No description available.

The effect of the configuration of the confining magnetic field on the operating characteristics of a planar magnetron has been observed. In particular, the heat load and charged particle bombardment of the substrate were measured. A circular planar magnetron was constructed with a magnetic field which could be controlled by the adjustment of the current flowing through coils placed around the circumference and with a separate supply feeding a coil around the centre pole. This allowed the magnetic field configuration to be unbalanced and caused the negative glow plasma to be incident on the substrate. It was found that the "unbalanced" electrically-controlled model could give six times the heat load to a substrate in comparison with a balanced permanent magnet structure. Such a load resulted from the bombardment of the substrate with the plasma (revealed by the measurement of the I-V characteristics), and gave a 30 volt negative bias as well as saturated electron and ion currents of around 90 and 1 mA respectively (a magnetron operating current: 0.8A). The heat load was lkWm⁻². This compared to a 1 volt positive bias with current of 1.4 and 0.5 mA for the balanced case. This bombardment was used as a neutralised ion beam to enhance film growth during sputtering. The effect of the magnetic field configuration has been observed on the operating characteristics of a planar magnetron. In particular, the deposition rate, the currents to a probe and heat load, as a function of the outer pole solenoid current, were measured. The deposition rate/input power was constant at 19 mÅ/s/W, independent of the outer pole solenoid current. In the region from 20 to 40 A of the outer pole solenoid current, the configuration of the magnetic field seemed to be concentric and the electrons were confined by it. But from 40 to 80 A, the magnetic field became dispersed outwards along the direction to the magnetron and the electrons followed it. Consequently, following bombardment of the surface by electrons and neutralising ions, the currents to a probe and the heat load, gave a behaviour. The effect of the pressure has been observed on probe current, floating potential and heat load. With the pressure increasing, they decreased. It seems that the mean free path of particles becomes shorter and then scattering of them increases. The influence of the magnetic field strength on the plasma, created at the rear of a substrate, has been observed. In particular, the floating potential and the charged particle bombardment of the substrate were measured. Permanent magnets at the rear of the substrate, outside of the chamber, could make the configuration of the magnetic field change and control the floating potential from -3 to -59 V. At the same time, they influenced the current-voltage characteristics of a probe and made it change following the direction of the field. Ti0₂ is a very important thin film material in optics because the refractive index is high and it can also satisfy the requirements of a hard, dense and chemically stable coating. In our study, the effect of the floating potential, and the resulting ion beam bombardment on the properties of Ti0₂ thin films deposited by reactive planar magnetron sputtering, has been observed. In reactive magnetron sputtering of Ti0₂, as the partial pressure of oxygen is increased, reaction products form on the target (it is poisoned) which lead to an unstable situation with the cathode switching from metal to oxide uncontrollably. More sophisticated control techniques are required in order to get a stoichiometric Ti0₂, film. The oxygen flow was controlled by observation of the light emission of the Ti spectral line. This was measured using a band pass filter and a photomultiplier. It maintained the oxygen flow by regulating a piezovalve. The optical emission controller gave a complete range of Ti to oxygen ratios. As a result, we obtained samples with a high refractive index of 2.52 at 633 nm and a high deposition rate of 4 Å/s. The properties measured were the refractive index, the surface composition and morphology, and the crystallinity. The relationship between the refractive index and the proportions of 'anatase' and 'rutile' crystal structures of the Ti0₂ films was especially considered and the dependence on the floating potential was assessed. Also, Al₂0₃, Cuo, ZnO have been sputtered and the effect of pressure instability assessed. Their properties were measured.

No description available.

The performance of regenerated cellulose (RC) films and capsules was investigated for their applications in oral controlled drug delivery. Regenerated cellulose films were prepared by non-solvent-mediated, phase inversion of native and depolymerized cotton linter solutions (methylolcellulose; cellulose dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide/ paraformaldehyde solvent system) in water as well as by phase inversion of native cotton linter solutions in organic non-solvents followed by thermal annealing. These films were monolithic in dry state and formed porous structures when hydrated. Irrespective of the degree of polymerization of the starting cellulose source or the use of organic non-solvents, the cellulose chain length was not significantly altered and cellulose was in an amorphous state. Flux analysis in diffusion cells, using ethanol-water mixtures as the solvent medium, indicated that the films take up solvent to form porous routes for transport of solute. The amount of solvent uptake required to form these routes was greater for films prepared from depolymerized cotton linter. Ionic and hydrophobic solutes traverse the films using the porous pathways following hydration of the film. Blended RC films were prepared by combining native and depolymerized cotton linter solutions in varying ratios and phase-inverting in water, followed by thermal annealing. Porosity, pore size and water uptake of the hydrated films decreased, while the length of the transport pathway (tortuosity) increased, as the fraction of depolymerized cellulose increased in the blended films. Differences in methylene blue dye adsorption on phase-inverted vs. phase-inverted and thermally annealed RC films indicated that the type of non-solvent utilized for phase-inversion does not affect the internal RC film structure during the phase-inversion process. However, as the boiling point of the non-solvent increased, the amount of irreversible polymer consolidation and formation non-swelling domains (hornification) increased during the thermal annealing process. This, in turn, led to reduced porosity and solute flux through these RC films. Two-piece cellulose capsules were fabricated by phase-inversion of methylolcellulose solutions in water using a dip-coating approach. Zero-order release rates for a number of drugs increased as their water solubility increased. The release of water soluble drugs occurred by osmotically-driven convection and diffusion through the pores in the capsule wall, while the release of moderate to poorly soluble drugs predominantly occurred by diffusion. Moreover, as the drug solubility increased, the apparent permeability of the drugs through the capsule wall decreased, which indicated that the inward osmotic flux of water reduced the diffusivity of the drug through the pores. The hydraulic permeability of the cellulose capsules was determined to be higher than for conventional ethylcellulose and cellulose acetate coated osmotic drug delivery systems, indicating that the cellulose-based capsules may be better suited for osmotic drug delivery.

This thesis deals with issues of used hot plates and thick-film technology. The theoretical part of diploma thesis contains a theoretical analysis and description of corresponding technology and usage of materials. The practical part of the thesis focuses on the design of the resulting device, which forms design of the test and optimized hot element, the initial design of the device and the design of models for temperature simulations. Then follows description of the practical realization of the motifs and testing of the created thick-film structure on a ceramic substrate. In the last part are shown simulations of heat transfer in the proposed model of the device.

Master’s thesis deals with thick/film sensor’s electrodes optimization. The aim of this work is to determine how the geometric size and shape of the electrodes affect the output current response. Technology and electro-analytical method is described in the theoretical part. The practical part is aimed at thick-films electrodes and sensors optimalization. It is here each optimization TLV electrodes in terms of their impact on the size of the output current response three-electrode electrochemical system using standard electrodes. Similarly, there is a study of the effect size performed on one common electrode free-electrodes sensor. Finally, there are studied various forms of electrode area three-electrode thick-film sensor in terms of their effect on the output current response. Summarized results are described in the final part of the work.

Diploma thesis solves how to create system for measurement of little liquid flows. The basic types of liquid flowmeter, which are possible used for measurement of little liquid flows, are described in the introduction part of thesis. The limit for little flow is often determined as flow 100 mg.min-1 and low. Second part of this thesis describes the ways of capillary production and practical experiments with them. Thesis is focused to thick film technology and LTCC technology. Next part of this work is solution of simple measuring unit for measurement of little flows less than 100 mg.min 1, which is controlled by microprocessor ATmega16. The measuring unit can be worked separately or can be connected to PC. The next possibility of flowmeter optimisation is summarized in end of thesis.

Doctoral thesis deals with the deposition of special thixotropic materials for microelectronic technology. The aim of the work is the development of the new method optimizing the dosing process in order to achieve a print resolution of better than 100 microns. The work includes the development of a special dispensing head (UZD) using the influence of ultrasonic energy. These results demonstrate the possibility of a newly developed method that is able to print thixotropic materials with a resolution of 65 microns. Compared to other methods achieves these results with the commonly used materials for thick film technology with particle size up to 5 microns.

Huanglonghing (HLB) ou greening dos citros é uma séria doença associada a bactérias do gênero Candidatus Liberibacter, que no Brasil são transmitidas pelo psilídeo Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). Pela inexistência de variedades cítricas resistentes, as medidas de controle de HLB são preventivas, envolvendo o uso de mudas sadias; inspeção e erradicação de plantas sintomáticas e controle do vetor, que tem sido realizado de forma química. A pulverização sistemática de inseticidas para o controle de D. citri tem ameaçado o manejo integrado de pragas em citros, tornando-se necessário desenvolver medidas alternativas para o manejo deste inseto. A aplicação de um filme de partículas à base de caulim sobre as plantas pode substituir inseticidas no controle de ragas, por afetar a orientação à planta hospedeira e sua aceitação pelo inseto. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o impacto do filme de partículas de caulim sobre a seleção hospedeira e desenvolvimento do psilídeo D. citri em citros. Em laboratório, realizaram-se estudos de preferência de D. citri para pouso, permanência e oviposição em seedlings de laranja Caipira [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] tratados com caulim (Surround®WP) a 5%, bem como sobre o efeito deste produto quando aplicado diretamente sobre ovos e ninfas em brotações cítricas. Verificou-se que D. citri rejeita plantas cítricas cobertas com filme de partículas de caulim para fins de pouso, permanência e oviposição, em testes de livre escolha entre plantas tratadas e não tratadas com este produto. Machos e fêmeas de D. citri se comportam de forma semelhante, rejeitando plantas cobertas com caulim e preferindo a face abaxial das folhas de plantas não tratadas. Na ausência de escolha, um número significativo de indivíduos de D. citri pousa e permanece por vários dias sobre plantas cítricas cobertas com caulim, porém inferior ao observado sobre plantas não tratadas. Havendo chance escolha entre plantas inteiramente cobertas com o filme de partículas, parcialmente cobertas (com brotos novos desprotegidos), e plantas não tratadas, verificou-se maior número de psilídeos sobre plantas com brotos desprotegidos do que em plantas inteiramente cobertas com o produto, indicando que a emissão de brotos em plantas tratadas reduz a eficácia do tratamento. A oviposição por D. citri é drasticamente reduzida sobre brotações cítricas cobertas com caulim, mesmo em condições de confinamento. Para avaliar o efeito no desenvolvimento de D. citri, caulim a 5% foi aplicado diretamente sobre ovos e ninfas de ínstares iniciais (1º-3º ínstar) e finais (4º-5º ínstar). A aplicação sobre brotações cítricas contendo ovos ou ninfas de diferentes estádios afetou o desenvolvimento de D. citri, reduzindo o numero de ninfas e/ou adultos produzidos. A eficiência de aquisição de Candidatus L. asiaticus por D. citri foi reduzida em plantas cobertas com caulim, sugerindo que o caulim possa também afetar a sua alimentação. Os resultados desta pesquisa indicam que a tecnologia de filme de partículas tem bom potencial para o manejo de D. citri, podendo ser testada em campo. / Huanglonghing (HLB) or Citrus greening is a serious disease associated to the phytopathogenic bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter spp., which in Brazil are transmitted by the Asian citrus psylla, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). Due to the inexistence of resistant varieties, control measures of this disease are preventive, involving planting of healthy nursery trees, inspection and eradication of symptomatic plants and vector control. The frequent spraying of insecticides for controlling D. citri has threatened the integrated pest management in citrus, and the development of alternative methods for managing psyllid populations became a research priority. The particle film technology based on kaolin has shown to be effective for controlling some agricultural pests, because it affects host plant finding and acceptance by the insects. This research was carried out to assess the impact of kaolin particle films on host selection and development of D. citri on citrus. Laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate landing, permanence and oviposition of D. citri on sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] seedlings treated with kaolin (Surround®WP) at 5% concentration in water, in relation to non-treated plants, as well as the effect of this product on psyllid development when applied directly on eggs and nymphs. It was found that D. citri rejects citrus plants covered with kaolin, in choice tests between treated x untreated plants. This behavior was the same for D. citri males and females, which preferred to land and remain on the leaf abaxial surface of untreated plants. In non-choice tests, significant numbers of psyllid adults landed and remained for several days on citrus covered with kaolin, but the population observed on non-treated plants was higher. In choice tests among citrus seedlings entirely covered with kaolin, partially covered (with uncovered young shoots) and untreated plants, higher number of psyllids were found on plants with uncovered shoots than on entirely covered plants, showing that the emission of young shoot on treated plants decrease treatment efficacy. Oviposition by D. citri is drastically reduced on kaolin-treated young shoots, even in non-choice (confinement) tests. To test the effect on D. citri development, kaolin was applied direclty on eggs, early-instar (1st-3rd instar) nymphs and late-instar (4th-5th instar) nymphs. The treatment on young citrus shoots containing eggs or nymphs of different stadia affected the development of D. citri, reducing the number of nymphs and adults produced per shoot. Acquisition efficiency of Candidatus L. asiaticus by D. citri was reduced on kaolin-treated plants, suggesting that this treatment may also affect vector feeding. Overall, the results of this research indicate that the particle film technology is a promising tool for managing D. citri populations in citrus groves, which could be tested for efficacy under field conditions.

Huanglonghing (HLB) ou greening dos citros é uma séria doença associada a bactérias do gênero Candidatus Liberibacter, que no Brasil são transmitidas pelo psilídeo Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). Pela inexistência de variedades cítricas resistentes, as medidas de controle de HLB são preventivas, envolvendo o uso de mudas sadias; inspeção e erradicação de plantas sintomáticas e controle do vetor, que tem sido realizado de forma química. A pulverização sistemática de inseticidas para o controle de D. citri tem ameaçado o manejo integrado de pragas em citros, tornando-se necessário desenvolver medidas alternativas para o manejo deste inseto. A aplicação de um filme de partículas à base de caulim sobre as plantas pode substituir inseticidas no controle de ragas, por afetar a orientação à planta hospedeira e sua aceitação pelo inseto. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o impacto do filme de partículas de caulim sobre a seleção hospedeira e desenvolvimento do psilídeo D. citri em citros. Em laboratório, realizaram-se estudos de preferência de D. citri para pouso, permanência e oviposição em seedlings de laranja Caipira [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] tratados com caulim (Surround®WP) a 5%, bem como sobre o efeito deste produto quando aplicado diretamente sobre ovos e ninfas em brotações cítricas. Verificou-se que D. citri rejeita plantas cítricas cobertas com filme de partículas de caulim para fins de pouso, permanência e oviposição, em testes de livre escolha entre plantas tratadas e não tratadas com este produto. Machos e fêmeas de D. citri se comportam de forma semelhante, rejeitando plantas cobertas com caulim e preferindo a face abaxial das folhas de plantas não tratadas. Na ausência de escolha, um número significativo de indivíduos de D. citri pousa e permanece por vários dias sobre plantas cítricas cobertas com caulim, porém inferior ao observado sobre plantas não tratadas. Havendo chance escolha entre plantas inteiramente cobertas com o filme de partículas, parcialmente cobertas (com brotos novos desprotegidos), e plantas não tratadas, verificou-se maior número de psilídeos sobre plantas com brotos desprotegidos do que em plantas inteiramente cobertas com o produto, indicando que a emissão de brotos em plantas tratadas reduz a eficácia do tratamento. A oviposição por D. citri é drasticamente reduzida sobre brotações cítricas cobertas com caulim, mesmo em condições de confinamento. Para avaliar o efeito no desenvolvimento de D. citri, caulim a 5% foi aplicado diretamente sobre ovos e ninfas de ínstares iniciais (1º-3º ínstar) e finais (4º-5º ínstar). A aplicação sobre brotações cítricas contendo ovos ou ninfas de diferentes estádios afetou o desenvolvimento de D. citri, reduzindo o numero de ninfas e/ou adultos produzidos. A eficiência de aquisição de Candidatus L. asiaticus por D. citri foi reduzida em plantas cobertas com caulim, sugerindo que o caulim possa também afetar a sua alimentação. Os resultados desta pesquisa indicam que a tecnologia de filme de partículas tem bom potencial para o manejo de D. citri, podendo ser testada em campo. / Huanglonghing (HLB) or Citrus greening is a serious disease associated to the phytopathogenic bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter spp., which in Brazil are transmitted by the Asian citrus psylla, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). Due to the inexistence of resistant varieties, control measures of this disease are preventive, involving planting of healthy nursery trees, inspection and eradication of symptomatic plants and vector control. The frequent spraying of insecticides for controlling D. citri has threatened the integrated pest management in citrus, and the development of alternative methods for managing psyllid populations became a research priority. The particle film technology based on kaolin has shown to be effective for controlling some agricultural pests, because it affects host plant finding and acceptance by the insects. This research was carried out to assess the impact of kaolin particle films on host selection and development of D. citri on citrus. Laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate landing, permanence and oviposition of D. citri on sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] seedlings treated with kaolin (Surround®WP) at 5% concentration in water, in relation to non-treated plants, as well as the effect of this product on psyllid development when applied directly on eggs and nymphs. It was found that D. citri rejects citrus plants covered with kaolin, in choice tests between treated x untreated plants. This behavior was the same for D. citri males and females, which preferred to land and remain on the leaf abaxial surface of untreated plants. In non-choice tests, significant numbers of psyllid adults landed and remained for several days on citrus covered with kaolin, but the population observed on non-treated plants was higher. In choice tests among citrus seedlings entirely covered with kaolin, partially covered (with uncovered young shoots) and untreated plants, higher number of psyllids were found on plants with uncovered shoots than on entirely covered plants, showing that the emission of young shoot on treated plants decrease treatment efficacy. Oviposition by D. citri is drastically reduced on kaolin-treated young shoots, even in non-choice (confinement) tests. To test the effect on D. citri development, kaolin was applied direclty on eggs, early-instar (1st-3rd instar) nymphs and late-instar (4th-5th instar) nymphs. The treatment on young citrus shoots containing eggs or nymphs of different stadia affected the development of D. citri, reducing the number of nymphs and adults produced per shoot. Acquisition efficiency of Candidatus L. asiaticus by D. citri was reduced on kaolin-treated plants, suggesting that this treatment may also affect vector feeding. Overall, the results of this research indicate that the particle film technology is a promising tool for managing D. citri populations in citrus groves, which could be tested for efficacy under field conditions.