Objective: To evaluate the 5-year real-world benefit–risk profile of fingolimod in patients with relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS) in Germany. Methods: Post-Authorization Non-interventional German sAfety study of GilEnyA (PANGAEA) is a non-interventional realworld study to prospectively assess the effectiveness and safety of fingolimod in routine clinical practice in Germany. The follow-up period comprised 5 years. Patients were included if they had been diagnosed with RRMS and had been prescribed fingolimod as part of clinical routine. There were no exclusion criteria except the contraindications for fingolimod as defined in the European label. The effectiveness and safety analysis set comprised 4032 and 4067 RRMS patients, respectively. Results: At the time of the 5-year follow-up of PANGAEA, 66.57% of patients still continued fingolimod therapy. Annualized relapse rates decreased from baseline 1.5 ± 1.15 to 0.42 ± 0.734 at year 1 and 0.21 ± 0.483 at year 5, and the disability status remained stable, as demonstrated by the Expanded Disability Status Scale mean change from baseline (0.1 ± 2.51), the decrease of the Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score from 5.1 ± 2.59 at baseline to 3.9 ± 2.31 at the 60-months follow-up, and the percentage of patients with ‘no change’ in the Clinical Global Impression scale at the 60-months follow-up (78.11%). Adverse events (AE) occurring in 75.04% of patients were in line with the known safety profile of fingolimod and were mostly non-serious AE (33.62%) and non-serious adverse drug reactions (50.59%; serious AE 4.98%; serious ADR 10.82%). Conclusions: PANGAEA demonstrated the sustained beneficial effectiveness and safety of fingolimod in the long-term realworld treatment of patients with RRMS.

No description available.

Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), a non-invasive imaging method, is based on an analysis of a near-infrared light deflected from tisssue layers, that provides detailed images of retinal structures. Nerve cells of the retina, that originate from neuroectoderm, reflect neurodegeneration of the central nervous system (CNS), as well as acute damage of nerve structures caused by optic neuritis. The dissertation first presents established imaging protocol and quality standards for SD-OCT imaging in multiple sclerosis (MS). In the following section we introduce SD-OCT as a biomarker in MS. In a multicentric cross-sectional study, we had shown, that a single time measurement of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFL) has a predictive value for a risk of disease progression in the next five years. Patients with a thickness of RNFL in the lowest tercile of the studied population had a relative risk of disease progression 2x higher than patients in the highest tercile. The second presented study tests whether the history of optic neuritis (ON) in MS is a risk factor for neurodegeneration of RNFL in later years. The study confirmed that long term changes of RNFL thickness in eyes post-ON and in eyes with no history of ON are not different. Therefore, we conclude that both,...

Background: Fingolimod is the first oral immunomodulatory therapy approved for highly active relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. Based on the distribution pattern of fingolimod interacting sphingosine-1-phosphat receptors in organism including immune system and cardiovascular system clinical monitoring of patients and evaluation of adverse events are recommended. Despite extensive data on cardiovascular safety, experience with fingolimod in patients with concomitant cardiological disease, especially within the pulmonary circulation, is rare. Case presentation: We report the case of a 46-year-old woman presented with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis and severe idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Fingolimod was initiated because of disease activity of multiple sclerosis with two relapses and gadolinium-enhancing lesions in MRI. The patient demonstrated stable disease course of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension when fingolimod was started. Fingolimod therapy did not alter or even worsen the pulmonary or cardiovascular conditions during first dose application as well as follow up of nine months. Conclusion: In this report, we present the first case of fingolimod treatment in a patient with highly active multiple sclerosis and severe idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. We suggest an interdisciplinary approach with detailed cardiopulmonary monitoring for safety in such patients.

Background: Fingolimod is the first oral immunomodulatory therapy approved for highly active relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. Based on the distribution pattern of fingolimod interacting sphingosine-1-phosphat receptors in organism including immune system and cardiovascular system clinical monitoring of patients and evaluation of adverse events are recommended. Despite extensive data on cardiovascular safety, experience with fingolimod in patients with concomitant cardiological disease, especially within the pulmonary circulation, is rare. Case presentation: We report the case of a 46-year-old woman presented with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis and severe idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Fingolimod was initiated because of disease activity of multiple sclerosis with two relapses and gadolinium-enhancing lesions in MRI. The patient demonstrated stable disease course of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension when fingolimod was started. Fingolimod therapy did not alter or even worsen the pulmonary or cardiovascular conditions during first dose application as well as follow up of nine months. Conclusion: In this report, we present the first case of fingolimod treatment in a patient with highly active multiple sclerosis and severe idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. We suggest an interdisciplinary approach with detailed cardiopulmonary monitoring for safety in such patients.

<p></p> <p><strong><em>Background </em></strong></p> <p>Oral pharmacotherapy has the potential to offer multiple sclerosis patients improved clinical outcomes compared to traditional therapies.</p> <p><strong><em>Objectives </em></strong></p> <p>This review assesses the effects of oral therapies compared to placebo and interferon beta-1a in adults with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS).</p> <p><strong><em> </em></strong></p> <p><strong><em>Search methods </em></strong></p> <p>We searched the MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science (January 1980 to April 2011) and clinincaltrials.gov (April 2011) databases and reference lists of articles. The FDA website was also searched.</p> <p><strong><em>Selection criteria </em></strong></p> <p>Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trials of RRMS patients who were treated with fingolimod, cladribine, laquinimod or interferon beta-1a.</p> <p><strong><em>Data collection and analysis </em></strong></p> <p>Two reviewers independently assessed articles for inclusion. Data extraction and quality assessment was completed by one reviewer and verified for accuracy. Meta-analysis and indirect treatment comparison methods were used to estimate relative measures of efficacy.</p> <p><strong><em>Results </em></strong></p> <p>Although 11 trials involving 7,127 participants were included in this review, only 2,109 (30%) and 1,738 (24%) participants contributed to the direct and indirect estimates respectively, for the primary outcome, annualized relapse rate. Oral therapy and interferon beta-1a had a significantly different rate of relapse compared to placebo (Mean difference [MD] -0.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.27 to -0.16 , p < 0.00001 and MD -0.33 95% CI -0.65 to -0.01). There was a significant risk reduction of 37% and 19% in the number of patients with at least one relapse for oral therapy and interferon beta-1a compared to placebo respectively. Safety analysis favoured placebo for both sets of trials (p=0.002 and p=0.04). Indirect estimates were not significant for all three outcomes however; comparability between direct evidence was noted.</p> <p><strong><em>Conclusions </em></strong></p> <p>Oral pharmacotherapy and interferon beta-1a are effective compared to placebo in controlling relapse rate in patients with RRMS. The indirect measures of effect provide initial estimates of comparative efficacy and incorporation of future evidence will be necessary.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)

Les neuropathies à anticorps anti-MAG sont secondaires à une gammapathie monoclonale IgM dirigée contre la MAG des gaines de myéline des nerfs périphériques. Le traitement est celui de l'hémopathie sous‐jacente. Même si les thérapeutiques sont de plus en plus efficaces, les hémopathies restent le plus souvent incurables. Le rituximab est couramment utilisé dans le traitement des neuropathies à anticorps anti‐MAG, mais son efficacité n'a pas pu être clairement démontrée dans deux études contrôlées. Le FTY720 ou fingolimod est un sphingolipide, analogue de la sphingosine, qui inhibe les récepteurs de la sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). Il est utilisé comme immunosuppresseur dans la Sclérose en Plaques. Des études ont également rapporté un effet cytotoxique du FTY720 dans des hémopathies sans toutefois clairement expliquer son mécanisme d'action. L'objectif de ce travail est d'élucider les mécanismes moléculaires de l'effet cytotoxique du FTY720 dans un modèle d'hémopathie B, la leucémie lymphoïde chronique (LLC). Des cellules leucémiques primaires de LLC et une lignée cellulaire MEC1 ont été utilisées comme modèle expérimental in vitro. Le FTY720, comme la sphingosine, entraîne une cytotoxicité dose‐dépendante dans la LLC. Cet effet, médié par la forme non phosphorylée de FTY720, est indépendant des récepteurs au S1P. Le FTY720 induit l'expression de marqueurs d'apoptose: exposition de la phosphaJdylsérine, clivage de PARP et de caspase 3. Cependant sa toxicité apparaît indépendante des caspases. La lipidation accrue de LC3 et la formation d'autophagolysosomes indiquent que le FTY720 augmente également le flux autophagique. Cependant, des inhibiteurs de l'autophagie ne permettent pas de bloquer la mort cellulaire induite par le FTY720, suggérant que l'autophagie a ici un rôle protecteur vis à vis de la toxicité du FTY720. Plusieurs éléments permettent de conclure que le FTY720 est responsable d'une nécrose cellulaire : aspect morphologique de nécrose en microscopie électronique, perméabilisation membranaire précoce avec relocalisation cytoplasmique de HMGB1, libération extracellulaire de LDH, perméabilisation de la membrane lysosomale associée à une activation des cathepsines. Au niveau moléculaire, l'action du FTY720 n'est pas bloquée par la nécrostatine 1, indiquant que la nécrose induite par le FTY720 est indépendante de RIPK1 (receptor interacJng protein 1), une kinase clef des voies extrinsèques de nécrose cellulaire programmée. Par contre, nos travaux ont établi l'implication de DRP1 (dynamin related protein), une enzyme régulatrice de la fission mitochondriale, dans le processus de nécrose induite par le FTY720. En plus d'une relocalisation précoce de DRP1 à la mitochondrie accompagnée d'une augmentation de sa phosphorylation sur des sites régulateurs de son activité, nos expériences montrent que la suppression de son expression par interférence à ARN dans les cellules leucémiques réduit fortement la mort cellulaire induite par le FTY720. Le FTY720 est donc responsable dans la LLC d'une nécrose cellulaire programmée dépendante de DRP1. Nos résultats illustrent l'implication des sphingolipides dans la régulation de la survie cellulaire et dans les voies de nécrose programmée. Le FTY720 a un mode d'action original différent de l'apoptose induite par les chimiothérapies classiques. Le FTY720 pourrait donc être une alternative thérapeutique dans les néoplasies B résistantes aux chimiothérapies usuelles et dans certaines manifestations auto‐immunes des hémopathies comme les neuropathies à anticorps anti‐MAG.