described, Alfonsiella pipithiensis sp. n. A key to all described species of Alfonsiella is provided. In order to resolve the population genetic differentiation of pollinating fig wasp species in South Africa, Platyscapa awekei was used as a model species. A few studies indicate that pollinating fig wasps can disperse between 30 and 55 kilometers. However, a recent study on two P. awekei populations in South Africa reported an FST value of 0.011, indicating that pollinators disperse approximately ten times further. This study aims to confirm these results with more detailed sampling of populations. In addition, possible temporal differentiation was tested for the South African population. Six microsatellite loci were used to detect spatial and temporal genetic differentiation in seven populations (collected from 2004 to 2006) over a 340 kilometer range. Genetic differentiation between sampled populations was low (FST = 0.0055), however, the data suggest stronger temporal genetic isolation than spatial genetic isolation. / Dissertation (MSc (Genetics))--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Genetics / unrestricted

No description available.

Thesis (MscAgric (Horticulture))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Commercial fig production with popular European cultivars, Bourjasotte Noire, Col de Damme Noire and Noire de Caromb, is new to the Western Cape. Little research on fig production has been conducted in South Africa and producers are struggling to implement effective commercial practices. In order to establish practices that will maximise yield of quality fruit, the most productive one-year-old shoot lengths were identified in a phenological study. All shoot length categories evaluated in ‘Bourjasotte Noire’ (10 – 15 cm, 25 – 40 cm, 50 – 65 cm, 75+ cm) yielded fruit and will probably yield well the following season. In ‘Col de Damme Noire’, shoots longer than 60 cm seem to be suited to reproduction, yet they might produce a poor yield the following season. Shoots 10 – 20 cm long in ‘Noire de Caromb’ are productive relative to their length, while shoots 30 – 50 cm and 60 – 80 cm long are also fairly productive. Shoots longer than 100 cm produced suitable shoot lengths for yield the following season. Two experiments were conducted on ‘Bourjasotte Noire’ and ‘Col de Damme Noire’ to establish the type (Experiment 1, different intensity heading cuts) and timing (Experiment 2) of pruning cuts required to stimulate the growth of shoots of the same length as the shoots selected to be optimal for yield in the phenology study, and to reduce the expression of distal branching. In ‘Bourjasotte Noire’, removing one third of the total length of one-year-old shoots on 21 July by heading stimulated the development of more growth and longer current season shoots compared to other treatments, while reducing yield slightly. Heading back to three nodes in ‘Col de Damme Noire’ stimulated the growth of current season shoots of the optimal length established in the phenology study, while heading cuts on 30 June produced the longest average current season shoot length in ‘Col de Damme Noire’. To further address the effects of distal branching (acrotony), an experiment was conducted to establish whether rest breaking agents (RBA’s) in combination with tip-pruning can increase tree complexity by improving bud break, and whether increased complexity would increase yield in all three cultivars. A second experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of timing RBA applications on bud break and harvest scheduling. Lift® increased the number of buds breaking in ‘Bourjasotte Noire’, while in ‘Noire de Caromb’ Dormex® and oil increased bud break. Tip-pruning increased the average shoot length in ‘Bourjasotte Noire’ and ‘Col de Damme Noire’, while causing a reduction in the amount of new growth in ‘Noire de Caromb’. Lift® applied 3 August and Dormex® applied 30 June shortened the number of days to 50% bud break in ‘Bourjasotte Noire’ and ‘Col de Damme Noire’. Both Lift® and Dormex® applied on 30 June decreased the number of days to 50% bud break and 50% harvest of the breba crop in ‘Noire de Caromb’. These treatments increased the number of fruit in both the breba and main crop of ‘Noire de Caromb’, but reduced fruit size. In conclusion, different approaches with regards to pruning needs to be followed for each cultivar to establish or maintain the optimal shoots for reproduction, while RBA’s can be used to force earlier, increased- bud break and harvest of breba fruit. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Kommersiele verbouing van drie Europese vykultivars, Bourjasotte Noire, Col de Damme Noire en Noire de Caromb is nuut tot die Wes-Kaap. Baie min navorsing oor die verbouing van vye is al in Suid-Afrika gedoen, met die gevolg dat produsente sukkel om effektiewe kommersiële verbouingspraktyke te implementeer. ‘n Fenologiese studie van die drie kultivars is uitgevoer om vas te stel wat die mees produktiewe een-jaar-oue lootlengte is, met die doel om die opbrengs van kwaliteit vrugte te maksimeer. Al vier kategorieë wat ge-evalueer is in ‘Bourjasotte Noire’ (10 – 15 cm, 25 – 40 cm, 50 – 65 cm, 75+ cm) is gevind om geskik te wees vir huidige en volgende seisoen opbrengs. Lote langer as 60 cm is geskik vir opbrengs in ‘Col de Damme Noire’ in die huidige seisoen, maar mag in die volgende seisoen swak presteer a.g.v. die gebrekkige lengte van nuwe lote wat daarop ontwikkel. In ‘Noire de Caromb’ is gevind dat lote 10 – 20 cm lank baie produktief is relatief tot hul lengte en dat lote 20 – 50 cm en 60 – 80 cm lank ook relatief produktief is. Lote langer as 100 cm was minder produktief, maar het nuwe lote gelewer wat geskik is vir opbrengs die volgende seisoen. Twee snoei eskperimente is uitgevoer op ‘Bourjasotte Noire’ en ‘Col de Damme Noire’ om vas te stel wat die mees geskikte tipe snoeisnit (Eksperiment 1, verskillende dieptes van topsnitte) en tydstip om te snoei (Eksperiment 2) is met die doel om lote te produseer soortgelyk in lengte aan die wat in die fenologie studie uitgewys is as die produktiefste, en om moontlik die voorkoms van “kaalnekke” te verminder. In ‘Bourjasotte Noire’ is gevind dat die wegsnoei van ‘n derde van die loot op 21 Julie aanleiding gee tot meer groei, langer een-jaar-oue lote en ‘n effense afname in opbrengs. Geskikte lote langer as 60 cm kan in ‘Col de Damme Noire’ verkry word deur lote te top sodat net drie nodes oorbly. Die uitvoer van topsnitte op 30 Junie het langer gemiddelde lootlengtes tot gevolg gehad. Om die probleem van “kaalnekke” (apikale dominansie) verder aan te spreek, is ‘n eksperiment uitgevoer om vas te stel of rusbreekmiddels gekombineerd met tip-snoei gebruik kan word om kompleksiteit te vermeerder deur knopbreek te verhoog, en indien wel, of dit sal aanleiding gee tot verhoogde opbrengs in al drie kultivars. ‘n Tweede eksperiment met verskillende toedieningstye van rusbreekmiddels is uitgevoer om vas te stel of oeste geskeduleer kan word. Lift® het knopbreek verhoog in ‘Bourjasotte Noire’, terwyl Dormex® en olie knopbreek verhoog het in ‘Noire de Caromb’. Tip-snoei het die gemiddelde lootlengtes verhoog in ‘Bourjasotte Noire’ en ‘Col de Damme Noire’, terwyl dit groei verminder het in ‘Noire de Caromb’. Lift® toediening op 3 Augustus en Dormex® toediening op 30 Junie het die aanvang van 50% knopbreek vervroeg in ‘Boujasotte Noire’ en ‘Col de Damme Noire’. Beide Lift® en Dormex® toediening op 30 Junie het die bereiking van 50% knopbreek- en 50% oes vervroeg in ‘Noire de Caromb’. Hierdie behandeling het ook die aantal vrugte van die breba- en hoofoes vermeerder, maar vruggrootte verminder. Verskillende snoeibenaderings behoort dus gevolg te word om vir elke kultivar die regte lootlengtes te genereer of te onderhou, terwyl rusbreekmiddels gebruik kan word om knopbreek te vervroeg en verhoog, en om die breba oes te vervroeg.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-02-04Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:54:53Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_ac_me_botfca.pdf: 604510 bytes, checksum: 71c5f7d364ff5ed33d5d61f19025419f (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar, a viabilidade da metodologia para avaliação da translocação e alocação de fotoassimilados, utilizando o isótopo estável do carbono-13 como marcador, assim como, avaliar a relação fonte-dreno nos diferentes órgãos bem como, saber em que órgão se encontraria o carbono-13 após determinados intervalos de tempo, em plantas em estádio reprodutivo da espécie Ficus carica L. Para tanto, uma folha da figueira considerada adulta através da caracterização fotossintética com um medidor portátil de fotossíntese IRGA-6400, foi colocada dentro de uma câmara de acrílico construída para este fim, e submetida a um ambiente com enriquecimento de 13CO2 por 30 minutos. Após 24 horas, os diferentes órgãos presentes nas plantas foram coletados no experimento órgãos drenos, nas demais plantas seguiu-se a experimentação tempo de alocação, onde as plantas de Ficus carica L. foram arrancadas ao longo das horas: 6, 24, 48, 72, 120, 168, 360. Após o tempo especificado as partes (meristema apical, folhas, ramos, caule e sistema radicular) das plantas em estudo foram coletados e imediatamente imersos em nitrogênio líquido (-196 ºC), para evitar que os tecidos permanecessem vivos e conseqüentemente pudessem consumir os fotoassimilados no processo da respiração. As amostras, previamente identificadas foram secas em estufa de circulação forçada a 65º C por 72 horas, em seguida moídas em moinho criogênico, para que houvesse uma perfeita homogeneização, sendo posteriormente analisadas no espectrômetro de massas de razão isotópica, para a determinação do enriquecimento relativo de 13C. Naturalmente a planta apresenta valores de enriquecimento relativo de 13C - 27,92‰, alocando acima de 90% da massa seca e do carbono total nas partes lenhosas. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que figueira se caracteriza como uma planta do ciclo... / The work have planned be quizzed, the feasability of the methodology for evaluation of the fhotosynthates translocation and allocation, using the carbon 13 stable isotope a marker, evaluate the source-sink relation in the different organs and, know in that organ would be found the carbon-13 after determined time periods, in Ficus carica L. plants in reproductive stadium. A fig tree leaf considered adult through the photosynthetic with a portable meter of photosynthesis IRGA-6400 characterization. Was put inside a acrylic chamber, and submitted to an environment with 13CO2 enrichment for 30 minutes. After 24 hours, the different organs present in the plants were collected in the drains organs experiment, in the other plants followed the allocation time experimentation where the plants of Ficus carica L. were lurches to the long one of the hours: 6, 24, 48, 72, 120, 168, 360. After the time specified the studied plant parts (meristem, sheets, branches, stem and system roots) were collected and immediately immersed in liquid nitrogen (-196 ºC), for avoid that the fabrics remained alive and consequently could consume the fhotosynthates in the breath trial. The samples, previously identified were droughts in of circulation forced to 65º C for 72 hours, right away ground in cryogenic mill, for that had a perfect homogenization, being subsequently analyzed in the mass spectrometry of isotopic reason, for the relative enrichment... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The culture of the fig tree fits in different climatic conditions, as long as it provides favorable conditions for the region where it is deployed, such as appropriated management. Even being adapted to different climate and soil conditions, the cultivation of the fig tree is sensible to water scarcity, if appropriate, the use of irrigation. In this sense, this study aims to evaluate the behavior of the fig tree culture (Ficus carica L) submitted to the application of different depths of irrigation water. The experiment was conducted at the Horticulture Sector of Polytechnic College, at Federal University of Santa Maria. The culture of the fig tree was in the sixth year of production and was observed from August, 2010, to June, 2011. The experiment consisted on five treatments with 7 replications, with randomized block experimental delineation, considering an adult plant per plot. The irrigation system consisted on localized drip irrigation, comprising a half-moon shape in rows around each plant. For the irrigation management, the evapotranspiration calculated by Penman equation was adopted as reference, in order to calculate the crop maximum evapotranspiration, using the Kc of 0.47. Reaching evapotranspiration of 20 mm, the irrigation was performed by applying the depth of 20 mm, corresponding to the 100% treatment, 15 mm for the 75% treatment, 10 mm to 50% treatment and 5mm to 25% treatment. The harvesting began on January 10, 2011, in other words 149 days after production pruning, starting the collection of data. Therefore, it was analyzed the following variables of production: productivity (ton.ha-1), weight (g), number and diameter of ripe figs (mm). To the classification of figs, such variables were determined: diameter (mm) and width (mm) of ripe figs. Sampling and data collection lasted 140 days, and the harvesting ended on May 28, 2011. After data collection, the information was subjected to variance analysis, submitted to the t test for multiple comparison of means in a10% level of probability, such as regression analysis. It was concluded that the fig tree was not influenced by the water levels for mean weight and mean diameter of figs variables, however the mean weight ranged from 54.78 to 57.39 g and the diameter ranged from 47.19 to 48, 37 mm. In relation to the number of fruits, differences were observed on the 100% treatment of Etc., resulting on an estimated maximum number of fruits of 292 fruits per plant. The yield responded significantly to the application of different irrigation levels, reaching maximum values of 30.61 ton ha-1, with depth corresponding to 100% of maximum crop evapotranspiration (160 mm). The figs were classified as medium, regarding that treatments did not influence the classification. The efficiency of water use showed better results with the depth equivalent to the 25% treatment of ETc, with an estimated 0.74 kg ha-1 mm-1. Regarding the results presented for the Roxo de Valinhos fig tree variety under different levels of drip irrigation in this experiment, it is possible to conclude that the most suitable depth for the culture, when it comes to the production increasement, is the additional water depth of 160 mm (100 % ETc). Although, concerning the water use efficiency, the water slide of 25% of ETc was the most efficient. For classification of ripe fruits, the irrigation showed no significant difference. / A cultura da figueira se adapta em diversas condições climáticas desde que tenha condições favoráveis e um manejo adequado para a região onde será implantada. Mesmo se adaptando em diversas condições de clima e solo, o cultivo da figueira é sensível à escassez hídrica, sendo necessário, o uso da irrigação. Com isso este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar o comportamento da cultura da figueira (Ficus carica L) submetida à aplicação de diferentes lâminas irrigação. O experimento foi conduzido no Setor de Fruticultura no Colégio Politécnico da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. A cultura da figueira estava no sexto ano de produção e foi acompanhado durante o período de agosto de 2010 a maio de 2011. Foram empregados 5 tratamentos com 7 repetições, com a utilização do delineamento experimental blocos ao acaso considerando uma planta adulta por parcela. O sistema de irrigação utilizado foi o localizado tipo gotejamento, constituído por 1 linhas no formato meia lua ao redor de cada planta. Para o manejo da irrigação foi utilizado como referência a evapotranspiração de referência calculada pela equação de Penman, para em seguida calcular a evapotranspiração máxima da cultura utilizado o Kc de 0,47. Ocorrendo 20 mm de evapotranspiração da cultura realizou-se a irrigação aplicando a lâmina de 20 mm que correspondente ao tratamento 100%, 15 mm para o tratamento de 75%, 10 mm para 50% e 5 mm para o tratamento 25%. A colheita teve início em 10 de janeiro de 2011 aos 149 dias após a poda de produção com início das coletas dos dados. Para tanto foram analisadas as seguintes variáveis de produção: produtividade (ton. ha-1), peso (g), número e diâmetro (mm) dos figos maduros, e para classificação dos figos foram determinadas as variáveis: diâmetro (mm) e largura (mm) dos figos maduros. A colheita e a coleta dos dados duraram 140 dias, sendo a colheita encerrada em 28 de maio de 2011. Após a coleta dos dados, as informações foram submetidas à análise de variância submetida ao teste de t para comparação múltipla de médias, em nível de 10% de probabilidade de erro, e também à análise de regressão. Verificou-se que a figueira não sofreu influência dos níveis de irrigação para as variáveis, peso médio e diâmetro médio dos figos, no entanto, o peso médio variou de 54,78 a 57,39g e o diâmetro variou de 47,19 a 48,37 mm. Para a variável no número de frutos houve influência com o tratamento 100% da Etc, resultando no número de frutos máximo estimado de 292 frutos Planta-1. A produtividade respondeu significativamente à aplicação de diferentes lâminas de irrigação, atingindo valores máximos estimados de 30,61 ton ha-1com lâmina correspondente a 100% da evapotranspiração máxima da cultura (160 mm). Os figos foram classificados como médios tendo em vista que os tratamentos não influenciaram na classificação dos mesmos. A eficiência do uso da água apresentou um melhor resultado com a lâmina de equivalente ao tratamento 25% da ETc, com um valor estimado de 0,74 kg ha-1 mm-1. Diante dos resultados apresentados para a cultura da figueira variedade Roxo de Valinhos sob diferentes níveis de irrigação complementar por gotejamento para este experimento é possível de concluir que a lâmina mais indicada para a cultura quando se trata do aumento da produção e a lâmina hídrica complementar de 160 mm (100% da ETc). Porém para a eficiência do uso da água a lâmina hídrica correspondente a 25% da ETc que apresentou a maior eficiência. Para a classificação dos frutos maduros as lâminas de irrigação não fizeram diferença.

Resumo: O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar, a viabilidade da metodologia para avaliação da translocação e alocação de fotoassimilados, utilizando o isótopo estável do carbono-13 como marcador, assim como, avaliar a relação fonte-dreno nos diferentes órgãos bem como, saber em que órgão se encontraria o carbono-13 após determinados intervalos de tempo, em plantas em estádio reprodutivo da espécie Ficus carica L. Para tanto, uma folha da figueira considerada adulta através da caracterização fotossintética com um medidor portátil de fotossíntese IRGA-6400, foi colocada dentro de uma câmara de acrílico construída para este fim, e submetida a um ambiente com enriquecimento de 13CO2 por 30 minutos. Após 24 horas, os diferentes órgãos presentes nas plantas foram coletados no experimento órgãos drenos, nas demais plantas seguiu-se a experimentação tempo de alocação, onde as plantas de Ficus carica L. foram arrancadas ao longo das horas: 6, 24, 48, 72, 120, 168, 360. Após o tempo especificado as partes (meristema apical, folhas, ramos, caule e sistema radicular) das plantas em estudo foram coletados e imediatamente imersos em nitrogênio líquido (-196 ºC), para evitar que os tecidos permanecessem vivos e conseqüentemente pudessem consumir os fotoassimilados no processo da respiração. As amostras, previamente identificadas foram secas em estufa de circulação forçada a 65º C por 72 horas, em seguida moídas em moinho criogênico, para que houvesse uma perfeita homogeneização, sendo posteriormente analisadas no espectrômetro de massas de razão isotópica, para a determinação do enriquecimento relativo de 13C. Naturalmente a planta apresenta valores de enriquecimento relativo de 13C - 27,92‰, alocando acima de 90% da massa seca e do carbono total nas partes lenhosas. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que figueira se caracteriza como uma planta do ciclo... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The work have planned be quizzed, the feasability of the methodology for evaluation of the fhotosynthates translocation and allocation, using the carbon 13 stable isotope a marker, evaluate the source-sink relation in the different organs and, know in that organ would be found the carbon-13 after determined time periods, in Ficus carica L. plants in reproductive stadium. A fig tree leaf considered adult through the photosynthetic with a portable meter of photosynthesis IRGA-6400 characterization. Was put inside a acrylic chamber, and submitted to an environment with 13CO2 enrichment for 30 minutes. After 24 hours, the different organs present in the plants were collected in the drains organs experiment, in the other plants followed the allocation time experimentation where the plants of Ficus carica L. were lurches to the long one of the hours: 6, 24, 48, 72, 120, 168, 360. After the time specified the studied plant parts (meristem, sheets, branches, stem and system roots) were collected and immediately immersed in liquid nitrogen (-196 ºC), for avoid that the fabrics remained alive and consequently could consume the fhotosynthates in the breath trial. The samples, previously identified were droughts in of circulation forced to 65º C for 72 hours, right away ground in cryogenic mill, for that had a perfect homogenization, being subsequently analyzed in the mass spectrometry of isotopic reason, for the relative enrichment... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Sarita Leonel / Coorientador: Carlos Ducatti / Banca: João Domingos Rodrigues / Banca: Marco Antonio da Silva Vasconcellos / Mestre