In the 21st century Muslims can be found as minorities in what can be described as secular, democratic western countries. The research presented in this study will trace the process by which this community arrived in Western Europe and in particular Britain. Furthermore, it will explain how the community developed its faith identity within this context by detailing three particular stances they have adopted, namely; assimilation, isolation, integration. The thesis argues that rather than the assumption which exists that applying Traditional Islam causes Muslims to isolate from the indigenous population and form a 'state within a state' it actually gives the religious confidence and identity to integrate within the wider society. The study also focuses on Islamic Law as interpreted by the 'anaf' Law school and highlights in detail the multi-pronged and robust nature of its legal theory and subsequent application. There is an opportunity whilst determining the context to challenge the so-called 'classical' Islam's view of the world, especially the view that all non-Muslim lands are d'r al-'arb. The research details a novel understanding of the classical view and discusses how the state's attitude towards Islam and Muslims determines its territorial ruling. In conclusion, the study has shown that the traditional interpretive model inherently possesses the flexibility, relevance and applicability to take into consideration minority-status of Muslims in Britain adhering to the 'anaf' Law School. This is manifest by the ability this model has to deal with contemporary issues in wide ranging subjects like Medicine, Politics and Finance As a result it facilitates their integration within this secular society whilst remaining true to their faith.

Dans les deux siècles précedents, avec l’accélération des progrès scientifiques de l’homme, le droit tel d’autres domaines scientifiques a eu des évolutions et progrès. Une d’entre celles est le progrès considérable du droit de l’Homme en tant qu’une branche de droit. Tant qu’il semble dans plusieurs sociétés la déclaration des droits de l’Homme et ses enseignements se sont remplacé au lieu sublime et respectable des enseignements religieux et des textes divins. Dans telles situations il est évident dans les cas où il y a une contradiction entre les enseignements religieux et celles du droit de l’Homme cela produit des litiges et des conflits entre eux. En étudiant les matières litigieuses éventuelles entre les principes du droit de l’Homme et les enseignements et instructions religieuses, notamment le figh chiite, dans le domaine du droit privé et l’étude des lois de la république islamique d’Iran - connu comme un gouvernement religieux qui conforme son droit avec le figh chiite - dans ce domaine il semble que les contradiction existant dans les plusieurs cas n’est pas le résultat inévitable et sûr de la croyance solide à la religion et à l’école (chiite) mais seulement il est la répercussion d’une façon de vue spéciale er des interprétations radicales des enseignements religieux. / In the last two centuries, the science of law as well as other scientific disciplines has made significant developments. One of them is the recognition of human rights. Undoubtedly, today human rights issue is considered as one of the main concerns of the international legal community. As far as it seems in many communities, Universal Declaration of Human Rights and human rights teaching, replaced some scriptures and religious teachings which had high status and respectful position in the past. Considering this reality, it is obvious that dispute and conflict occurs between the activists of the two domains!. By studying the possible conflicts between human rights principles and Shiite religious teachings (One of the Islamic schools) in the area of private law, and the study of the internal laws of the Islamic Republic of Iran- As a theocracy which approved and set its rules in accordance and comply with the Shia principles - In this field, it seems that the existing conflicts in many cases, is not the inevitable result of belief in Islam and adherence and obligation to the Shia principles, but as a result of a specific look and a radical interpretation of religious teachings.

In the 21st century Muslims can be found as minorities in what can be described as secular, democratic western countries. The research presented in this study will trace the process by which this community arrived in Western Europe and in particular Britain. Furthermore, it will explain how the community developed its faith identity within this context by detailing three particular stances they have adopted, namely; assimilation, isolation, integration. The thesis argues that rather than the assumption which exists that applying Traditional Islam causes Muslims to isolate from the indigenous population and form a ¿state within a state¿ it actually gives the religious confidence and identity to integrate within the wider society. The study also focuses on Islamic Law as interpreted by the ¿anaf¿ Law school and highlights in detail the multi-pronged and robust nature of its legal theory and subsequent application. There is an opportunity whilst determining the context to challenge the so-called ¿classical¿ Islam¿s view of the world, especially the view that all non-Muslim lands are d¿r al-¿arb. The research details a novel understanding of the classical view and discusses how the state¿s attitude towards Islam and Muslims determines its territorial ruling. In conclusion, the study has shown that the traditional interpretive model inherently possesses the flexibility, relevance and applicability to take into consideration minority-status of Muslims in Britain adhering to the ¿anaf¿ Law School. This is manifest by the ability this model has to deal with contemporary issues in wide ranging subjects like Medicine, Politics and Finance As a result it facilitates their integration within this secular society whilst remaining true to their faith.