O trabalho apresenta as etapas e os trabalhos realizados para a construção de um sitio eletrônico como um caminho para a difusão da segurança contra incêndio. O sítio trata das normas do Corpo de Bombeiros de São Paulo, de sua Regulamentação, e se limitou aos casos tratados pelo Projeto Técnico Simplificado (PTS), os quais abrangem, resumidamente, edificações com piso mais elevado com até seis metros de altura e área construída até setecentos e cinqüenta metros quadrados. O objetivo desse sítio é o de permitir ao arquiteto, através sua navegação, obter todas as informações necessárias que o capacitem a cumprir essa regulamentação e legalizar essas edificações junto ao Corpo de Bombeiros de São Paulo. O texto apresenta um resumo histórico da evolução da legislação do Corpo de Bombeiros de São Paulo, descreve o Projeto Técnico Simplificado, com sua composição e impressos, consolida a regulamentação pertinente aos casos tratados por esse procedimento, desenvolve diagramas de bloco do fluxo das informações necessárias para a implantação do sítio, e relata os resultados de pesquisa de campo indicando sua necessidade, mais pesquisa de aperfeiçoamento do sítio, com duas versões: a primeira que buscou a coleta de sugestões e percepção de erros, e a segunda, conduzindo-o a busca de eficiência, eficácia e satisfação do usuário. Encontram-se presentes, nos diversos capítulos, todas as instruções iniciais orientadoras das pesquisas além da tabulação dos resultados obtidos. As conclusões indicam que o caminho percorrido conduziu à produção da ferramenta eletrônica desejada a qual, mesmo que ainda passível de aperfeiçoamentos, permite sua implantação imediata. / This work presents the stages and tasks carried through the construction of a web site as a way for the diffusion of the fire safety concepts. The web site deals with the norms of Saint Paul State Fire Department (SPFD) of its regulation, and was limited, itself, to the cases dealt by the Simplified Technical Project (STP), which enclose, briefly, construction with raised floor with up 6 meters high and construction area up to 750 square meters. The point of this web site is to allow architects through its navigation, to get all necessary information to enable them to fulfill the norms and legalize their construction with SPFD. The text presents a historical summary of the evolution of the SPFD legislation, describes the STP with his composition and printed matters, consolidate the pertinent regulation to the treated cases by this procedure, develops blocks diagrams of the flow of the necessary information for the implantation of the web site, also tells the results of the field research indicating its necessity, plus perfection research of the web site with two versions: the first one, that pursued the collect of suggestions and perceptions of errors, and the second one, leading to efficiency search, effectiveness and user satisfaction. There are in several chapters all the initial instructions that oriented the researches well as the tabulation of the gotten results. The conclusion indicate the covered way lead to the production of the desiderate electronic tool, witch, even still possible more development, allow its immediate implantation.

The purpose of this study is to develop an approach that considers fire as a load in the design of structures. Recent studies of the full-scale fire tests in Cardington, UK and the World Trade Centre collapse have shown that the behaviour of steel structures in fire when assembled into a frame differs from that measured or predicted by fire testing of individual structural elements, revealing the importance of accounting for realistic fire loads in the design of structures and the potential inadequacy of fire testing individual elements as employed by current building codes. Yet, there has been limited basic research and development to allow consideration of fire as a load in the analysis and design of structures. In response to this much needed work, this thesis develops an approach to include fire as a load in the analysis of a 2-bay by 2-storey structure when a semi-rigid connection is exposed to thermal loads typical of those that might be encountered during a real fire. The structural fire analysis is principally based on incorporating moment-rotation-temperature data for the connection, as found in archival literature, into a structural analysis software package developed at the University of Waterloo. The software employs a modified Displacement Method for analyzing structures, which involves the computation of stiffness reduction factors that represent the deterioration of strength of the structural elements as they are subjected to various loads. By modifying the moment-rotation-temperature data for a semi-rigid connection into a form recognized by the software, a fire load is simulated by incrementally elevating the temperature of the affected steel connection. In this way, a fragility analysis of the entire structure under fire load is conducted. A series of example calculations are presented for cases in which the semi-rigid connection is exposed to increasing temperatures of 20°C, 200°C, 400°C and 600°C. The analysis showed that as the connection is heated, it is weakened, and the steel structure undergoes a redistribution of moments from the heated connection to other non-heated elements within the framework, which is essentially a form of fire-resistance of the assembled structure that unassembled members in isolation do not have. The study also demonstrated that the experimental moment-rotation-temperature data reported in archival literature can be incorporated into the structural analysis, and that additional force-deformation data obtained from further experimental work or through finite-element analyses would allow the study to be extended to analyze the effects of fire loading on other structural elements of an assembled framework. To demonstrate the link between the predicted structural response at different temperatures and the development of a compartment fire, a fire modelling analysis is also performed.

Two separate heat transfer problems that involve jet flows impinging on a reacting target are studied through modeling and experimentation. The first system is an ablating carbon-carbon specimen exposed to high heat fluxes from an oxy-acetylene torch which has applications in atmospheric re-entry vehicles. The second system involves the penetration of hot gases into the void space in a compartment. The fire protection stands to benefit from knowledge of this system, both in building component design and informing firefighting personnel. Both problems can be modeled as a jet flow impinging on a flat surface where hot gases from the jet lead to primarily convective heat transfer. Ablation experiments are outlined and a theoretical framework is developed. A serial inversion technique is tested for predicting the recession rate observed in the experiments. A novel inversion technique that takes advantage of parallel computing is developed to circumvent the shortcomings of the serial technique. These techniques are then compared to synthetically generated and experimental data for different data streams and error signals. Compartment-scale experiments were conducted to test hot gas penetration into void spaces. Anecdotal evidence was observed outside of the intended test section prompting further investigation into the mechanics of ignition in void spaces. A theoretical framework is established to predict possibility of ignition under varied environmental factors. A leakage-scale experiment is constructed to gain insight into conditions that result in ignition of materials in void spaces. / text

The purpose of this study is to develop an approach that considers fire as a load in the design of structures. Recent studies of the full-scale fire tests in Cardington, UK and the World Trade Centre collapse have shown that the behaviour of steel structures in fire when assembled into a frame differs from that measured or predicted by fire testing of individual structural elements, revealing the importance of accounting for realistic fire loads in the design of structures and the potential inadequacy of fire testing individual elements as employed by current building codes. Yet, there has been limited basic research and development to allow consideration of fire as a load in the analysis and design of structures. In response to this much needed work, this thesis develops an approach to include fire as a load in the analysis of a 2-bay by 2-storey structure when a semi-rigid connection is exposed to thermal loads typical of those that might be encountered during a real fire. The structural fire analysis is principally based on incorporating moment-rotation-temperature data for the connection, as found in archival literature, into a structural analysis software package developed at the University of Waterloo. The software employs a modified Displacement Method for analyzing structures, which involves the computation of stiffness reduction factors that represent the deterioration of strength of the structural elements as they are subjected to various loads. By modifying the moment-rotation-temperature data for a semi-rigid connection into a form recognized by the software, a fire load is simulated by incrementally elevating the temperature of the affected steel connection. In this way, a fragility analysis of the entire structure under fire load is conducted. A series of example calculations are presented for cases in which the semi-rigid connection is exposed to increasing temperatures of 20°C, 200°C, 400°C and 600°C. The analysis showed that as the connection is heated, it is weakened, and the steel structure undergoes a redistribution of moments from the heated connection to other non-heated elements within the framework, which is essentially a form of fire-resistance of the assembled structure that unassembled members in isolation do not have. The study also demonstrated that the experimental moment-rotation-temperature data reported in archival literature can be incorporated into the structural analysis, and that additional force-deformation data obtained from further experimental work or through finite-element analyses would allow the study to be extended to analyze the effects of fire loading on other structural elements of an assembled framework. To demonstrate the link between the predicted structural response at different temperatures and the development of a compartment fire, a fire modelling analysis is also performed.

Thesis (M. App. Sc.)--Carleton University. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 228-236). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (M. App. Sc.)--Carleton University, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 322-325). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Ο συνεχώς αυξανόμενος κλάδος των ασύρματων δικτύων αισθητήρων συνδυάζει αρμονικά την επιστήμη των μικροϋπολογιστών με την επιστήμη των τηλεπικοινωνιών με έναν κοινό στόχο. Ο στόχος αυτός είναι η υλοποίηση μίας κατανεμημένης διεργασίας, η οποία περιλαμβάνει μέτρηση σημάτων από αισθητήρες, επεξεργασία της μέτρησης και αποστολή αυτής στο δίκτυο για περαιτέρω επεξεργασία με όσο δυνατόν μεγαλύτερη αξιοπιστία και μικρότερο κόστος σε επεξεργαστική ισχύ και ενέργεια. Οι εφαρμογές που μπορούν να προκύψουν είναι αναρίθμητες και περιορίζονται μόνο από την φαντασία του μηχανικού. Ενδεικτικοί τομείς εφαρμογής είναι η υγεία, τα αμυντικά συστήματα, η βιομηχανία, το περιβάλλον και άλλοι. Στην εργασία αυτή θα επικεντρωθούμε στον τομέα του περιβάλλοντος και πιο συγκεκριμένα στην ανίχνευση δασικών πυρκαγιών. Τα προβλήματα που προκύπτουν και επιβάλλουν επίλυση είναι το πρόβλημα της εύρεσης αξιόπιστης μεθόδου ανίχνευσης πυρκαγιάς και το πρόβλημα της επιλογής κατάλληλου πρωτοκόλλου δρομολόγησης που θα εκπληρώσει το επικοινωνιακό έργο. / --

Brandskyddsprojekteringen i olika projekt sker i dagsläget i 2D-CAD där filerna sparas iPDF-format. Detta framgick från de olika intervjuerna som skedde i samband med rapporten.Detta sätt att projektera på kan göra så att det uppstår olika typer av problem i projektet bådeför brandskyddsprojekteringen och de övriga discipliner som är med och projekterar. Närbrandskyddsprojekteringen inte deltar i att använda 3D-BIM i de olika projekten så försvårassamordningen av modellerna som görs av arkitekten eller BIM-samordnaren. De problem somkan uppstå består även av de möjligheter som inte tas till vara på vid BIM-användning avbrandskyddsprojekteringen. Dessa möjligheter och fördelar kan t.ex. vara ökad förståelse förkoncept och färdig byggnad, minskad tidsåtgång i byggskedet, högre produktivitet ochkvalitet m.fl. [1]. Det finns även möjligheter inriktad till brandskyddsprojekteringen där BIMbland annat underlättar framtagningen av brandskyddsritningar ochlivssäkerhetsystemsritningar.Implementering av BIM i brandskyddsprojekteringen kan ske på olika sätt. Efter delitteraturstudier som gjorts har det kommit fram till att BIM kan implementeras på olika sättgenom att t.ex. ta till vara på de olika förutsättningar som finns i dagsläget. Dessaförutsättningar är olika BIM-programvaror och BIM-kurser som gör det lättare attimplementera BIM för brandskyddsprojekteringen. Det går även att vid upphandling av deolika entreprenadformerna ge förslag och ställa krav på att projekteringen ska ske i BIM iförfrågningsunderlag eller i CAD- och BIM-manualen. Krav och regler kan även ställas avregeringen där ett liknande exempel är i Storbritannien där regeringen krävt byggnads- ochinfrastrukturprojekt att jobba med BIM i nivå 2 sedan April 2016 [2, 3].Boverkets byggregler kan också ställa mer strikta krav när det gäller projekteringen utifrånPBL och PBF där de kan ställa krav på att det ska ske i BIM.Utifrån dessa problem, möjligheter och förutsättningar som finns idag med implementering avBIM i brandskyddsprojekteringen kommer övergången inte att vara lätt och kommer inte attske snarast. Men detta borde göras i och med att BIM utvecklas hela tiden och då kommerövergången från 2D-CAD att bli ännu svårare i framtiden. Därmed bordebrandskyddsprojekteringen och de övriga disciplinerna i byggprocessen sträva att jobba i 3DBIMeftersom att detta nyttjar för alla som är delaktiga i projektet. / Fire protection design in various projects is currently done in 2D-CAD where the files aresaved in PDF format. This was evident from the various interviews that took place inconnection with the report. This way of designing can cause various types of problems in theproject that occur for both the fire protection design and the others disciplines involved in thedesigning. When the fire protection design does not participate in using 3D-BIM in theprojects, collaboration of the models made by the architect or the BIM coordinator willcomplicate. The problems that may arise also consist of the possibilities not taken for BIMuse of the fire protection design. These opportunities and benefits can for example be a betterunderstanding of concepts and completed building, reduced time spent in the constructionphase, higher productivity and quality etc. [1]. There are also possibilities for the fireprotection design, where BIM facilitates the production of the fire protection plans and lifesecuritysystem drawings.Implementation of BIM in the fire protection design can be done in different ways. Followingthe literature studies, it has come to conclusion that BIM can be implemented in differentways for example by taking advantage of the various conditions that exist today. Theseconditions include different BIM software and BIM courses that makes it easier to implementBIM for the fire protection design. It is also possible to make proposals for the design of BIMin the specifications or in the CAD- and BIM manuals when procuring the various types ofcontractors. Requirements and rules can also be set by the government where a similarexample where made in the UK where the government demanded construction andinfrastructure projects to work with BIM at level 2 since April 2016 [2, 3].Boverkets byggregler can also make stricter requirements regarding the design by PBL andPBF, where they can demand that it should be done in BIM. Based on these problems,opportunities and conditions that exist today with the implementation of BIM in the fireprotection design, the transition will not be easy and will not be happening soon. But thisshould be done as BIM evolves all the time and then the transition from 2D CAD will be evenmore difficult in the future. Therefore, the fire protection design and the other disciplines inthe construction process should aim to work in 3D-BIM, as this is useful to all those who areinvolved in the project.

Epoxy intumescent coatings are fire protection systems for steel structural elements that are widely used in applications that protection from severe hydrocarbon fires is required, such as oil and gas facilities. These polymer coatings react upon heating and expand into a thick porous char layer that insulates the protected steel element. In the typical fire scenarios for these applications, the intumescent coatings must resist very high heat fluxes and highly erosive forces from ignited pressurised gases. Hence, continuous fibre reinforcement is embedded in the thick epoxy coating during installation, so as to ensure the integrity of the weak intumesced char during fire exposure. This reinforcement is typically in the form of a bidirectional carbon and/or glass fibre mesh, thus under normal service conditions a fibre-reinforced intumescent coating (FRIC) is essentially a lightly fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite material. This thesis examines the impacts of embedded high strength fibres on the tensile behaviour of epoxy intumescent materials in their unreacted state prior to fire exposure, and the potential enhancements that arise in the structural performance of elements protected with FRICs. An experimental programme is presented comprising tensile coupon tests of unreacted intumescent epoxies, reinforced with different fibre meshes at various fibre volume fractions. It is demonstrated that the tensile properties of FRICs can be enhanced considerably by including increasing amounts of carbon fibre reinforcement aligned in the principal loading direction, which can be tailored in the desired orientation on the coated structural members to enhance their load carrying capacity and/or deformability. An experimental study is presented on coated intact and artificially damaged I-beams (simulating steel losses from corrosion) tested in bending, demonstrating that FRICs can enhance the flexural response of the beams after yielding of steel, until the tensile rupture of the coatings. An analytical procedure for predicting the flexural behaviour of the coated beams is discussed and validated against the obtained test results, whereas a parametric analysis is performed based on this analytical model to assess the effect of various parameters on the strengthening efficiency of FRICs. The results of this analysis demonstrate that it is feasible to increase the flexural load capacity of thin sections considerably utilising the flexural strength gains from FRICs. Finally, a novel application is proposed in this thesis for FRICs as a potential system for structural strengthening or retrofitting reinforced concrete and concrete-encased steel columns by lateral confinement. An experimental study is presented on the axial compressive behaviour of short, plain concrete and concrete-encased structural steel columns that are wrapped in the hoop direction with FRICs. The results clearly show that epoxy intumescent coatings reinforced with a carbon fibre mesh of suitable weight can provide lateral confinement to the concrete core resisting its lateral dilation, thus resulting in considerable enhancements of the axial strength and deformability of concrete. The observed strengthening performance of the composite protective coatings is found to be at least as good as that of FRP wraps consisting of the same fibre reinforcement mesh and a conventional, non-intumescent epoxy resin. The predictive ability of existing design-oriented FRP confinement models is compared against the experimental results, and is found to be reasonably precise in predicting the peak strength of the tested columns, hence existing models appear to be suitable for design and analysis of column strengthening schemes with the proposed novel FRIC system. The research presented herein shows clearly that FRICs have a strong potential as alternative systems for consideration in the field of structural strengthening and rehabilitation, since they can provide substantial enhancements in the load carrying capacity for both applications considered. At the same time FRICs can thermally protect the underlying structural elements in the event of a fire, by intumescing and charring, thus potentially eliminating the need for additional passive fire protection that is common with conventional fire-rated FRP wrapping systems. Although this thesis provides a proof-of-concept for use of the proposed novel FRICs as structural strengthening materials, considerable additional research is particularly required to study their fire protection performance when applied to concrete substrates, to make use of the proposed hybrid functionality with confidence.

Este trabalho estabelece critérios para avaliar a resistência ao fogo de tubulações fabricadas com compostos vinílicos, com diferentes teores de cloro, para os sistemas prediais de chuveiros automáticos, verificando o relacionamento entre os resultados obtidos nos ensaios realizados em trechos de tubulações pressurizados e submetidos a uma elevação de temperatura e os resultados observados nos ensaios realizados em tubulações em escala real exposta diretamente às chamas, simulando uma situação de incêndio. Assim, nos ensaios em trechos de tubulações ocorreu um aumento da resistência ao fogo proporcional ao aumento do teor de cloro dos compostos; nos ensaios em tubulações em escala real observou-se que corpos-deprova com tubos vinílicos grau a partir de 64 (grau este relacionado ao teor de cloro) suportam as condições de exposição ao fogo; a relação entre os ensaios mostrou que tubulações fabricadas com um composto vinílico com resistência a partir de 110 segundos de exposição ao fogo, no ensaio em trechos de tubulações, suportam também as condições estabelecidas no ensaio em escala real. Isto indicou a possibilidade de se utilizar o ensaio em trechos de tubulações para avaliar, preliminarmente, a capacidade dos materiais em resistir ao fogo, antes de serem submetidos ao ensaio em escala real, pois este apresenta maiores custos envolvidos e maiores dificuldades na sua execução. / This work establishes standards to evaluate the fire resistance of the piping manufactured with vinyl compounds, with different chlorine contents, for buildings sprinklers systems, verifying the relation amongst the results obtained with pressured small sections of piping and submitted to a temperature rise, and the results obtained from the real scale tests, simulating a fire situation with the samples in real scale were exposed to the flames. Therefore, in the small sections of piping tests an increase of the fire resistance proportional to the chlorine content of the compositions increases occurred; in the real scale tests observed that the piping with degree starting from 64 (degree related with to the chlorine contents) per cent supports the exposition to the flames; the relation between the tests showed that piping manufactured with vinyl compounds with fire resistance starting from 110 seconds of the small sections of piping tests, also supports the established conditions in the real scale tests. It was shown the possibility to employ the reduced scale test to evaluate, previously, the fire resistance of the materials previous to the real scale tests, which is more expensive and shows bigger difficulties to be done.