International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 25-28, 1993 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / Telemetry as a research interest began to appear in the early days of this century. Since then it has gained great progress with its application fields growing all the time. This paper reviews briefly the history of telemetry introduces its state-of-the-art technology. The research activities and technological levels in this field inside China are included.

State-of-the-art multi-processor systems-on-chip use on-chip networks as their communication fabric. Although most on-chip networks are implemented synchronously, asynchronous on-chip networks have several advantages over their synchronous counterparts. Timing division multiplexing (TDM) flow control methods have been utilized in asynchronous on-chip networks extensively. The synchronization required by TDM leads to significant speed penalties. Compared with using TDM methods, spatial parallelism methods, such as the spatial division multiplexing (SDM) flow control method, achieve better network throughput with less area overhead.This thesis proposes several techniques to increase spatial parallelism in the routers of asynchronous on-chip networks.Channel slicing is a new pipeline structure that alleviates the speed penalty by removing the synchronization among bit-level data pipelines. It is also found out that the lookahead pipeline using early evaluated acknowledgement can be used in routers to further improve speed.SDM is a new flow control method proposed for asynchronous on-chip networks. It improves network throughput without introducing synchronization among buffers of different frames, which is required by TDM methods. It is also found that the area overhead of SDM is smaller than the virtual channel (VC) flow control method -- the most used TDM method. The major design problem of SDM is the area consuming crossbars. A novel 2-stage Clos switch structure is proposed to replace the crossbar in SDM routers, which significantly reduces the area overhead. This Clos switch is dynamically reconfigured by a new asynchronous Clos scheduler.Several asynchronous SDM routers are implemented using these new techniques. An asynchronous VC router is also reproduced for comparison. Performance analyses show that the SDM routers outperform the VC router in throughput, area overhead and energy efficiency.

Properly choosen input data, their form, way of the collection an the following correction as well, are the key factors affecting the accuracy of the more and more popular models of the species model distribution (SDM). A design unfluence of the data to the choosen distribution model of the virtual species has been tested. The General Linear Model (GLM) has been used. Four types of the present-absent collection designs have been tested for a virtual species on the area of the Czech Republic as follows: accidental, systematic, points on the easy accessible areas (near the communications) and the points with the higher concentration of the scientists (an area of CHKO).The TSS (True skills statistics), KAPPA and AUC (Area under curve) have been used to compare the accuracy of the prediction of the models .The points being choosen from the easy to access areas and CHKO had worse results in all of the monitored values than the accidental or the systematic choice of the points from the whole area of the Czech Republic.It results that the data collection mode affects the final accuracy of the species distribution models.

This thesis aims to explore distributional patterns of tree species in the neotropical lowland rain forest biome based on diversity analyses, dated phylogenies and species distribution models, using the family Sapotaceae as a case study. Sapotaceae is an abundant and diverse group in the neotropical lowland rain forest and its distributional patterns are representative of other tree clades in this biome. These characteristics make this family a good model to test ecological and biogeographic hypothesis in neotropical rain forests. An analysis of beta-diversity measured by the number of shared species was used as a test of biotic homogeneity of Morrone's (2001) widely used system of neotropical biogeographic units. Biotic homogeneity was generally low, and Morrone's (2001) biogeographic regionalisation was found not to coincide with the distributional patterns of Sapotaceae species. Divergence times of Sapotaceae species were estimated using a dated phylogeny based on DNA sequences of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) to explore the effects of Andean uplift, closure of the Isthmus of Panama and Pleistocene climatic changes on the evolutionary history of lowland rain forests in northern South America. The Andean uplift was found to have affected patterns of distribution by creating new habitats and altering hydrologic systems in northern South America, and in some cases by isolating lineages to the east and west of the Eastern Cordillera of the Andes. The closure of the Panama Isthmus and Pleistocene climatic changes do not seem to have strongly affected patterns of distribution or diversification in Sapotaceae. In general, the lack of congruent dates for many repeated biogeographic splits in the phylogeny (e.g., Amazon-Choco) suggests that idiosyncratic dispersal events have had a substantial effects on Sapotaceae's biogeography. Finally, species distribution models generated for Sapotaceae in the Neotropics were used to identify areas of high predicted species richness in Colombia. The highest diversity of Sapotaceae species was predicted for the inter-Andean valleys and northern Amazon. These results were compared to the current system of Protected Areas in this country, demonstrating that areas of high conservation value based on predicted species richness have a low coverage of Protected Areas. Such gaps highlight the potential need for new systems for the delimitation of basic units for conservation at national levels in Colombia.

As a member state of the European union, Sweden is obligated to report the status of the species and habitats protected under the Habitats Directive every sixth year. Calypso bulbosa is one such species. Currently, there is suspicion that the true Swedish population size might have been heavily underestimated, as the habitat the species inhabits is relatively common. To address this uncertainty, Stephan et al. (2022) from SLU Artdatabanken produced a species distribution model (SDM) relating the presence/pseudo absence of C. bulbosa to a series of selected environmental factors. The model was then used to map potential growth sites as continuous probabilities across northern Sweden on a hectare level. In this report I test the accuracy of the above-mentioned model and provide data to be used in future improvements of this model. I visited 13 areas across Jämtland county, collecting presence/absence data from hectare squares with varying probabilities of presence according to the species distribution model. Logistic regression was then used on four data sets to determine if the probabilities of the model could explain the presence/absence observed in the field. I also recorded presence/absence of eight other plant species to determine if their presence/absence were associated with the presence/absence of C. bulbosa.  The results showed a significant positive relationship (p = 0,0167) between the probabilities of the SDM and the presence of C. bulbosa recorded in the field for one of the data sets. This data set included data from a simultaneous study in the Lapland part of Norrbotten county but excluded locations with previous recordings of the species. However, the probabilities only explained 1% of the variation in the field data. There were indeed also significant associations between the presence of four out of eight suggested associated species and that of C. bulbosa. These species were, in order of declining association: Goodyera repens, Maianthemum bifolium, Daphne mezereum and Gymnocarpium dryopteris.  Evidently, more factors than those used in the SDM affect the distribution of C. bulbosa. Nevertheless, the results show that the model could be made more useful by using the newly collected data to make future improvements.

Syfte - Syftet med den här uppsatsen var att via befintlig litteratur undersöka vilka modeller som finns för att välja systemutvecklingsmetod. Vidare syftade uppsatsen till att testa modellerna på några av de vanligast förekommande utvecklingsmetoderna. Detta skedde med hjälp av ett förenklat exempelprojekt. Metod – Metoden till den här uppsatsen var en litteraturstudie. En litteraturstudie sammanställer tidigare forskning kring ett ämne för att skapa nya perspektiv. Litteraturen till den här uppsatsen inhämtades från journalartiklar, konferenser och böcker. Analys och slutsatser – Omfånget av den här uppsatsen sträckte sig till att se på tre modeller för att välja systemutvecklingsmetod. Dessa var SDM-ES, Big-M och CUQuP. SDM-ES är ett automatiserat expertsystem som drar slutsatser utifrån uppskattningar av användaren. Big-M består i sin enklaste form av en matris. Användaren plottar in det aktuella projektet i matrisen. CUQuP väger ihop tre olika faktorer för varje utvecklingsfas som anses viktig i ett projekt. Dessa faktorer matas sedan in i en formel som genererar en poängsumma. Den utvecklingsmetod som får högst poäng är bäst lämpad för projektet. Gemensamt för modellerna är att de baserar sina val av utvecklingsmetod på ett antal faktorer. Några av dessa faktorer är gemensamma för modellerna medan andra skiljer sig åt. För att testa modellerna applicerades de på utvecklingsmetoderna: Extreme Programming (XP), Rapid Application Development (RAD) och vattenfallsmodellen. För att appliceringen skulle bli meningsfull var det nödvändigt att skapa ett exempelprojekt. Resultatet visade att samtliga utvecklingsmetoder valde RAD som den mest lämpliga utvecklingsmetoden för exempelprojektet. Två av tre valde vattenfallsmodellen som näst mest lämplig. Med andra ord fanns det en relativt hög grad av samstämmighet mellan modellerna. De skulle emellertid krävas en mer omfattande studie för att klarlägga om detta stämmer. / Purpose – The purpose of this paper was to identify and describe models that help developers choosing a system development methodology. Furthermore the purpose was to test the models on some common system development methodologies. In order to do so a simple example project was created. Methodology - This paper was conducted through a literature review. A literature review collects and compiles research on a subject to create new perspectives.  The literature for this paper was collected from science journals, conference papers and books. Analysis and conclusions – This paper delimited itself to only examine three models for choosing a development methodology. The models were: SDM-ES, Big-M and CUQuP. SDM-ES is a rule based expert system that draws conclusions bases on user input. In its simplest form, Big-M uses a matrix in order to decide which development methodology that should be used. Based on estimations of system criticality and project size the user can decide were in the matrix the project belongs. With the help of a formula CUQuP calculates a score for each considered development method. The methodology that receives the highest score is generally considered to be most suitable for the project. All models have a common characteristic. In one way or another they all use factors, such as system criticality and project size, to decide which development method that should be used. In order to test the models three development methodologies were used. Those were Extreme Programming (XP), Rapid Application Development (RAD) and the waterfall model. To make the test meaningful it was necessary to create an example project. The result showed that all three models chose RAD as the best development methodology for the example project. Furthermore two out of three models considered the waterfall model to be the second best option. In other words it seems to be a high degree of coherence between the models. However the scope of this paper is too narrow to decide if that’s true.

Optical networking has been developing for decades and wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) is the main technology used to carry signals in fiber-optical communication systems. However, its development has slowed because it is approaching the Shannon limit of nonlinear fiber transmission. Researchers are looking for multi dimensional multiplexing. Space-division multiplexing (SDM) is an ideal way to scale network capacities. The capacity of WDM/SDM network could be expanded to several times the capacity of WDM network but the active hardware devices may also increase by several times. This project aims to answer a practical question: How to construct a WDM/SDM network with less hardware resource? There is no mature research about WDM/SDM network yet. Therefore, the problem can be divided into two parts: (1) how to build a WDM/SDM network and (2) how to allocate resource and compute routes in such a network to minimize hardware resources. First, this thesis proposes a WDM/SDM node which has bypass connections between different fibers and architecture on demand (AoD) to effectively decrease the number of active hardware devices within the node. Then, two types of networks were constructed: one with bypass connections in each node and another one without any bypass connections. These networks were under the control of a software defined network (SDN) controller. The controller knew the wavelength resources within the networks. Several algorithms were applied to these networks to evaluate the effect of a bypass network and to identify the desired characteristics (to find short length path and decrease the probability of spectrum fragmentation) of an algorithm suitable for a network with bypass connections. The results of applying the proposed algorithms in two networks proved that the bypass connections increased the blocking probability in small topology but did not affect the results in large topology. The results in a large-scale network with bypass network were almost the same as the results in a network without bypass connections. Thus, bypass connections are suitable for large-scale network. / Optiskt nätverk har utvecklats i årtionden och våglängdsdelningsmultiplexering (WDM) är den viktigaste tekniken som används för att bära signaler i fiberoptiska kommunikationssystem. Utvecklingen har dock minskat eftersom den närmar sig Shannon-gränsen för olinjär fiberöverföring. Forskare letar efter flerdimensionell multiplexering. Space-division multiplexing (SDM) är ett idealiskt sätt att skala nätverkskapacitet. Kapaciteten för WDM / SDM-nätverk kan utökas till flera gånger WDM-nätverkets kapacitet, men de aktiva hårdvaraenheterna kan också öka med flera gånger. Projektet syftar till att svara på en praktisk fråga: Hur konstruerar jag ett WDM / SDM-nätverk med mindre hårdvara? Det finns ingen mogen forskning om WDM / SDM-nätverk än. Därför kan problemet delas in i två delar: (1) hur man bygger ett WDM / SDM-nätverk och (2) hur man fördelar resurser och beräknar rutter i ett sådant nätverk för att minimera hårdvaruressurser. Först föreslår denna avhandling en WDM / SDM-nod som har förbikopplingsanslutningar mellan olika fibrer och arkitektur på begäran (AoD) för att effektivt minska antalet aktiva hårdvaraenheter inom noden. Sedan konstruerades två typer av nätverk: en med bypass-anslutningar i varje nod och en annan utan några bypass-anslutningar. Dessa nätverk kontrollerades av en mjukvarudefinierad nätverkskontroller (SDN). Styrenheten visste våglängdsresurserna i nätverket. Flera algoritmer applicerades på dessa nätverk för att utvärdera effekten av ett förbikopplingsnätverk och för att identifiera de önskade egenskaperna (för att hitta en kort längdväg och minska sannolikheten för spektrumfragmentering) av en algoritm som är lämplig för ett nätverk med bypass-anslutningar. Resultaten av att tillämpa de föreslagna algoritmerna i två nät visade att förbikopplingsförbindelserna ökade blockeringssannolikheten i liten topologi men inte påverkade resultaten i stor topologi. Resultaten i ett storskaligt nätverk med bypass-nätverk var nästan samma som resultaten i ett nätverk utan bypass-anslutningar. Bypassanslutningar är således lämpliga för storskaliga nätverk.

The pan-green coalition¡¦s perspectives towards development of Kaohsiung under cross-strait pattern are investigated in this disquisition. The gist of the study, that adopts Dr. Ming-shen Wang¡¦s original PAM (Public Affairs Management) and SDM (Social Development Matrix) methods as a foundation of its theory, and that combines MOORE¡¦s V.C.S. ( Value, Capacity, Support ) policy characterized in triangle interview issues, looks into whether the management and operation are available for Kaohsiung government¡¦s communicating of cross-strait trades. After dealing with the pan-green opinions, by interviewing 55 persons who belong to pan-green and neutral constituencies, including delegates, scholars, media, public officials, all sorts of trades, and citizens, the conclusion appears their common believes and various values of their statements. However, the conflict exists among the constituencies¡¦ knowledge towards the development of Kaohsiung city under the cross-strait circumstance. For example, at the controversial film festival year when Rebiya Kadeer was displayed without being censored, there are convincing conflicts over it between public officials and citizens. In the official group, 100 percent reveals that in democratic Taiwan, it is unnecessary to be censored at all. Comparing the citizen group, 29.4 percent suggests that it is unnecessary either, 12.6 percent accounts for the fact that it related nothing to administrators¡¦ abilities, 25.2 percent says that it needs censorship before displaying, 21 percent shows that it belongs to an ideological subject, 12 percent is miscellaneous. The final goal of two groups¡¦ statistics proves the necessaries of the equally developments between northern Taiwan and the southern, draining foreign institutional investors into Kaohsiung, promoting its development of economy, increasing the opportunities of employment, stable living and people owning their houses, prosperity in all.

Submitted by Cláudia Bueno (claudiamoura18@gmail.com) on 2016-06-08T18:27:22Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Poliana Mendes - 2015.pdf: 2524794 bytes, checksum: eb8b9fab8d3f5746e746f1dbc2f546ab (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-06-09T11:32:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Poliana Mendes - 2015.pdf: 2524794 bytes, checksum: eb8b9fab8d3f5746e746f1dbc2f546ab (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-09T11:32:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Poliana Mendes - 2015.pdf: 2524794 bytes, checksum: eb8b9fab8d3f5746e746f1dbc2f546ab (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-08 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Our aim was to explore some components of bat responses to land-use changes. Bats were sampled in 18 forest patches during four nights. Landscapes were delimited with 500 meter to 10km radius from sample site. We took metrics of two different landscape components: natural vegetation amount and fragmentation (measured as number of patches). In the first chapter we tested the effect of such components in total abundance, species richness and variance in biological traits of bats. In the second chapter we verified if those variables were more important than local ones to determine occupancy probability of eight bat species. Local variables were tree density, understory height, liana quantity, and canopy cover. In the third chapter we counterposed species climatic suitable areas with spatial data about habitat loss and fragmentation in Cerrado. We predicted species vulnerability creating scenarios in which they were sensitive to habitat loss and/or fragmentation, furthermore we showed an overview of species suitable areas exposure to land-use changes to eight bat species. We observed idiosyncratic patterns of responses to habitat loss and fragmentation in bats. Abundance is positively related to habitat amount, whereas species richness, variance in body mass and number of guilds is negatively related to fragmentation. Occupancy probability of Sturnira lilium is positively related to habitat amount, whereas occupancy probability of Myotis nigricans is negatively related to fragmentation. Six other species did not show any clear relationship between occupancy and landscape structure. South areas of Cerrado are locales with higher climatic suitability, while still having higher exposure level to land-use changes. Our results strengthen the view that species response patterns to habitat loss and fragmentation are species-specific and also diversity metric specific. Such assertion reinforces that it is necessary an improvement in knowledge about factors that determine those responses, however it does not mean that the development of regional conservation strategies is unfeasible when using the current available knowledge in literature. / Esse trabalho teve como objetivo explorar alguns componentes das respostas dos morcegos a mudanças na estrutura da paisagem. Morcegos foram amostrados em 18 fragmentos florestais durante quatro noites. Foram delimitadas paisagens com entre 500 metros e 10 km de raio a partir do local de amostragem. Métricas de dois componentes da paisagem foram medidas nestas paisagens: a quantidade de vegetação natural e a fragmentação dessa vegetação (medido como o número de manchas). No primeiro capítulo testamos o efeito desses dois componentes na abundância total, riqueza de espécies e variância em traços biológicos de morcegos. No segundo capítulo verificamos se essas variáveis eram mais importantes do que variáveis locais para determinar a probabilidade de ocupação de oito espécies de morcegos. As variáveis locais foram obtidas em três quadrantes no local de amostragem de morcegos, onde se obteve a densidade de árvores, altura do sub-bosque, quantidade de lianas e, cobertura do dossel. No terceiro capítulo, a adequabilidade climática das espécies no Cerrado foi contraposta com dados espacializados da quantidade de vegetação natural e fragmentação. Essa contraposição teve como o objetivo predizer a vulnerabilidade de espécies se elas fossem sensíveis a um limiar de perda de habitat ou fragmentação na paisagem, além de mostrar de forma geral a exposição às mudanças na paisagem das áreas climaticamente adequadas para oito espécies de morcegos. Observa-se, de uma forma geral, padrões idiossincráticos de respostas a perda de habitat e fragmentação em morcegos. A abundância total é positivamente relacionada com a quantidade de habitat, enquanto que a riqueza de espécies, a variância na massa corporal e o número de guildas são negativamente relacionados com a fragmentação. A probabilidade de ocupação de Sturnira lilium é positivamente relacionada com a quantidade de habitat, enquanto que a probabilidade de ocupação de Myotis nigricans é negativamente relacionada com a fragmentação. Outras seis espécies não mostraram uma clara relação da probabilidade de ocupação com a estrutura da paisagem. Áreas do sul do Cerrado são locais com maiores valores de adequabilidade e, ao mesmo tempo, maiores exposições às mudanças na paisagem. Os resultados dos três capítulos fortalecem uma visão na literatura de que o padrão de respostas das espécies de morcegos à perda de habitat e fragmentação é específico para a espécie e para o componente de diversidade medido. Esta afirmação reforça o argumento de que um maior conhecimento sobre os fatores que determinam essas respostas é necessário, porém não inviabiliza o desenvolvimento de estratégias regionais de conservação utilizando o conhecimento já disponível na literatura.

Subsistence fishing is a vital component of Alaska’s North Slope borough economy and culture that is being threatened by human disturbance. These threats mean the fish must be protected, but the size of the region makes conservation planning difficult. Fortunately, advances in species distribution models (SDMs), environmental DNA (eDNA), and remote sensing technologies provide potential to better understand species’ needs and guide management. The objectives of my study were to: (1) map the current habitat suitability for twelve fish species, occurring in Alaska’s North Slope,(2) determine if SDMs based on eDNA data performed similarly to, or improved, models based on traditional sampling data, and (3) predict how species distributions will shift in the future in response to climate change. I was able to produce robust models for 8 of 12 species that relate environmental characteristics to a species’ presence or absence and identify stream reaches where species are likely to occur. Unfortunately, the use of eDNA data did not produce useful models in Northern Alaskan rivers. However, I was able to generate predictions of species distributions into the future that should help inform management for years to come.