The main goal of this thesis is a description of facts, which lead to make the extraordinary financial statements, and making model examples. These facts, including liquidation and mergers, are described from accounting, tax and legal fields.

The aim of this thesis is to assess the effectiveness of certain audit approaches and to propose an optimum solution for quality in the particular conditions of an insurance company. To reach this goal the specifics of the audit of financial statements of insurance companies will be defined, beginning with an outline of the essential processes in insurance companies and identifying the main inherent risks from the auditor's perspective, identifying controls applied by insurance companies to prevent or detect mistakes due to inherent risks and proposing essential substantive tests to verify particular balances in financial statements, and ending with a proposal for an optimum audit approach in the particular conditions of an insurance company. The thesis is divided into two parts a general background and its application. The content of chapter 3 provides a general background of insurance as a general area (chapter 2.1), financial statements of an insurance company (chapter 2.2) and audit as a general area (chapter 2.3). The objective of these chapters is to present readers with this issue and to introduce them to this area rather than provide a detailed analysis of the insurance business as whole or an assessment of general audit. The application of the background in the conditions of insurance companies is the topic of chapters 4 and 5. Chapter 4 represents the core of this thesis as it includes a description of processes in an insurance company, identification of the main inherent risks, specifics in planning an audit of an insurance company, internal controls implemented by an insurance company and substantive tests. Based on chosen measures differentiating insurance companies and distributing them into groups based on their similarities, chapter 5 sets out the most appropriate audit approach with the aim of maximizing audit efficiency.

The thesis is about financial economic analysis. After some theoretical information there is a designed system of financial economic analysis and applied to a specific firm.

This thesis contain audit the financial statements, which by law is not required to audit.

For investors and other users of financial information to be able to act with full transparency and reliability it is necessary, among other things, that it be prepared according to a regulatory framework that is based on international standards that in turn adapt to new requirements of the global economy. The high level of globalization of the world economy has led the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) to become the highest international standards applicable throughout the world and in the case of Peru, these standards have been made mandatory in preparing the financial statements of companies incorporated under the scope of the General Corporate law. Thus, the main purpose of this research , having an exploratory design, is ro have an initial approach on the compliance with the, implementation of IFRS in the preparation and presentation of financial statements of Peruvian companies that are not under the supervision of the National Supervisory Commission for Companies and Securities (CONASEV). To this end, first ít presents a general review of the theoretical framework of financial reporting and secondly, an analysis of the Peruvian Setting Accounting Standards related to the preparation and presentation of financial statements. The third part of this work presents and describes the methodological aspects used in the development of this research, for which it has developed a survey that includes eighteen closed questions and two open ended questions, structured according to our main and specific objectives of this research. The survey was distributed to a sample of companies selected from the universe defined in the research. The results are set out in the fourth section of the article, entitled, research results and which analyzes the responses to each of the survey questions. Finally, we present the conclusions and recommendations that can be reached, highlighting among the main ones, a high incidence of tax and legal aspects when preparing financial statements in these companies, rather than a full implementation of IFRS, according to what has been provided by the accounting profession and the corresponding legal norms. / Para que los inversionistas y otros usuarios de la información financiera puedan actuar con total transparencia y confia­bilidad se requiere, entre otros aspectos, que esta sea preparada en función a un marco normativo que se fundamente en estándares internacionales que a su vez se adapten a los nuevos requerimientos de la economía mundial. El alto nivel de globalización de la economía mundial ha llevado a que las Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera (NIIF) se conviertan en los estándares internacionales de mayor aplicación en todo el mundo y, en el caso de Perú, estas normas se han adoptado para su aplicación obligatoria en la preparación de los estados financieros de las empresas constituidas bajo el amparo de la Ley General de Sociedades. Es así que esta investigación, al tener un diseño exploratorio, se plantea como objetivo principal un acercamiento inicial sobre el cumplimiento de la aplicación de las NIIF en la preparación y presentación de estados financieros de las em­presas peruanas que no se encuentran bajo la supervisión de la Comisión Nacional Supervisora de Empresas y Valores (CONASEV). Con este fin, se presenta primero una revisión general del marco teórico de la información financiera y en segundo lugar, un análisis sobre el Marco Normativo Contable Peruano relacionado con la preparación y presenta­ción de estados financieros. En la tercera parte de este trabajo se expone y describe los aspectos metodológicos utilizados en el desarrollo de la investigación, para la cual se ha elaborado una encuesta que incluye dieciocho preguntas cerradas y dos abiertas, es­tructuradas en función al objetivo principal y específicos de la investigación. La encuesta ha sido distribuida entre una muestra de empresas seleccionadas del universo definido en la investigación. Los resultados obtenidos son expuestos en la cuarta sección del artículo, denominada resultados de la investigación y en la que se analiza las respuestas proporcio­nadas a cada una de las preguntas de la encuesta. Finalmente se presentan las conclusiones y recomendaciones a las que se llega, resaltando entre las principales una alta incidencia de aspectos fiscales y legales al momento de la preparación de los estados financieros en estas empresas, antes que una aplicación integral de las NIIF, de acuerdo a lo que han dispuesto la profesión contable y las normas legales correspondientes en su momento.

This research work aims principally to make an analysis showing differences between the measurement and the recognition of items of property, plant and equipment. It focuses on the differences caused by existing differences between the treatment settled in the accounting standards and the one settled in the tax regulations related to Corporate Income Tax, for Peruvian case.A review of the related accounting standards and the standards established in the Peruvian Income Tax Law and its regulations have been considered in the current work. Thus, we are going to identify the main differences arising from the application of both standards regarding items of property, plant and equipment.Finally, we present the main conclusions drawn from this research. / Este trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo principal realizar un análisis que muestre las diferencias en la medición y reconocimiento de los elementos de propiedades, planta y equipos. Ello se centra en las diferencias originadas por las diferencias existentes entre el tratamiento establecido en las normas contables y el establecido en las normas tributarias relacionadas con el Impuesto a la Renta Empresarial, para el caso peruano. Se ha considerado una revisión de la normatividad contable relacionada, así como de la normatividad establecida en la Ley del Impuesto a la Renta peruana y de su reglamento. De este modo, se identificarán las principales diferencias que se originan de la aplicación de ambas normas con respecto a los elementos de propiedades, planta y equipos. Finalmente, se presenta las principales conclusiones que se derivan de este trabajo de investigación.

As normas contábeis brasileiras estabelecem algumas opções de classificação na Demonstração dos Fluxos de Caixa (DFC), especificamente os fluxos de caixa relacionados aos juros, dividendos e juros sobre capital próprio (JCP) pagos e recebidos. Tais fluxos de caixa podem ser classificados na DFC em três diferentes atividades: operacional (FCO), de investimento (FCI) ou de financiamento (FCF). Por um lado, essa flexibilidade de classificação permite que uma informação mais fidedigna seja divulgada, uma vez que a apresentação da DFC poderá ser adaptada às circunstâncias específicas de cada empresa. Por outro lado, abre espaço para comportamentos oportunistas, ao permitir a escolha da opção que gera a informação mais conveniente. Este trabalho busca identificar incentivos, relacionados às características das empresas não financeiras do mercado de capitais brasileiro, que influenciaram as escolhas de classificação dos juros, dividendos e JCP na DFC, no período de 2008 a 2014. As hipóteses resultantes desse objetivo referem-se a: classificação dos fluxos de caixa de acordo com o encorajamento do CPC 03; identificação de uma possível padronização das classificações na DFC entre empresas com aspectos semelhantes (mesmo setor ou firma de auditoria); relação entre mudanças de classificação dos juros pagos com a troca de auditor; e, o efeito da escolha de classificação dos juros, dividendos e JCP na DFC sobre o FCO, de acordo com características financeiras e de desempenho das empresas. Para fins de mensuração do efeito sobre o FCO, tomou-se por referência o parágrafo 34A do CPC 03, que encoraja a classificação dos juros recebidos ou pagos, dos dividendos recebidos e JCP recebidos como FCO; assim como os dividendos pagos e JCP pagos como FCF. Para análise do referido efeito, foram utilizados dados em painel e duas regressões com as seguintes variáveis dependentes: 1) a diferença em reais entre o FCO divulgado e o valor que seria o FCO ao seguir as opções encorajadas pelo CPC 03; e, 2) a escolha de classificação dos juros pagos (variável dummy). Considerou-se os juros pagos, pois, entre as alternativas, trata-se daquela que aumenta o FCO caso não seja seguida a classificação recomendada pelo CPC. Com uma amostra de 352 empresas, 2.290 relatórios analisados e 3.764 dados levantados, os resultados apontaram que: i) a maior parte das empresas brasileiras segue as classificações encorajadas pelo CPC 03, exceto quanto ao item dividendos/JCP recebidos; ii) alguns setores seguiram uma classificação predominante em todos ou parte dos itens que possuem flexibilidade de apresentação na DFC; iii) há classificações predominantes para empresas que possuem determinadas firmas de auditoria; iv) as mudanças de classificação dos juros pagos ocorreram independentemente da troca de auditor; e, v) há evidências de que o endividamento influencia na divulgação de um FCO em montante diferente do que seria se a recomendação de classificação do CPC fosse seguida. Os resultados alcançados trazem evidências sobre a relação entre características das empresas brasileiras e o FCO divulgado decorrente da escolha de classificação na DFC. / Brazilian accounting standards establish some classification options in the Statement of Cash Flows (SCF), specifically the cash flows related to interest, dividends and interest on capital paid and received. Such cash flows can be classified in the SCF in three different activities: operating (FCO), investment (FCI) or financing (FCF). This flexibility of classification, on the one hand, allows the disclosure of a more accurate information, since the presentation of SCF can be adapted to the specific circumstances of each company. On the other hand, it makes room for opportunistic behavior by allowing choice of which option to generate the most suitable information. This study aims to identify incentives related to the characteristics of non-financial companies in the Brazilian capital markets, which influenced the choices of classification of interest, dividends and interest on capital in the SCF, from 2008 to 2014. The resultant hypothesis from the objective refer to: cash flows classification according to the encouragement of the CPC 03; identification of a possible standardization of classifications in SCF among companies with similar features (same sector or audit firm); relationship between classification shift of the interest paid with the change of auditor; and, the effect on the FCO of the classification choice of interest, dividends and interest on capital in the SCF, according to financial characteristics and performance of companies. For the measurement purposes of the effect on the FCO, the paragraph 34A of CPC 03 is taken as reference, which encourages the classification of interest received or paid, dividends received and interest on capital received as FCO; as well as dividends paid and interest on capital paid as FCF. For analysis of that effect, panel data and two regressions with the following dependent variables have been adopted: 1) the difference in reais between the disclosed FCO and the amount that the FCO would be if the options encouraged by the CPC 03 had been followed; and, 2) the classification choice of interest paid (dummy). The interest paid was considered because, among alternatives, it is that which increases the FCO if the classification recommended by the CPC is not followed. With a sample of 352 companies, 2.290 reports analyzed and 3.764 data collected, the results show that: i) the most Brazilian companies follow the classifications encouraged by CPC 03, except those related to dividends/interest on capital received; ii) some sectors followed a predominant classification in all items or part of them that allow flexibility of presentation in SCF; iii) there are prevalent classifications for companies with certain audit firms; iv) classification shift of the interest paid occurred regardless of the change of auditor; and, v) there is evidence that the debt influences the disclosure of an FCO in an different amount than if the CPC classification recommendation had been followed. The achieved results provide evidence on the relationship between characteristics of Brazilian companies and the FCO released due to the choice of classification in the SCF.

Submitted by Geyciane Santos (geyciane_thamires@hotmail.com) on 2015-10-27T14:11:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Leonor Bernadete Aleixo dos Santos.pdf: 1638925 bytes, checksum: ca6962dbfac6a54a9a305db45376d136 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-10-27T19:49:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Leonor Bernadete Aleixo dos Santos.pdf: 1638925 bytes, checksum: ca6962dbfac6a54a9a305db45376d136 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-10-27T19:54:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Leonor Bernadete Aleixo dos Santos.pdf: 1638925 bytes, checksum: ca6962dbfac6a54a9a305db45376d136 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-27T19:54:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Leonor Bernadete Aleixo dos Santos.pdf: 1638925 bytes, checksum: ca6962dbfac6a54a9a305db45376d136 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-11 / Não Informada / This research examined the public administration of the State of Amazonas in the period 2008-2011, through review and analysis of specific ratios related to the financial statements of the State of Amazonas to their managers and society at large can better use information and conducive further clarification on the use of public resources. Data were extracted from the electronic site of the Transparency Portal of the Department of Finance of the State of Amazonas. Aimed at analyzing the public management, the State of Amazonas in the period 2008-2011, through indicators analysis and interpretation of economic and financial results according to Article 85 of Federal Law. 4.320/64, that their managers and society in general, to use the information by providing them a better understanding about the use of public resources, and the importance of preparing for users, thus demonstrating the use of these public resources to the society general, and its specific objective was defined which are the financial reports prepared by the State of Amazonas and which were used as an informational basis of the analysis model presented in literature, showed the data contained in these reports so as to facilitate the process of analysis through financial indicators and analyze the results, evaluate the allowed budget, economic and financial performance of public funds of the State of Amazonas in the period 2008 to 2011 as the indicators of analysis and interpretation of economic and financial results as Article 85 of Federal Law. 4.320/64. / Esta pesquisa analisou a gestão pública do Estado do Amazonas no período de 2008 a 2011, por meio de avaliação e análise de quocientes específicos referentes às demonstrações contábeis do Estado do Amazonas para que seus gestores e a sociedade em geral possam usar melhor as informações e que propicie um melhor esclarecimento acerca do uso dos recursos públicos. Os dados foram extraídos do sítio eletrônico do Portal da Transparência da Secretaria de Fazenda do Estado do Amazonas. Teve como objetivo analisar a gestão pública, do Estado do Amazonas no período de 2008 a 2011, através de indicadores de análise e interpretação dos resultados econômicos e financeiros conforme o artigo 85 da Lei Federal n. 4.320/64, para que seus gestores e a sociedade em geral, usem as informações fornecendo-lhes um melhor esclarecimento acerca do uso dos recursos públicos, bem como a importância de sua preparação para os usuários, demonstrando assim o uso desses recursos públicos à sociedade de uma forma geral, sendo que seu objetivo específico definiu-se quais são os relatórios contábeis elaborados pelo Estado do Amazonas e quais foram usados como base informacional no modelo de análise apresentado na literatura, demonstrou-se os dados contidos nos referidos relatórios de modo a facilitar o processo da análise através de indicadores contábeis e analisar os resultados encontrados, possibilitaram avaliar os desempenhos orçamentário, econômico e financeiro dos recursos públicos do Estado do Amazonas no período de 2008 a 2011, quanto aos indicadores de análise e interpretação dos resultados econômicos e financeiros conforme o artigo 85 da Lei Federal n. 4.320/64.

The aim of this thesis is to describe a process of audit and due diligence of an accounting entity. The work is devided into two parts, the first part is theoretical and the second one is practical. The theoretical part is focused on description of audit including audits procedures. This part is followed by determination of due diligence, which continues with differences and comparison of both these processes. Within practical part audit of financial statements and process of due diligence are performed in different accounting entities.

M.Com. (Accounting) / Please refer to full text to view abstract