This thesis deals with string theory at finite temperature. String theory has attracted considerable attention in recent years because of its ability to unify the fundamental forces and particles in nature and provide a quantized description of gravity. However, many aspects of this theory remain mysterious, including its behavior at high temperature. One guiding principle for finite temperature string theory is the observation that a quantum theory at finite temperature can be recast as a zero-temperature theory in which a Euclidean time dimension is compactified on a circle. This temperature/radius correspondence holds in quantum mechanics as well as quantum field theory, and is normally assumed to hold in string theory as well. However it was shown recently that this correspondence fails for a class of string theories, called heterotic strings. This motivates a search for an alternate way to restore this correspondence, as well as a reevaluation of the thermodynamic behaviour of other classes of string theories, namely Type~II and Type~I. We find that contrary to the established wisdom, all ten dimensional string theories have a similar behaviour at finite temperature. This also leads us to the conclusion that the Heterotic and Type~I theory behave in a dual way at finite temperature.

Neste trabalho investigamos os efeitos das interações na expansão de um condensado de átomos de Rb. Dois problemas são abordados: o efeito de temperatura finita e as alterações introduzidas pela interação dipolar. No primeiro caso, dados experimentais não puderam ser explicados por meio da aproximação de Thomas-Fermi (TF) no regime de T = 0. Num condensado de cerca de 1 - 2 x 105 átomos condensados, o desvio da aproximação de TF ocorreu pelo fato de termos desconsiderado a interação dos átomos térmicos com os do condensado. Elaboramos um modelo teórico, baseado em modelos existentes de temperatura finita, o qual explicou relativamente bem os nossos resultados experimentais. No segundo problema atacado, foi analisada a variação na expansão do gás condensado quando a interação dipolar é incluída no sistema. Ambos os problemas mostram aspectos importantes da expansão de gases quânticos. / In this study we investigated the effects of interactions on the expansion of a condensate of Rb atoms. Two problems are addressed: the effect of finite temperature and the changes introduced by the dipolar interaction. In the first case, experimental data could not be explained by the Thomas-Fermi (TF) approach in the T = 0 regime. In a condensate of about 1 - 2 x 105 condensed atoms, the deviation of TF approach was due to the fact that we disregarded the interaction of thermal atoms those of the condensate. We developed a theoretical model, based on existing models of finite temperature, which explained relatively well our experimental results. In the second problem considered, we analyzed the variation in the expansion of the condensate gas when the dipolar interaction is included in the system. Both problems show important aspects of the expansion of quantum gases.

Neste trabalho investigamos os efeitos das interações na expansão de um condensado de átomos de Rb. Dois problemas são abordados: o efeito de temperatura finita e as alterações introduzidas pela interação dipolar. No primeiro caso, dados experimentais não puderam ser explicados por meio da aproximação de Thomas-Fermi (TF) no regime de T = 0. Num condensado de cerca de 1 - 2 x 105 átomos condensados, o desvio da aproximação de TF ocorreu pelo fato de termos desconsiderado a interação dos átomos térmicos com os do condensado. Elaboramos um modelo teórico, baseado em modelos existentes de temperatura finita, o qual explicou relativamente bem os nossos resultados experimentais. No segundo problema atacado, foi analisada a variação na expansão do gás condensado quando a interação dipolar é incluída no sistema. Ambos os problemas mostram aspectos importantes da expansão de gases quânticos. / In this study we investigated the effects of interactions on the expansion of a condensate of Rb atoms. Two problems are addressed: the effect of finite temperature and the changes introduced by the dipolar interaction. In the first case, experimental data could not be explained by the Thomas-Fermi (TF) approach in the T = 0 regime. In a condensate of about 1 - 2 x 105 condensed atoms, the deviation of TF approach was due to the fact that we disregarded the interaction of thermal atoms those of the condensate. We developed a theoretical model, based on existing models of finite temperature, which explained relatively well our experimental results. In the second problem considered, we analyzed the variation in the expansion of the condensate gas when the dipolar interaction is included in the system. Both problems show important aspects of the expansion of quantum gases.

Investigamos certas propriedades físicas da teoria de campos a temperatura finita. Mostramos que, na presença de campos externos bosonicos, o limite de altas temperaturas das funções de Green pode ser obtido supondo que todas as componentes dos momentos externos sao nulas, para todas as funções de Green 1PI em ordem de um laco e em ordem de dois laços para a auto-energia. No contexto do método do campo de fundo, este resultado implica que a lagrangiana efetiva estática de um campo externo bosonico pode ser obtida calculando a pressão na presença de um campo externo independente do espaço-tempo, no limite de altas temperaturas. Aplicamos este resultado para obter a lagrangiana efetiva estática de um campo de Maxwell interagindo com um plasma da QED em ordem de dois laços. Obtivemos também a lagrangiana efetiva estática de um campo gravitacional interagindo com um campo escalar real livre, e com um plasma da QED em ordem de dois laços. / We have investigated some physical proprieties of nite temperature field theory. We have shown that, in the presence of an external bosonic field, the high temperature limit of the static Green\'s functions can be obtained assuming that all components of the external momenta are zero. This was shown to be the case for all 1PI Green\'s functions, at one-loop order, as well as for the self-energy, at two-loop order. In the context of the background field method, this result implies that the static efective Lagrangian of an external field can be obtained computing the pressure in the presence of an external field which is independent of the space-time, in the high temperature limit. We have applied this result in order to obtain the efective Lagrangian of an external Maxwell field interacting with a QED plasma at two-loop order. We have also obtained the efective Lagrangian of the gravitational field interacting with a free neutral scalar field, as well as with a QED plasma at two-loop order.

Estudamos neste trabalho as contribuições de 1-loop da eletrodinâmica quântica não-comutativa a altas temperaturas. Obtivemos as amplitudes de n-pontos por meio do método de diagramas de Feynman e mostramos que os mesmos resultados podem ser obtidos pelo método das equações de transporte de Boltzmann. Em paralelo estudamos as massas de blindagem que seguem do setor não-comutativo da teoria no limite estático, assim como a ação efetiva em 1-loop que gera todas as funções de n-pontos com índices espaciais. Também estudamos a quantização do campo de gauge no espaço não-comutativo pelo método do campo de fundo, obtendo uma generalização da base de ondas planas que se transforma covariantemente. / In this work we study the 1-loop contributions for noncommutative electrodynamics at high temperature. We calculate the n-point amplitudes by the Feynman diagrams method and we show that the same results can be obtained by the method of Boltzmann transport equations. We also study the screening mass derived from the noncommutative sector in the static limit case and the effective generating functional that determine all the amplitudes at one loop with spatial indices only. We quantize noncommutative QED by the background field gauge method and obtain a generalization of plane waves that transforms covariantly.

We developed and implemented a first-principles based theory of the Landauer ballistic conductance, to determine the transport properties of nanostructures and molecular-electronics devices. Our approach starts from a quantum-mechanical description of the electronic structure of the system under consideration, performed at the density-functional theory level and using finite-temperature molecular dynamics simulations to obtain an ensemble of the most likely microscopic configurations. The extended Bloch states are then converted into maximally-localized Wannier functions to allow us to construct the Green's function of the conductor, from which we obtain the density of states (confirming the reliability of our microscopic calculations) and the Landauer conductance. A first application is presented to the case of pristine and functionalized carbon nanotubes. / Singapore-MIT Alliance (SMA)

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-11-05T18:32:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 OZÓRIO BEZERRA HOLANDA NETO – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGFísica) 2015.pdf: 1866080 bytes, checksum: a15052e3dc0bbf5bba2c805913e20d6a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-05T18:32:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 OZÓRIO BEZERRA HOLANDA NETO – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGFísica) 2015.pdf: 1866080 bytes, checksum: a15052e3dc0bbf5bba2c805913e20d6a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07 / Capes / Nesta dissertação estudamos os aspectos clássicos e quânticos da extensão derivativa do modelo de Chern-Simons Abeliano na eletrodinâmica em (2+1) dimensões. No contexto clássico, descrevemos suas principais propriedades, tais como a invariância de calibre e a estrutura do propagador associado quando este modelo é adicionado à teoria de Maxwell. A principal característica desse modelo é a de que ele nos fornece um par de excitações (uma não massiva e outra massiva) para o modo de propagação das ondas eletromagnéticas. No contexto quântico, estudamos a possibilidade de induzir esse termo na ação efetiva da eletrodinâmica quântica via correções radiativas de determinante fermiônico em um laço. Neste caso, analisamos sua ocorrência em temperatura zero e nita. O resultado oriundo da temperatura nita tem como propriedade gerar novas excitações para os modos de propagação das ondas eletromagnéticas de pendentes da temperatura. / In this work we studied the classical and quantum aspects of derivative extension of the Chern-Simons Abelian model in electro dynamics in (2+1) dimensions. In classical context, we describe their main properties such as gauge in variance and the structure of the associated propagator when this template is added to Maxwell's theory. The main feature of this model is that it provides us a pair of excitation (one not massive and another massive) for the propagation mode of the electromagnetic waves. In the quantum context, we studied the possibility of inducing this term in thee active action of quantum electrodynamics via radiative corrections of fermionic determinant in loop. In this case, we analyze its occurrence at zero and nite temperature. The result a rising from the nite temperature has the property to generate new excitement for the modes of propagation of electromagnetic waves dependent of temperature.

abstract: With the discovery of the Higgs Boson in 2012, particle physics has decidedly moved beyond the Standard Model into a new epoch. Though the Standard Model particle content is now completely accounted for, there remain many theoretical issues about the structure of the theory in need of resolution. Among these is the hierarchy problem: since the renormalized Higgs mass receives quadratic corrections from a higher cutoff scale, what keeps the Higgs boson light? Many possible solutions to this problem have been advanced, such as supersymmetry, Randall-Sundrum models, or sub-millimeter corrections to gravity. One such solution has been advanced by the Lee-Wick Standard Model. In this theory, higher-derivative operators are added to the Lagrangian for each Standard Model field, which result in propagators that possess two physical poles and fall off more rapidly in the ultraviolet regime. It can be shown by an auxiliary field transformation that the higher-derivative theory is identical to positing a second, manifestly renormalizable theory in which new fields with opposite-sign kinetic and mass terms are found. These so-called Lee-Wick fields have opposite-sign propagators, and famously cancel off the quadratic divergences that plague the renormalized Higgs mass. The states in the Hilbert space corresponding to Lee-Wick particles have negative norm, and implications for causality and unitarity are examined. This dissertation explores a variant of the theory called the N = 3 Lee-Wick Standard Model. The Lagrangian of this theory features a yet-higher derivative operator, which produces a propagator with three physical poles and possesses even better high-energy behavior than the minimal Lee-Wick theory. An analogous auxiliary field transformation takes this higher-derivative theory into a renormalizable theory with states of alternating positive, negative, and positive norm. The phenomenology of this theory is examined in detail, with particular emphasis on the collider signatures of Lee-Wick particles, electroweak precision constraints on the masses that the new particles can take on, and scenarios in early-universe cosmology in which Lee-Wick particles can play a significant role. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Physics 2015

Estudamos neste trabalho as contribuições de 1-loop da eletrodinâmica quântica não-comutativa a altas temperaturas. Obtivemos as amplitudes de n-pontos por meio do método de diagramas de Feynman e mostramos que os mesmos resultados podem ser obtidos pelo método das equações de transporte de Boltzmann. Em paralelo estudamos as massas de blindagem que seguem do setor não-comutativo da teoria no limite estático, assim como a ação efetiva em 1-loop que gera todas as funções de n-pontos com índices espaciais. Também estudamos a quantização do campo de gauge no espaço não-comutativo pelo método do campo de fundo, obtendo uma generalização da base de ondas planas que se transforma covariantemente. / In this work we study the 1-loop contributions for noncommutative electrodynamics at high temperature. We calculate the n-point amplitudes by the Feynman diagrams method and we show that the same results can be obtained by the method of Boltzmann transport equations. We also study the screening mass derived from the noncommutative sector in the static limit case and the effective generating functional that determine all the amplitudes at one loop with spatial indices only. We quantize noncommutative QED by the background field gauge method and obtain a generalization of plane waves that transforms covariantly.

Investigamos certas propriedades físicas da teoria de campos a temperatura finita. Mostramos que, na presença de campos externos bosonicos, o limite de altas temperaturas das funções de Green pode ser obtido supondo que todas as componentes dos momentos externos sao nulas, para todas as funções de Green 1PI em ordem de um laco e em ordem de dois laços para a auto-energia. No contexto do método do campo de fundo, este resultado implica que a lagrangiana efetiva estática de um campo externo bosonico pode ser obtida calculando a pressão na presença de um campo externo independente do espaço-tempo, no limite de altas temperaturas. Aplicamos este resultado para obter a lagrangiana efetiva estática de um campo de Maxwell interagindo com um plasma da QED em ordem de dois laços. Obtivemos também a lagrangiana efetiva estática de um campo gravitacional interagindo com um campo escalar real livre, e com um plasma da QED em ordem de dois laços. / We have investigated some physical proprieties of nite temperature field theory. We have shown that, in the presence of an external bosonic field, the high temperature limit of the static Green\'s functions can be obtained assuming that all components of the external momenta are zero. This was shown to be the case for all 1PI Green\'s functions, at one-loop order, as well as for the self-energy, at two-loop order. In the context of the background field method, this result implies that the static efective Lagrangian of an external field can be obtained computing the pressure in the presence of an external field which is independent of the space-time, in the high temperature limit. We have applied this result in order to obtain the efective Lagrangian of an external Maxwell field interacting with a QED plasma at two-loop order. We have also obtained the efective Lagrangian of the gravitational field interacting with a free neutral scalar field, as well as with a QED plasma at two-loop order.