Uropathogenic Escherichia coli is a leading cause of urinary tract infections and bacterial prostatitis, the most common UTI complication in men. The initial stages of a successful infection involve bacterial adhesion to host cells through specialized adhesins. FimH, a protein located at the tip of type 1 pili, plays a crucial role as the main mediator for UPEC binding to bladder cells. While the host partners of FimH in the bladder are well-established, the interactions between FimH and prostate cells remain elusive. Consequently, the overarching goal is to enhance comprehension of the initial steps in prostate infection by investigating the interaction of FimH with prostate proteins. To achieve this, a recombinant FimH was constructed and expressed in an inducible expression vector, and an immunofluorescence staining assay was performed which demonstrated distinctive binding patterns in prostate cells compared to the bladder cell line. A Far Western overlay assay, revealed six distinct protein bands in human prostate cells and two in mouse prostate cells, indicating different potential protein partners. These interactions were examined under native conditions by establishing and optimizing a co-immunoprecipitation assay with cell proteins derived from both human and mouse prostates, with the 5637 cell line serving as a positive control. In summary, this study reveals striking differences between FimH binding to prostate and bladder cells, emphasizing the importance of FimH in adhesion and the need for further exploration of FimH interaction with prostate cells.

Depuis longtemps les réactifs isothiocyanates (ITCs) sont largement utilisés dans le domaine de la bioconjugaison. Ces électrophiles forts réagissent avec les cystéines et les lysines des protéines pour former une liaison stable. Cette réactivité click permet de réaliser des marquages sélectifs ainsi que des fonctionnalisations de protéines. Cependant, les ITCs ne sont pas faciles à synthétiser et à isoler et leur stabilité ne permet pas une conservation optimale.Le but de ce projet est de développer le système enzymatique myrosinase-glucosinolate (MG) comme outil de conjugaison capable de former un ITC in situ. Le tandem MG est un mécanisme de défense des plantes de l’ordre des Brassicales bien connu. Dans ce système biochimique, la myrosinase opère comme thioglucosidase, en hydrolysant les glucosinolates (GLs), pour générer des ITCs. L’avantage de ce tandem enzymatique est de produire les ITCs à partir de précurseurs solubles dans l’eau, non toxiques, sous conditions douces.Afin d’explorer cet outil enzymatique, deux types de GLs non naturels ont été conçus. En raison de l’importance de l’interaction lectine-mannose dans les mécanismes d’adhésion bactérienne, nous avons conçu une petite librairie de GLs intégrant un mannoside. De cette façon il est possible d’étudier des lectines bactérienne (FimH). Le second type de glucosinolate est caractérisé par une deuxième fonction chimique, permettant de réaliser des réactions orthogonales.Le système MG a été évalué dans plusieurs approches de bioconjugaison telles que le marquage sélectif d’une lectine, la synthèse de néoglycoprotéines et la fonctionnalisation de nanoparticules. / Since many decades, Isothiocyanate (ITCs) reagents are widely used in bioconjugation approaches to create a stable bond onto the lysin and cysteine residues of proteins and peptides. Thanks to this click reaction it is possible to achieve a selective ligation or a high functionalization of proteins. On the others hand, isothiocyanates are not easy to prepare, to isolate, to store and most of the time insoluble in water.The aim of this work is to explore the myrosinase-glucosinolate (MG) enzymatic tandem as a ligation system, in order to release ITCs in-situ. The MG tandem is a well-known mechanism of defense in plants of the order Brassicales. In this biochemical system, myrosinase acts as a thioglucosidase, hydrolyzing glucosinolates (GLs) to liberate transient species that spontaneously form ITCs. The advantage of this enzymatic tandem is to generate ITCs from a stable non-toxic GLs precursor, soluble in water, using mild conditions.In order to develop this enzymatic tool, two kind of unnatural GLs were synthetized. Due to the important role of the mannoside-lectins interaction in the bacterial adhesion mechanism, at first, we designed a small library of GL bearing mannosides, in order to target and study the bacterial lectin FimH. The second kind of GL possess a chemical function allowing to study orthogonal reactions. After, the ability of the myrosinase to hydrolyze those unnatural GLs was investigated, as well their chemical reactivity.Then, the performances of the MG system was studied in different approaches of bioconjugation, such as: the synthesis of neoglycoproteins (NGPs), the site selective labeling of a lectin and the functionalization of gold nanoparticles. The feasibility of these strategies confirmed that the MG system can be used as an enzymatic tool in some bioconjugation approaches.

Ce travail de thèse est consacré à la préparation de glycopolymères porteurs de groupements pendants mannoside d’heptyle et à l’évaluation de la capacité de ces ligands multivalents à inhiber la fixation bactérienne sur les cellules humaines. Nous avons synthétisé, par polymérisation radicalaire contrôlée, une série de glycopolymères linéaires ou en étoile présentant des masses molaires, des densités en mannoside et des microstructures modulables dans le but d’évaluer l’influence de ces paramètres sur les processus d’interactions avec diverses souches de bactéries E coli (AIEC LF82 et UTI 89). Nous avons tout d’abord mis en évidence par diffusion dynamique et statique de la lumière, la formation d’agrégats entre ces glycopolymères et FimH, la lectine à l’origine de la fixation de souches de bactéries E coli, traduisant des interactions fortes entre les motifs mannosides et les sites de reconnaissance au mannose de la lectine. Nous avons ensuite évalué l’aptitude de ces ligands multivalents à bloquer l’adhésion bactérienne d’AIEC LF82 (impliquée dans la maladie de Crohn) sur des cellules épithéliales intestinales T84. Il a été démontré en conditions in vitro que l’ajout de 10 nM ou 100 nM d’unités mannoside (respectivement en pré- ou post-incubation) réduit de moitié l’adhésion des bactéries sur les cellules épithéliales. L’effet anti-adhésif de ces glycopolymères a été confirmé par des tests ex vivo réalisés sur des intestins isolés de souris transgéniques CEABAC10. Enfin, nous avons exploité la technique de nanoprécipitation pour l’élaboration de nanocapsules de glycopolymères à cœur huileux. Le procédé développé permet la synthèse de nanocapsules de dimensions contrôlées, porteuses de groupements fonctionnels (fluorophores, ligands) ou de particules métalliques et l’encapsulation de molécules actives à cœur en une seule étape. / This PhD work focuses on the preparation of glycopolymers bearing pendent heptyl mannose groups and the evaluation of the capability of such multivalent ligands to inhibit bacterial adhesion to human cells. Aiming at understanding the impact of various structural parameters on glycopolymer/ E coli interactions (AIEC LF82 et UTI 89 strains of E. coli), a series of linear and star-shaped glycopolymers with tunable molecular weight, mannoside density and microstructure (block copolymers, gradient copolymers, random copolymers) has been constructed. The association of the glycopolymers with FimH adhesin, a lectin which possesses a mannose-specific receptor site and is responsible for recognition and binding to host cells, was first confirmed by static and dynamic light scattering experiments. The propensity of the glycopolymers to prevent attachment of E. coli (AIEC LF82 involved in Crohn’s disease) to intestinal epithelial cells (T84 cells) was further investigated through adhesion assays. It was shown that under in vitro conditions, the addition of 10 nM or 100 nM of glycopolymer on a mannose unit basis (in pre-incubation and post-incubation respectively) decreases by half the bacterial adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells. The anti-adhesive effect of these multivalent ligands was further confirmed in ex vivo conditions for colonic loops of transgenic CEABAC10 mice (Crohn’s disease model mouse). Finally we took advantage of the nanoprecipitation process to generate glyconanocapsules with oily core. The employed strategy allowed for preparing well-defined nanocapsules bearing groups of interest (tags, ligands) or metal particles within the shell and loaded with active molecules in the core in one step.

<p>Crohn’s Disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease characterized by an overzealous immune response to a microbial trigger in genetically susceptible individuals. Although this microbial trigger is unknown, <em>Escherichia coli</em> with adherent and invasive properties (Adherent-Invasive <em>Escherichia coli</em>, AIEC) is preferentially enriched in a proportion of Crohn’s Disease patients. AIEC can adhere to and invade intestinal epithelial cells and replicate intracellularly within epithelial cells and macrophages <em>in vitro</em>. One important colonization factor expressed by AIEC is the type 1 fimbrial adhesin protein FimH. FimH mediates colonization of CEABAC10 transgenic mice and can bind several host cell receptors including the macrophage receptor CD48 <em>in vitro</em> indicating a potential role for FimH in macrophage interaction. However, it was not known whether FimH contributed to phagocytosis of AIEC or colonization of wild-type mice. Here we show that FimH enhances early intracellular AIEC levels <em>in vitro</em> and colonization <em>in vivo</em>. We found that deletion of <em>fimH</em> may reduce intracellular AIEC burden at 2 hours post-infection and that this effect was modulated by bacteria opsonisation. Using a competitive index assay, we show that a Δ<em>fimH</em> mutant is unable to chronically colonize CD-1 mice at the same levels as the parental strain. Our results demonstrate that FimH is an important AIEC colonization factor and may increase interaction with macrophages. Identifying factors such as FimH which contribute to colonization and persistence will further our understanding of AIEC survival strategies within the host. Development of therapeutics targeting FimH may provide a means to reduce harmful bacteria overgrowth particularly after surgical intervention.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)

Le présent projet vise à analyser l'influence de la multivalence dans les interactions sucres-lectines. En collaboration avec des équipes externes, une étude par microscopie à force atomique (AFM) de l'interaction entre des ligands synthétiques de différentes valences et leurs lectines spécifiques a été entreprise. Dans le cadre de cette étude, une première caractérisation fondamentale de l'interaction sucre-lectine a été menée. Cette caractérisation concerne plus particulièrement l'influence de la multivalence sur les forces d'adhésion et la dynamique de l'interaction entre les ligands synthétiques multivalents et une lectine modèle, la lectine d'arachide PNA. Une seconde caractérisation, d'aspect plus appliqué, concerne l'utilisation des ligands synthétiques multivalents dans une approche thérapeutique antiadhésive pour le traitement des infections urinaires chroniques dues à Escherichia coli uropathogène (UPEC). Le caractère innovant des ligands (obtenus par une synthèse chimique rationnelle) ainsi que l'approche utilisée pour caractériser leurs interactions avec les lectines à l'échelle moléculaire par AFM témoigne de l'originalité du projet.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), comprises Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), and is a chronic relapsing inflammation of gastrointestinal tract without any known cause or cure. Currently, it is accepted that IBD is a result of a dysfunctional immune response to commensal bacteria in a genetically susceptible host, and that environmental factors can trigger the onset or reactivation of the disease. This thesis considers the possibility of a specific pathogenic agent as well as an imbalance in the composition of the normal microflora in the pathogenesis of IBD. Gut biopsy tissues were taken from a population-based case-control tissue bank held at the University of Manitoba. Automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA) and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms (T-RFLP) were employed to assess the diversity of gut microbiota. The phylogenetic, virulence and biochemical characteristics of Escherichia coli isolated from IBD biopsies were examined using multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), DNA microarray technology and API 20E system. Utilizing ARISA and T-RFLP, a remarkable increase in the order of unclassified Clostridia was detected in inflamed tissues, particularly in CD patients (P < 0.05). Moreover, species richness and diversity were the highest in non-inflamed IBD biopsies. Culture-based quantification detected a significantly higher number of E. coli in IBD tissues (P < 0.05). Phylogenetic analysis revealed the tendency of E. coli isolated from IBD patients to be grouped into separate clonal clusters based on their allelic profiles (P = 0.02). A link was detected between uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) CFT073 and strains isolated from IBD, with regards to gene distribution and virulence, using microarray technology. Amino acid substitutions N91S and S99N in FimH, the adhesive subunit of E. coli type I fimbria, were significantly associated to IBD (P < 0.05). This study demonstrated an increase in the microbial diversity of non-inflamed IBD tissues and suggested a recruitment phase of bacterial adherence and colonization, before the inflammation sets in. Furthermore, E. coli isolated from IBD tissues were distinct from commensal strains in both clonal and virulence characteristics and shared remarkable traits with extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli. Features involved in bacterial adhesion to epithelial cells may hold the key to E. coli pathogenesis in IBD.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), comprises Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), and is a chronic relapsing inflammation of gastrointestinal tract without any known cause or cure. Currently, it is accepted that IBD is a result of a dysfunctional immune response to commensal bacteria in a genetically susceptible host, and that environmental factors can trigger the onset or reactivation of the disease. This thesis considers the possibility of a specific pathogenic agent as well as an imbalance in the composition of the normal microflora in the pathogenesis of IBD. Gut biopsy tissues were taken from a population-based case-control tissue bank held at the University of Manitoba. Automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA) and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms (T-RFLP) were employed to assess the diversity of gut microbiota. The phylogenetic, virulence and biochemical characteristics of Escherichia coli isolated from IBD biopsies were examined using multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), DNA microarray technology and API 20E system. Utilizing ARISA and T-RFLP, a remarkable increase in the order of unclassified Clostridia was detected in inflamed tissues, particularly in CD patients (P < 0.05). Moreover, species richness and diversity were the highest in non-inflamed IBD biopsies. Culture-based quantification detected a significantly higher number of E. coli in IBD tissues (P < 0.05). Phylogenetic analysis revealed the tendency of E. coli isolated from IBD patients to be grouped into separate clonal clusters based on their allelic profiles (P = 0.02). A link was detected between uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) CFT073 and strains isolated from IBD, with regards to gene distribution and virulence, using microarray technology. Amino acid substitutions N91S and S99N in FimH, the adhesive subunit of E. coli type I fimbria, were significantly associated to IBD (P < 0.05). This study demonstrated an increase in the microbial diversity of non-inflamed IBD tissues and suggested a recruitment phase of bacterial adherence and colonization, before the inflammation sets in. Furthermore, E. coli isolated from IBD tissues were distinct from commensal strains in both clonal and virulence characteristics and shared remarkable traits with extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli. Features involved in bacterial adhesion to epithelial cells may hold the key to E. coli pathogenesis in IBD.

Le présent projet vise à analyser l'influence de la multivalence dans les interactions sucres-lectines. En collaboration avec des équipes externes, une étude par microscopie à force atomique (AFM) de l'interaction entre des ligands synthétiques de différentes valences et leurs lectines spécifiques a été entreprise. Dans le cadre de cette étude, une première caractérisation fondamentale de l'interaction sucre-lectine a été menée. Cette caractérisation concerne plus particulièrement l'influence de la multivalence sur les forces d'adhésion et la dynamique de l'interaction entre les ligands synthétiques multivalents et une lectine modèle, la lectine d'arachide PNA. Une seconde caractérisation, d'aspect plus appliqué, concerne l'utilisation des ligands synthétiques multivalents dans une approche thérapeutique antiadhésive pour le traitement des infections urinaires chroniques dues à Escherichia coli uropathogène (UPEC). Le caractère innovant des ligands (obtenus par une synthèse chimique rationnelle) ainsi que l'approche utilisée pour caractériser leurs interactions avec les lectines à l'échelle moléculaire par AFM témoigne de l'originalité du projet. / This project aims to analyze the influence of multivalency in sugar-lectin interactions. In collaboration with external teams, a study by atomic force microscopy (AFM) of the ineraction between synthetic ligands of different valences and their specific lectins was conducted. In this study, a first fundamental characterization of sugar-lectin interaction was investigated. This characterization concerns more particularly the influence of multivalency on the adhesion forces and the dynamics of interaction between multivalent ligands and synthetic model lectin, peanut lectin PNA. A second characterization, of a more applied aspect, concerns the use of synthetic multivalent ligands in a new therapeutic approach, based on anti-adhesion, for the treatment of chronic urinary infections caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). The innovative nature of the ligands (obtained by rational chemical synthesis) and the approach used to characterize their interactions with lectins at the molecular level by AFM reflects the originality of the project.