Sustainable Building Design and Engineering is an integrated approach to energy, health, and operational performance. Abu Dhabi, the capital of United Arab Emirates (UAE) is experiencing a phenomenal growth in built environment. In this context, the Abu Dhabi Government has taken initiatives and measures to sustainable building designs development. This research aimed to develop a guideline for the application of performance- based fire-engineering design with sustainable building designs. In addition, it builds a referral information base helping to build sustainable communities, where fire- related fatalities and risks mitigated. Identifying fire safety and sustainability relation, and assessing technical and regulatory challenges with performance-based designs (PBD) in buildings are also part of this study. It also investigated current practices in sustainable building design and fire safety measures applied by Abu Dhabi Civil Defence (ADCD) under the existing construction legislations. The overall results of the study addressed three main areas, namely, sustainability, fire safety, and legality of the construction industry in Abu Dhabi. The data obtained from the case studies, the questionnaire and face-to-face interviews revealed a strong element of misunderstanding regarding the accurate definition of sustainable building design in Abu Dhabi especially among the stakeholders, including the enforcers. This is by pushing towards sustainable design concepts and technologies without taking into consideration the effects on fire safety level from one side and misunderstanding of the local conditions that shape a local definition for building sustainability in Abu Dhabi hot humid climate. Second, the results relating to fire safety measures in Abu Dhabi showed that some factors in the sector of fire safety seemed to affect the accurate application of Performance- Based Design (PBD). These factors were considered as technical and administrative challenges facing the application of PBD and its safety level. Third, the existing local construction legislation and regulations do not support the application of sustainable building design in innovative designs that implementing fire engineering approach. This includes the lack of legislation, disintegration of requirements between building regulators and absence of law enforcement on building owners. The overall findings of this study showed that the application of fire engineering in the innovative sustainable design under the existing construction legislations and culture could have some serious issues to overcome before achieving accepted safety level. In conclusion, there is a common perception that application of sustainable building design can increase fire safety risk. Innovative fire engineering applications compromises on sustainability and vice-versa. A number of similar studies in Abu Dhabi have shown reduction in fire safety on applying performance- based designs. These are challenging issues with the Governments and they are concerned with the local authorities. The building industries in Abu Dhabi need guidelines to find a trade-off between fire safety and sustainability with application of performance based designs.

O trabalho apresenta as etapas e os trabalhos realizados para a construção de um sitio eletrônico como um caminho para a difusão da segurança contra incêndio. O sítio trata das normas do Corpo de Bombeiros de São Paulo, de sua Regulamentação, e se limitou aos casos tratados pelo Projeto Técnico Simplificado (PTS), os quais abrangem, resumidamente, edificações com piso mais elevado com até seis metros de altura e área construída até setecentos e cinqüenta metros quadrados. O objetivo desse sítio é o de permitir ao arquiteto, através sua navegação, obter todas as informações necessárias que o capacitem a cumprir essa regulamentação e legalizar essas edificações junto ao Corpo de Bombeiros de São Paulo. O texto apresenta um resumo histórico da evolução da legislação do Corpo de Bombeiros de São Paulo, descreve o Projeto Técnico Simplificado, com sua composição e impressos, consolida a regulamentação pertinente aos casos tratados por esse procedimento, desenvolve diagramas de bloco do fluxo das informações necessárias para a implantação do sítio, e relata os resultados de pesquisa de campo indicando sua necessidade, mais pesquisa de aperfeiçoamento do sítio, com duas versões: a primeira que buscou a coleta de sugestões e percepção de erros, e a segunda, conduzindo-o a busca de eficiência, eficácia e satisfação do usuário. Encontram-se presentes, nos diversos capítulos, todas as instruções iniciais orientadoras das pesquisas além da tabulação dos resultados obtidos. As conclusões indicam que o caminho percorrido conduziu à produção da ferramenta eletrônica desejada a qual, mesmo que ainda passível de aperfeiçoamentos, permite sua implantação imediata. / This work presents the stages and tasks carried through the construction of a web site as a way for the diffusion of the fire safety concepts. The web site deals with the norms of Saint Paul State Fire Department (SPFD) of its regulation, and was limited, itself, to the cases dealt by the Simplified Technical Project (STP), which enclose, briefly, construction with raised floor with up 6 meters high and construction area up to 750 square meters. The point of this web site is to allow architects through its navigation, to get all necessary information to enable them to fulfill the norms and legalize their construction with SPFD. The text presents a historical summary of the evolution of the SPFD legislation, describes the STP with his composition and printed matters, consolidate the pertinent regulation to the treated cases by this procedure, develops blocks diagrams of the flow of the necessary information for the implantation of the web site, also tells the results of the field research indicating its necessity, plus perfection research of the web site with two versions: the first one, that pursued the collect of suggestions and perceptions of errors, and the second one, leading to efficiency search, effectiveness and user satisfaction. There are in several chapters all the initial instructions that oriented the researches well as the tabulation of the gotten results. The conclusion indicate the covered way lead to the production of the desiderate electronic tool, witch, even still possible more development, allow its immediate implantation.

Thesis (M. Div.)--Grace Theological Seminary, 1987. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 58-66).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 1973. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 121-123). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center.

Thesis (M.S.)--Ohio State University. / Bibliography: leaf 67. Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

In chapter 2, a description of compartment fire physics is given. The development of fires in enclosures is explained and the main physical phenomena are described (rate of heat release, fire plume, vent flow, heat transfer to partitions...). The analytical models and correlations most widely used to model these phenomena are given. The first part of chapter 3 is a review of the existing compartment fire models, from the well-known nominal fire curves to the most sophisticated computational fluid dynamic fire models. Analyses of some of these models are made and the needs for improvements are pointed out in the second part of chapter 3. The description of the zone model developed in this work is given in chapters 4, focused on the formulation of the model. In chapter 5, the different fire scenarios in relation with the model are presented as well as their impact on the design of structural steel elements. Comparisons of the compartment fire model included in OZone with full scale fire tests are presented in chapter 6. These comparisons enable to assess the code and to define some limits beyond which the code is not able to predict reasonably the fire course. Finally in chapter 7, the new parametric fire curves developed by the author are presented.

The recruitment trends of whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engel.) were investigated in 18 recently burned stands in the Canadian Rockies and the North Cascades. Whitebark pine recruitment in recently burned stands (fires < 60 years prior) was compared to that on paired control stands (no recent fire) to determine if fire was necessary for successful recruitment. Recruitment in recently burned stands was compared with ecological and seed source variables. Along a chronosequence, whitebark pine recruitment was compared with precipitation and with Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Field sampling consisted of systematic plots established in sampling grids in both burned and control stands. In each plot ecological data was collected as was data regarding whitebark pine age, height, and disease status. Recent fire was not found to be a requirement for recruitment. Both distance to and size of seed source were important predictors of whitebark pine recruitment. Whitebark pine regeneration densities were low on warm steep rocky sites. High whitebark pine recruitment on cooler aspects suggested that whitebark pine could establish on cooler sites when competition was removed by fire. Most stands were composed of mixed conifers, but only lodgepole pine appeared to limit the growth of whitebark pine. Whitebark pine recruitment was episodic on all stands, and recruitment years were correlated among many stands separated by large distances. Episodic recruitment may be due to more than cone masting as recruitment in several stands was also correlated with growing season precipitation and positive PDO values, which may increase the length of growing season. A logistic regression model suggested that infection by white pine blister rust is most likely on older seedlings. The percentage of whitebark pine trees infected by white pine blister rust on a site increased with time since fire. Prescribed fires and wildfires should address retention of whitebark pine seed trees on site. Fires that remove competition from mesic-submesic stands may result in the most rapid recruitment of whitebark pine. With the exception of stands heavily stocked with lodgepole pine, all recently burned stands in this study would benefit from increased stocking of whitebark pine by planting.

The recruitment trends of whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engel.) were investigated in 18 recently burned stands in the Canadian Rockies and the North Cascades. Whitebark pine recruitment in recently burned stands (fires < 60 years prior) was compared to that on paired control stands (no recent fire) to determine if fire was necessary for successful recruitment. Recruitment in recently burned stands was compared with ecological and seed source variables. Along a chronosequence, whitebark pine recruitment was compared with precipitation and with Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Field sampling consisted of systematic plots established in sampling grids in both burned and control stands. In each plot ecological data was collected as was data regarding whitebark pine age, height, and disease status. Recent fire was not found to be a requirement for recruitment. Both distance to and size of seed source were important predictors of whitebark pine recruitment. Whitebark pine regeneration densities were low on warm steep rocky sites. High whitebark pine recruitment on cooler aspects suggested that whitebark pine could establish on cooler sites when competition was removed by fire. Most stands were composed of mixed conifers, but only lodgepole pine appeared to limit the growth of whitebark pine. Whitebark pine recruitment was episodic on all stands, and recruitment years were correlated among many stands separated by large distances. Episodic recruitment may be due to more than cone masting as recruitment in several stands was also correlated with growing season precipitation and positive PDO values, which may increase the length of growing season. A logistic regression model suggested that infection by white pine blister rust is most likely on older seedlings. The percentage of whitebark pine trees infected by white pine blister rust on a site increased with time since fire. Prescribed fires and wildfires should address retention of whitebark pine seed trees on site. Fires that remove competition from mesic-submesic stands may result in the most rapid recruitment of whitebark pine. With the exception of stands heavily stocked with lodgepole pine, all recently burned stands in this study would benefit from increased stocking of whitebark pine by planting.

Full-scale experiments are conducted to study the effects of different water-based indirect and combination initial attack methods on the compartment environment and firefighter during compartment fire suppression, with an aim toward improving manual fire suppression effectiveness and firefighter safety. Hot layer temperatures typical of room fire conditions are developed in the test compartment using wood cribs. Five suppression methods including straight stream, penciling, continuous wide and narrow fog, and a wide angle burst method are examined for two different spray angles and nozzle pressures. Temperatures, heat flux, gas velocity, and gas concentrations are monitored for the duration of each experiment in the fire compartment, along with temperatures and gas concentrations in the area of the firefighter, just outside the compartment. Realistic fire conditions are repeatedly established in the test compartment, with each fuel load allowing up to nine suppression applications per fire. The repeatability of the compartment temperatures are demonstrated by the consistent hot layer temperature stratification in the room, along with the uniformity of the hot layer throughout a test, and the consistency of the temperature from test to test. The repeatability of each suppression method is also demonstrated by comparing results of compartment cooling achieved in repeat tests. Differences in average compartment temperature before and during suppression indicate that penciling tactics provide little cooling of the compartment. In narrow fog attacks, the hot layer is pushed toward the floor, resulting in increased temperatures in the lower layer, generally an undesired result. Wide angle fog methods may have greater impact on compartment temperature as compared to straight stream or narrow fog methods, however, they also result in large increases in temperature at the firefighter. Wide angle burst tactics less effectively cool the compartment gases than continuous methods, but also lead to less impact on the firefighter. Greater numbers of bursts increase cooling of the compartment, but at the expense of increased impact on the firefighter. Including impact on the firefighter, continuous straight stream methods, at a nozzle discharge pressure of 700 kPa and aimed to the top of the rear compartment wall, appear the best choice for initial attack on the fire developed in these experiments. Due to variability between real fire scenarios and experiments such as these, significantly more study of the various suppression tactics is required before the most effective methods of suppression can be determined for a given set of fire scenarios.

No description available.