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Re-growing a tropical dry forest: functional plant trait composition and community assembly during successionBuzzard, Vanessa, Hulshof, Catherine M., Birt, Trevor, Violle, Cyrille, Enquist, Brian J. 06 1900 (has links)
1. A longstanding goal of ecology and conservation biology is to understand the environmental and biological controls of forest succession. However, the patterns and mechanisms that guide successional trajectories, especially within tropical forests, remain unclear. 2. We collected leaf functional trait and abiotic data across a 110-year chronosequence within a tropical dry forest in Costa Rica. Focusing on six key leaf functional traits related to resource acquisition and competition, along with measures of forest stand structure, we propose a mechanistic framework to link species composition, community trait distributions and forest structure. We quantified the community-weighted trait distributions for specific leaf area, leaf dry matter concentration, leaf phosphorus concentration, leaf carbon to nitrogen ratio and leaf stable isotopic carbon and nitrogen. We assessed several prominent hypotheses for how these functional measures shift in response to changing environmental variables (soil water content, bulk density and pH) across the chronosequence. 3. Increasingly, older forests differed significantly from younger forests in species composition, above-ground biomass and shifted trait distributions. Early stages of succession were uniformly characterized by lower values of community-weighted mean specific leaf area, leaf stable nitrogen isotope and leaf phosphorus concentration. Leaf dry matter concentration and leaf carbon to nitrogen ratio were lower during earlier stages of succession, and each trait reached an optimum during intermediate stages of succession. The leaf carbon isotope ratio was the only trait to decrease linearly with increasing stand age indicating reduced water use efficiency in older forests. However, in contrast with expectations, community-weighted trait variances did not generally change through succession, and when compared to null expectations were lower than expected. 4. The observed directional shift in community-weighted mean trait values is consistent with the 'productivity filtering' hypothesis where a directional shift in water and light availability shifts physiological strategies from 'slow' to 'fast'. In contrast with expectations arising from niche based ecology, none of the community trait distributions were over-dispersed. Instead, patterns of trait dispersion are consistent with the abiotic filtering and/or competitive hierarchy hypotheses.
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Consequências da perda e fragmentação de habitat em morcegosMendes, Poliana 08 June 2015 (has links)
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license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2015-06-08 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Our aim was to explore some components of bat responses to land-use changes. Bats were sampled in 18 forest patches during four nights. Landscapes were delimited with 500 meter to 10km radius from sample site. We took metrics of two different landscape components: natural vegetation amount and fragmentation (measured as number of patches). In the first chapter we tested the effect of such components in total abundance, species richness and variance in biological traits of bats. In the second chapter we verified if those variables were more important than local ones to determine occupancy probability of eight bat species. Local variables were tree density, understory height, liana quantity, and canopy cover. In the third chapter we counterposed species climatic suitable areas with spatial data about habitat loss and fragmentation in Cerrado. We predicted species vulnerability creating scenarios in which they were sensitive to habitat loss and/or fragmentation, furthermore we showed an overview of species suitable areas exposure to land-use changes to eight bat species. We observed idiosyncratic patterns of responses to habitat loss and fragmentation in bats. Abundance is positively related to habitat amount, whereas species richness, variance in body mass and number of guilds is negatively related to fragmentation. Occupancy probability of Sturnira lilium is positively related to habitat amount, whereas occupancy probability of Myotis nigricans is negatively related to fragmentation. Six other species did not show any clear relationship between occupancy and landscape structure. South areas of Cerrado are locales with higher climatic suitability, while still having higher exposure level to land-use changes. Our results strengthen the view that species response patterns to habitat loss and fragmentation are species-specific and also diversity metric specific. Such assertion reinforces that it is necessary an improvement in knowledge about factors that determine those responses, however it does not mean that the development of regional conservation strategies is unfeasible when using the current available knowledge in literature. / Esse trabalho teve como objetivo explorar alguns componentes das respostas dos morcegos a mudanças na estrutura da paisagem. Morcegos foram amostrados em 18 fragmentos florestais durante quatro noites. Foram delimitadas paisagens com entre 500 metros e 10 km de raio a partir do local de amostragem. Métricas de dois componentes da paisagem foram medidas nestas paisagens: a quantidade de vegetação natural e a fragmentação dessa vegetação (medido como o número de manchas). No primeiro capítulo testamos o efeito desses dois componentes na abundância total, riqueza de espécies e variância em traços biológicos de morcegos. No segundo capítulo verificamos se essas variáveis eram mais importantes do que variáveis locais para determinar a probabilidade de ocupação de oito espécies de morcegos. As variáveis locais foram obtidas em três quadrantes no local de amostragem de morcegos, onde se obteve a densidade de árvores, altura do sub-bosque, quantidade de lianas e, cobertura do dossel. No terceiro capítulo, a adequabilidade climática das espécies no Cerrado foi contraposta com dados espacializados da quantidade de vegetação natural e fragmentação. Essa contraposição teve como o objetivo predizer a vulnerabilidade de espécies se elas fossem sensíveis a um limiar de perda de habitat ou fragmentação na paisagem, além de mostrar de forma geral a exposição às mudanças na paisagem das áreas climaticamente adequadas para oito espécies de morcegos. Observa-se, de uma forma geral, padrões idiossincráticos de respostas a perda de habitat e fragmentação em morcegos. A abundância total é positivamente relacionada com a quantidade de habitat, enquanto que a riqueza de espécies, a variância na massa corporal e o número de guildas são negativamente relacionados com a fragmentação. A probabilidade de ocupação de Sturnira lilium é positivamente relacionada com a quantidade de habitat, enquanto que a probabilidade de ocupação de Myotis nigricans é negativamente relacionada com a fragmentação. Outras seis espécies não mostraram uma clara relação da probabilidade de ocupação com a estrutura da paisagem. Áreas do sul do Cerrado são locais com maiores valores de adequabilidade e, ao mesmo tempo, maiores exposições às mudanças na paisagem. Os resultados dos três capítulos fortalecem uma visão na literatura de que o padrão de respostas das espécies de morcegos à perda de habitat e fragmentação é específico para a espécie e para o componente de diversidade medido. Esta afirmação reforça o argumento de que um maior conhecimento sobre os fatores que determinam essas respostas é necessário, porém não inviabiliza o desenvolvimento de estratégias regionais de conservação utilizando o conhecimento já disponível na literatura.
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