A thermodynamic framework was presented for the development of powderconstitutive models. The process of powder compaction through Equal ChannelAngular Extrusion (ECAE) at room temperature was modeled using the finiteelement analysis package ABAQUS. The simulation setup was used to conduct aparametric study involving varying the process parameters of ECAE, aimed ataiding the process design.Two powder compaction models, the Gurson model and the Duva and Crowmodel, were used to test their efficacy in modeling this process. Thethermodynamic framework was applied to derive the constitutive equations of theDuva and Crow model. Modeling parameters like friction coefficients, interactionconditions were determined by comparing the simulations for solid billet and anempty can with actual experimental runs for loads, shear angle and workpiece geometry. The simulations using the two powder constitutive models showed nosignificant difference in the stress in the powder during the extrusion.The results obtained from the 3-D simulations were also compared toexperiments conducted to compact copper powder with a size distribution of 10mto 45m. It was found through experiments that the powder does not fullyconsolidate near the outer corner of the workpiece after the first ECAE pass and theresults from the simulations were used to rationalize this phenomenon.Modifications made to the process by applying a back pressure during thesimulations resulted in a uniformly compacted powder region.Further, simulations were carried out by varying the process parameters likethe crosshead velocity, the friction coefficient between the walls of the die and thecan, can dimensions and material, shape of the can cross section etc and the effectof each of these parameters was quantified by doing a sensitivity analysis.

A thermodynamic framework was presented for the development of powderconstitutive models. The process of powder compaction through Equal ChannelAngular Extrusion (ECAE) at room temperature was modeled using the finiteelement analysis package ABAQUS. The simulation setup was used to conduct aparametric study involving varying the process parameters of ECAE, aimed ataiding the process design.Two powder compaction models, the Gurson model and the Duva and Crowmodel, were used to test their efficacy in modeling this process. Thethermodynamic framework was applied to derive the constitutive equations of theDuva and Crow model. Modeling parameters like friction coefficients, interactionconditions were determined by comparing the simulations for solid billet and anempty can with actual experimental runs for loads, shear angle and workpiece geometry. The simulations using the two powder constitutive models showed nosignificant difference in the stress in the powder during the extrusion.The results obtained from the 3-D simulations were also compared toexperiments conducted to compact copper powder with a size distribution of 10mto 45m. It was found through experiments that the powder does not fullyconsolidate near the outer corner of the workpiece after the first ECAE pass and theresults from the simulations were used to rationalize this phenomenon.Modifications made to the process by applying a back pressure during thesimulations resulted in a uniformly compacted powder region.Further, simulations were carried out by varying the process parameters likethe crosshead velocity, the friction coefficient between the walls of the die and thecan, can dimensions and material, shape of the can cross section etc and the effectof each of these parameters was quantified by doing a sensitivity analysis.

We study approximation techniques for incompressible flows with heterogeneous properties. Speci cally, we study two types of phenomena. The first is the flow of a viscous incompressible fluid through a rigid porous medium, where the permeability of the medium depends on the pressure. The second is the ow of a viscous incompressible fluid with variable density. The heterogeneity is the permeability and the density, respectively. For the first problem, we propose a finite element discretization and, in the case where the dependence on the pressure is bounded from above and below, we prove its convergence to the solution and propose an algorithm to solve the discrete system. In the case where the dependence is exponential, we propose a splitting scheme which involves solving only two linear systems. For the second problem, we introduce a fractional time-stepping scheme which, as opposed to other existing techniques, requires only the solution of a Poisson equation for the determination of the pressure. This simpli cation greatly reduces the computational cost. We prove the stability of first and second order schemes, and provide error estimates for first order schemes. For all the introduced discretization schemes we present numerical experiments, which illustrate their performance on model problems, as well as on realistic ones.

Fluorescence enhanced optical tomography is a promising molecular imaging modality which employs a near infrared fluorescent molecule as an imaging agent and time-dependent measurements of fluorescent light propagation and generation. In this dissertation a novel fluorescence tomography algorithm is proposed to reconstruct images of targets contrasted by fluorescence within the tissues from boundary fluorescence emission measurements. An adaptive finite element based reconstruction algorithm for high resolution, fluorescence tomography was developed and validated with non-contact, planewave frequency-domain fluorescence measurements on a tissue phantom. The image reconstruction problem was posed as an optimization problem in which the fluorescence optical property map which minimized the difference between the experimentally observed boundary fluorescence and that predicted from the diffusion model was sought. A regularized Gauss-Newton algorithm was derived and dual adaptive meshes were employed for solution of coupled photon diffusion equations and for updating the fluorescence optical property map in the tissue phantom. The algorithm was developed in a continuous function space setting in a mesh independent manner. This allowed the meshes to adapt during the tomography process to yield high resolution images of fluorescent targets and to accurately simulate the light propagation in tissue phantoms from area-illumination. Frequency-domain fluorescence data collected at the illumination surface was used for reconstructing the fluorescence yield distribution in a 512 cm3, tissue phantom filled with 1% Liposyn solution. Fluorescent targets containing 1 micro-molar Indocyanine Green solution in 1% Liposyn and were suspended at the depths of up to 2cm from the illumination surface. Fluorescence measurements at the illumination surface were acquired by a gain-modulated image intensified CCD camera system outfitted with holographic band rejection and optical band pass filters. Excitation light at the phantom surface source was quantified by utilizing cross polarizers. Rayleigh resolution studies to determine the minimum detectable sepatation of two embedded fluorescent targets was attempted and in the absence of measurement noise, resolution down to the transport limit of 1mm was attained. The results of this work demonstrate the feasibility of high-resolution, molecular tomography in clinic with rapid non-contact area measurements.

The finite element method since its development in the 1950’s has been used extensively in solving complex problems involving partial differential equations. The conventional finite element methods use piecewise Lagrange interpolation functions for approximating displacements. The aim of this research is to explore finite element analysis using B-spline interpolation. B-splines are piecewise defined polynomial curves which provide higher continuity of derivatives than piecewise Lagrange interpolation functions. This work focuses on the implementation and comparison of the B-spline finite elements in contrast with the conventional finite elements. This thesis observes that the use of B-spline interpolation functions can reduce the computational cost significantly. It is an efficient technique and can be conveniently implemented into the existing finite element programs.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004-03-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:34:52Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 spinelli_ha_me_guara.pdf: 5696262 bytes, checksum: a92c7f3bfcf7f018cb912356a4d4638c (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Revestimento de estruturas aeronaúticas são, em sua maioria, unidos por meio de juntas rebitadas. Para o dimensionamento dessas juntas deverão ser consideradas não somente a resistência das mesmas diante de condições limites de carregamento estático, mas também sua resistência a fadiga quando sujeitas a carregamento cíclico e sua resistência residual no eventual surgimento de trincas. Nesta dissertação são estudadas duas juntas: sobreposta e de topo simples. A modelagem das juntas é feita no software de elementos finitos ANSYS. O objetivo das simulações é reproduzir, de maneira satisfatória, o comportamento das mesmas quando submetida a esforços de tração monotônica. Há uma grande preocupação com simulação do comportamento dos rebites durante o tracionamento das juntas. Comparando os reultados das análises e os resultados dos ensaios (extensômetros e fotoelasticidade). é então proposta uma nova modelagem para os rebites. Por fim, é estudada a excentricidade que as juntas sobreposta e de topo simples apresentam, através da análise teórica do comportamento da tensão do momento secundário e do fator de momento não linear. / Aerospace structure surface are mostly, united with rivet joint. These joint specifications must include the limit resistance within static charging conditions as well the limit resistance for fatigue within cyclic charging and residual resistance in eventual crack show up. In this paper two type ofjoint were studied; overlap and top. The modelings were done in ANSYS, infinity element software. The Main objective in these simulations is to reproduce, in a satisfactory manner, the behavior of these joint when subject to monotonic traction stress. There is a major concern about the rivet behavior simulation during joint traction experiments. Comparing the analyses and the results of these essay (strain gages and photoelasticity) a new rivet modeling is proposal. In thes paper, it is also studied the overlap joint and top joint eccentricity behavior thru a theoretical secondary moment tension behavior analysis and also the non-linear moment factor.

Resumo: Revestimento de estruturas aeronaúticas são, em sua maioria, unidos por meio de juntas rebitadas. Para o dimensionamento dessas juntas deverão ser consideradas não somente a resistência das mesmas diante de condições limites de carregamento estático, mas também sua resistência a fadiga quando sujeitas a carregamento cíclico e sua resistência residual no eventual surgimento de trincas. Nesta dissertação são estudadas duas juntas: sobreposta e de topo simples. A modelagem das juntas é feita no software de elementos finitos ANSYS. O objetivo das simulações é reproduzir, de maneira satisfatória, o comportamento das mesmas quando submetida a esforços de tração monotônica. Há uma grande preocupação com simulação do comportamento dos rebites durante o tracionamento das juntas. Comparando os reultados das análises e os resultados dos ensaios (extensômetros e fotoelasticidade). é então proposta uma nova modelagem para os rebites. Por fim, é estudada a excentricidade que as juntas sobreposta e de topo simples apresentam, através da análise teórica do comportamento da tensão do momento secundário e do fator de momento não linear. / Abstract: Aerospace structure surface are mostly, united with rivet joint. These joint specifications must include the limit resistance within static charging conditions as well the limit resistance for fatigue within cyclic charging and residual resistance in eventual crack show up. In this paper two type ofjoint were studied; overlap and top. The modelings were done in ANSYS, infinity element software. The Main objective in these simulations is to reproduce, in a satisfactory manner, the behavior of these joint when subject to monotonic traction stress. There is a major concern about the rivet behavior simulation during joint traction experiments. Comparing the analyses and the results of these essay (strain gages and photoelasticity) a new rivet modeling is proposal. In thes paper, it is also studied the overlap joint and top joint eccentricity behavior thru a theoretical secondary moment tension behavior analysis and also the non-linear moment factor. / Orientador: Fernando de Azevedo Silva / Coorientador: Carlos Eduardo Chaves / Banca: Luis Rogerio de Oliveira Hein / Banca: Marcio Tadeu de Almeida / Mestre

Exposure of concrete structures to high temperatures leads to significant losses in mechanical and physical properties of concrete and steel reinforcement as well as the bond characteristics between them. Degradation of bond properties in fire may significantly influence the load capacity of concrete structures. Therefore the bond behaviours need to be considered for the structural fire engineering design of reinforced concrete structures. At present, the information about the material degradations of concrete and reinforcing steel bars at elevated temperatures are generally available. However, the research on the response of the bond characteristic between concrete and reinforcing steel bar at elevated temperatures is still limited. Due to the lack of robust models for considering the influence of the bond characteristics between the concrete and steel bar at elevated temperatures, the majority of the numerical models developed for predicting the behaviour of reinforced concrete structures in fire was based on the full bond interaction. Hence, the main purpose of this research is to develop robust numerical models for predicting the bond-slip between concrete and the reinforcement under fire conditions. Therefore, the bond-slip between the concrete and reinforcement for conventional and prestress concrete structures at both ambient and elevated temperatures has been investigated in this research. Two models have been developed in this study: the first model is to simulate the behaviour of bond-slip of deformed steel bars in normal concrete at room temperature and under fire conditions. The model is established based on a partly cracked thick-wall cylinder theory and the smeared cracking approach is adopted to consider the softening behaviour of concrete in tension. The model is able to consider a number of parameters: such as different concrete properties and covers, different steel bar diameters and geometries. The proposed model has been incorporated into the Vulcan program for 3D analysis of reinforced concrete structures in fire. The second robust model has been developed to predict the bond stress-slip relationship between the strand and concrete of prestressed concrete structural members. In this model, two bond-slip curves have been proposed to represent the bond-slip characteristics for the three-wire and seven-wire strands. This model considers the variation of concrete properties, strands’ geometries and the type of strand surface (smooth or indented). The degradation of materials and bond characteristic at elevated temperatures are also included in the model. The proposed models have been validated against previous experimental results at both ambient and elevated temperatures and good agreements have been achieved. A comprehensive parametric study has been carried out in this research to examine the influence of bond-slip model on the structural behaviours of normal reinforced concrete structures. The study investigated the most important factors that can affect the bond characteristics between concrete and steel reinforcement at elevated temperatures. These factors are: the concrete cover, spalling of concrete, concrete compressive and tensile strengths.

This thesis deals with design of the lift frame with lift capacity1600kg and with calculation of distance between armatures of quides. Lift speed is 0.48 m / s. This thesis also includes final element analysis of the frame in software I-DEAS.

No / A large deformation, rate dependent model is applied to high temperature stretching of polyethylene. The theory is physically motivated, consisting of a model of a network of chain molecules to represent regions dominated by amorphous polymer, with embedded rigid spheres to introduce strain concentration similar to that caused by hard crystalline regions. Dependence on time and rate is introduced via shear stress driven diminution of the sphere radii. Experimentally, the rate dependence of the stress is such that, under tensile deformation, there is no necking associated with the initial yield point. Necking occurs at higher strains; this is associated with a weakening of rate dependence with increasing strain, which is a natural feature of the theory. It provides a realistic model of large tensile deformations, which in general involve the evolution of necking instabilities. It is implemented in a finite element scheme by using the package ABAQUS.