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Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία ασχολείται με την αποτύπωση των συστημάτων πυρασφάλειας και πυρόσβεσης του κτηρίου Προκλινικών Λειτουργιών της Ιατρικής Σχολής του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών. Η αποτύπωση θα γίνει μέσω ηλεκτρονικού υπολογιστή με το σχεδιαστικό πρόγραμμα AutoCAD. Στο Κεφάλαιο 1 γίνεται μια αναφορά σε βασικές έννοιες της πυρκαγιάς, του τρόπου που δημιουργείται, των μέσων κατάσβεσης και μια πρώτη αναφορά στην έννοια της πυροπροστασίας. Στο Κεφάλαιο 2 αναλύεται η παθητική πυροπροστασία. Στα Κεφάλαια 3-6 αναλύεται η ενεργητική πυροπροστασία και αναφέρονται οι τεχνικές περιγραφές και ο τρόπος εγκατάστασης των συστημάτων. Στο κεφάλαιο 7 γίνεται μια αναφορά στους κανονισμούς ηλεκτρικών εγκαταστάσεων, στην νομοθεσία και τα πρότυπα με τα οποία γίνεται η μελέτη πυροπροστασίας. Στο κεφάλαιο 8 γίνεται αναφορά στο σχεδιαστικό πρόγραμμα AutoCAD που χρησιμοποιήθηκε για την εκπόνηση της εργασίας. Στο κεφάλαιο 9 παρουσιάζεται η μελέτη ενεργητικής πυροπροστασίας. Στο κεφάλαιο 10 παρουσιάζεται η αποτύπωση των συστημάτων πυροπροστασίας και τα σχέδια του κτηρίου. / The present diplomatic work deals with the imprinting of systems of fire safety and firefighting of building Pro - clinic of Operations of Medical School of University Patras. The imprinting will become via computer with the program AutoCAD. In Chapter 1 become a report in basic significances of fire, the way that are created, the means of extinguishment and a first report in the significance of fire safety. In Chapter 2 is analyzed the passive fire safety. In Chapters 3-6 is analyzed the energetic fire safety and is reported the technical descriptions and the way of installation of systems. In Chapter 7 becomes a report in the regulations of electric installations, in the legislation and the models with which becomes the study of fire safety. In Chapter 8 becomes report in the program AutoCAD that was used for the development of work. In Chapter 9 is presented the study of energetic fire safety. In Chapter 10 is presented the imprinting of systems of fire safety and the drawings of building.

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία έχει ως αντικείμενο την αποτύπωση και την σχεδίαση των εγκαταστάσεων Πυρασφάλειας και Πυρόσβεσης των κτηρίων των Ηλεκτρολόγων Μηχανικών και Τεχνολογίας Υπολογιστών. Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο, αναλύονται οι βασικές έννοιες της Πυρκαγιάς, με σκοπό την πλήρη κατανόηση του φαινομένου αυτού. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο γίνεται αναφορά στην παθητική και ενεργητική πυροπροστασία των κτηρίων όπου περιγράφονται οι τρόποι πυροπροστασίας και όλα τα μέσα πυρανίχνευσης και πυρόσβεσης που χρησιμοποιούνται σήμερα καθώς και τα κριτήρια επιλογής τους. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο, αποτυπώνονται οι εγκαταστάσεις πυρασφάλειας και πυρόσβεσης των κτηρίων του Τμήματος Ηλεκτρολόγων Μηχανικών και Τεχνολογίας Υπολογιστών. Στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο, αναλύεται η χρήση του ηλεκτρονικού υπολογιστή και συγκεκριμένα του προγράμματος AutoCAD 2010 στη σχεδίαση των εγκαταστάσεων πυρασφάλειας. Τέλος, στο πέμπτο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζεται η ενεργητική μελέτη πυρασφάλειας των κτηρίων του Τμήματος Ηλεκτρολόγων Μηχανικών & Τεχνολογίας Υπολογιστών. / --

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία ασχολείται με την αποτύπωση των συστημάτων πυρασφάλειας και πυρόσβεσης του κτηρίου Μηχανολόγων Μηχανικών του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών. Η αποτύπωση θα γίνει μέσω ηλεκτρονικού υπολογιστή με χρήση του σχεδιαστικού προγράμματος AutoCAD. Στο Κεφάλαιο 1 γίνεται μια αναφορά σε βασικές έννοιες της πυρκαγιάς, του τρόπου που δημιουργείται, των μέσων κατάσβεσης και μια πρώτη αναφορά στην έννοια της πυροπροστασίας. Στο Κεφάλαιο 2 παρουσιάζεται και αναλύεται η παθητική πυροπροστασία. Στα Κεφάλαια 3-6 αναλύεται η ενεργητική πυροπροστασία και αναφέρονται οι τεχνικές περιγραφές και ο τρόπος εγκατάστασης των συστημάτων. Στο κεφάλαιο 7 γίνεται αναφορά στο σχεδιαστικό πρόγραμμα AutoCAD που χρησιμοποιήθηκε για την εκπόνηση της εργασίας. Στο κεφάλαιο 8 παρουσιάζεται η αποτύπωση των συστημάτων πυροπροστασίας και τα σχέδια του κτηρίου. / This diplomatic work deals with the stamping of fire and extinguishing systems of the building Mechanical Engineering of the university of Patras. The stamping will be done through computer use of program design AutoCAD. In Chapter 1 is a reference to a basic concepts of fire, the way in which created, of the instruments extinguishing and a first reference to the concept of fire. In Chapter 2 presented and analyzed the passive fire protection. In Chapters 3-6 analyzes the active fire protection and referred to in the technical descriptions and the way of systems installation. In Chapter 7 reference is made in the design program AutoCAD used for the work. In Chapter 8 presented the stamping of fire protection systems and plans of the building.

Fire incidents are a central issue in Saudi civil defence. Despite detailed regulation concerning firefighting equipment dealing with dwelling fires, fires occur frequently. Globally, research on dwelling fire safety is relatively new. Most studies focus on human factors, incidence and causal issues. Few studies examine management or policy-making perspectives towards managing these individual agents. Thus, a detailed study on understanding the management of these factors for dwelling fires is long overdue. The study uses an inductive approach to investigate key management issues in reducing dwelling fires in Saudi Arabia. This qualitative study consisted of twelve indepth semi-structured interviews and four focus groups with senior managers of the Civil Defence Division dealing with fire safety. A sustainability-based framework is developed to map the critical issues in generating a long-term planning solution to policy and management of fire hazard and risk in Saudi Arabia. Critical drivers of this sustainability approach are good management, regulation, governance practices: especially accountability and transparency; reduction of tribalism, bureaucracy, and burns unit efficiency. However, given the modern environment of communications, information technology and communications, and in particular public education, are viewed as important mediators between drivers and sustainability. The critical role of knowledge generation is also positioned as a mediator. The framework proposed is a paradigm shift from merely managing fire incidents on a case by case basis to a proactive risk reduction strategy. This represents an original solution to managing fire hazards at a national level and an important contribution to the fire management literature.

The use of fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) as an internal reinforcement for concrete has many advantages over steel, most notably lack of corrosion which is considered to be a major problem for structures incorporating steel. In Europe alone, it is estimated that the annual repairing and maintenance costs associated with steel corrosion in infrastructure are around £20 billion (Nadjai et al., 2005). Despite of its corrosion resistance, the widespread use of FRP as an internal reinforcement for concrete was hindered due to its relatively weak performance at elevated temperatures, such as in the event of fire. Under heating, the polymer matrix in FRP softens, which causes bond degrading between reinforcement and concrete. The softening of polymer matrices occurs around their glass transition temperatures, which is typically in the range of 65– 150 °C. The sensitivity of FRP bond to temperature is recognised in design guidelines, therefore many advise against utilising FRP as an internal reinforcement for concrete in structures where fire performance is critical. On the other hand, fibres, the other component of FRP, can tolerate temperatures much higher than polymer matrices. This research investigates a new design for FRP internal reinforcement, which exploits the fact that the FRP fibres in general and carbon fibres in particular are capable of sustaining a large proportion of their original strength at high temperatures. Instead of the traditional way of using separate bars, FRP reinforcement was made as closed loops produced through the continuous winding of carbon fibre tows. When the surface bond degrades at elevated temperatures, interaction with concrete can still be provided through bearing at loop ends. The concept of FRP loops was investigated through a series of experimental work. Firstly, the performance of carbon FRP (CFRP) loops was evaluated through a series of push-off tests in which specimens consisting of CFRP loops bridging two concrete cubes were tested in pull-out using hydraulic jacks. Specimens with straight and hooked reinforcement were produced as well for comparison. A total number of 18 specimens were tested at ambient temperature, glass transition temperature (Tg), and above Tg. Results showed that while at ambient temperature there was no distinction in performance. At elevated temperatures, CFRP loops developed strength about three times higher than specimens with straight or hooked bars. Also, while failure mode occurred due to de-bond in the case of straight and hooked reinforcement, rupture failure occurred with CFRP loops. For better demonstration of the concept in more realistic conditions, four-point bending tests were conducted upon 28 beam specimens reinforced either with CFRP loops or straight bars as flexural reinforcement. Beams were tested under monotonic loading at ambient temperature, or under sustained loads with localised heating over the midspan region that contained the reinforcement overlaps. The benefit of CFRP loops became evident in the elevated temperature tests. Beam specimens with spliced straight bars failed due to debonding after a short period (up to 15 minutes) of fire exposure. Conversely, the fire endurance increased four to five times when CFRP loop reinforcement was used. Unlike straight bars, debonding failure was avoided as failure occurred due to reinforcement rupture. The overlap length of the CFRP loops was found to be important in the order for the loop to develop full capacity. Premature failure can occur with short overlap length due to shear off concrete within the overlap zone. The presence of transverse reinforcement increases confinement levels for reinforcement, so the bond failure of straight bars at ambient temperature testing was eliminated when stirrups were provided. However, at elevated temperatures straight bars failed by pull-out even in presence of transverse reinforcement. To facilitate design with CFRP loops, a numerical analysis tool was developed to calculate the bond stress-slip response of reinforcement at ambient and elevated temperatures. A Matlab programme was designed based on a one-dimensional analytical model for steel. The bond law was modified to be used for CFRP reinforcement. Other analytical models from the literature to account for bond degradation with temperature and tensile strength of curved FRP were also utilised. The developed Matlab code has the capability of producing slip, axial stress, and bond stress distribution along reinforcement. The novel FRP loop reinforcement was demonstrated to be a promising solution for enhancing the fire performance of CFRP internal reinforcement at elevated temperatures. It contributes to removing a major obstacle preventing widespread use of FRP-reinforced concrete, and paves the way for CFRP reinforcement to be used in situations where fire performance is critical.

Throughout the Central Hardwoods, fire return interval dramatically increased during the period of Euro-American settlement. Fire was used as a tool for clearing land and improving forage for grazing. The Shoal Creek study site is located in Jackson County, Illinois, 8 km southwest of Murphysboro. Shoal Creek is situated at the northern extent of the Illinois Ozark Hills, classified as a Subsection of the Ozark Highlands Section. The region is unglaciated and loess caps are 10 m deep on the ridgetops and 1-3 m deep on side slopes. Results show the site was frequently burned (MFI=2.95) from 1887 to 1946 during post-settlement. Fire waned from the site in the 1930's and the last major fire occurred in 1946. By this time, Shawnee National Forest had become established in southern Illinois and fire suppression was the preferred management technique. Thirty three fire scarred Quercus-Carya cross sections were opportunistically sampled from a southwest aspect. Cross sections were sanded to 600 grit and skeleton plots were used to determine signature years for cross-dating purposes. Year and seasonality of individual fire scars, and approximate pith date were determined for each sample to be utilized in FHX2. Recruitment history revealed that overstory oak-hickory species established under favorable conditions in the early 20th century. Timber was harvested from the site around 1900 and intense fires followed for the next 30 yrs. A small pulse of Acer-Fagus germinated as fire frequency decreased on-site during the 1930's and a significant pulse established immediately after the last recorded fire in 1946. Superposed epoch analysis (SEA) determines the influence of immediate weather patterns and overall climate trends surrounding fire event years. SEA was run to compare fire event years at Shoal Creek with PDSI climate reconstructions. For the 95% confidence interval, there was not a significant association between fire and climate. In the Central Hardwoods, lightning is associated with rainstorms and fires burn in both dry years and wet years so the relationship between fire and climate is not strong. The Shoal Creek study site will be compared with the Sugar Creek study site (located in the Shawnee Hills) to see if similarities in the historical fire regime and recruitment exist between the two physiographic provinces. If rehabilitation of oak-hickory dominated forest stands is the management objective, the results of this study will aid in fire cycle planning of frequency and seasonality. Managers may consider the MFI for rehabilitation burns, and range of fire intervals for long-term maintenance burns. However, prescribed burns are not the only answer for managers. Fire must be used in accordance with silvicultural techniques that mimic natural disturbance regimes such as TSI and shelterwood harvests which create large overstory gaps suitable for oak-hickory recruitment.

Fire is the most significant natural disturbance agent in the MSdm biogeoclimatic subzone and has a determinant role in the dynamics of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta ssp. latifolia Engelm.ex S.Wats.) dominated forests. Fire severity is a controversial term that usually refers to a qualitative measure of the fire effects on soil and vegetation and ultimately on ecosystem sustainability. The main objective of the thesis was to evaluate methods for quantifying and modelling the effects of fire severity on live biomass and dead organic matter and post-fire coarse woody debris (CWD) dynamics. A review of the representation of fire in models was conducted and several of the most commonly used fire models in North America have been described in terms of fire severity representation. The potential for developing the fire severity concept as a fire effects descriptor in an ecosystem management model were assessed. Severity matrices summarizing the probabilities of occurrence for fires of varying severity were constructed for two sites in the MSdm biogeoclimatic subzone of British Columbia, using weather data and past fire records. These matrices provide information to improve fire representation in the ecosystem based model FORECAST by quantifying the effects of fire severity on dead and live biomass components. Although this represents only a preliminary step, the severity matrix approach appears toprovide a viable methodology for improving the representation of fire effects in FORECAST. Patterns of post-fire coarse woody debris (CWD) accumulation were also assessed in the context of model development. Data were collected from a chronosequence of fire affected sites in the MSdm subzone of the TFL 49 Kelowna. The ability of the FORECAST model to simulate accumulation patterns in CWD and soil organic matter and nitrogen following fire was tested by comparing model outputs with field data. The evaluation of the model against chronosequence-derived data highlighted the fact that caution needs to be taken when using such data for model testing. The very slow recruitment pattern for new CWD illustrates the need to retain sources of CWD recruitment following fire by not salvage logging all killed trees and/or surviving live trees. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

The effectiveness of harvesting slash treatments are questionable when wild fires, fuelled by post harvesting slash, burn out of control. In order to quantify effectiveness of various slash treatments, fire behaviour in Pinus patula and Eucalyptus macarthurii compartments in the Highveld area (Piet Retief) of Mpumalanga, South Africa, were assessed after application of five different post-harvesting slash treatments. Treatments included mulching, chopper rolling, windrowing, removal of slash (inter-windrowing) and broadcasting. Independent fuel and environmental variables were measured prior and during application of fire to the study areas and effects on fire behaviour were compared afterwards. Dependant fire behaviour variables such as the rate of spread, fire temperature and flame height were measured in respective slash treatment plots and compared. Results of the study indicated that fire behaviour assessed in mulched areas in both the P. patula and E. macarthurii compartments were significantly less intense when compared to fire behaviour in chopper roll, broadcast and windrow treatments. Fire behaviour in mulched plots compared favourably with areas where harvesting slash was removed (inter-windrow treatment). Comparisons between fuel loads of different treatments also indicated accelerated mineralization of organic material in mulched areas. Mulching of harvesting slash seems to be an effective method to restrict fire behaviour in post-harvesting compartments and should be considered as part of a fire management strategy.

Fire retardant treated timber has been used in interior and exterior building structures to satisfy the legal flammability requirements. Dricon and NCX are two commercial phosphorus-based products sold by Arch Timber Protection. However, modifications to their formulation may be required due to their boron and formaldehyde contents, respectively. This research aimed to acquire an understanding of the effect of a number of phosphorus-based fire retardants on the decomposition, flammability and burning behaviour of timber, in order to aid their development. Materials have been investigated on a micro-, bench- and intermediate-scale, and evaluated for physical properties. Thermal decomposition has been studied using thermogravimetric analysis in both air and nitrogen, and simultaneous thermal analysis coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Flammability and burning behaviour has been studied using microscale combustion calorimetry and cone calorimetry. Residue analysis has been carried out using scanning electron microscopy coupled with electron dispersive x-ray analysis. Existing fire retardant timber treatments were applied to timber specimens. All three treatments operated in the condensed phase by reducing the onset temperature of timber pyrolysis, and promoting the formation of a stable char and water. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a barrier formation on the surface of Dricon treated char. All treatments increased the CO:CO2 ratio during burning in the cone calorimeter. This is attributed to reduced volatile gas production, enabling simultaneous glowing oxidation of the char surface. Depth of penetration studies showed that high concentrations of phosphorus on the surface of timber is sufficient to significantly reduce the fire growth rate index, but deeper penetration and increased overall phosphorus concentration is more effective at reducing the total heat released by the substrate. New phosphorus-based formulations were applied to timber and their effect on its flammability was assessed. All treatments reduced the total heat released, but not all were effective enough to be used commercially. Ammonium hypophosphite increased the residue yield of timber and was shown to operate via both condensed and gas phase fire retardancy mechanisms. A low melting glass formed a gel-like barrier on the surface of the char, but its melting point was too high to optimise the reduction in peak heat release rate. Both ammonium polyphosphate and guanidine/ammonium phosphate formulations promoted carbonisation of the timber structure. A coherent barrier layer was formed by the organoclay; however, the improvement was not effective enough to warrant further investigation. Combinations of nanometric oxides and phosphoric acid were effective. The oxides catalysed the phosphoric acid mechanism to promote the pyrolysis of timber and re-radiating mechanisms were proposed for the char. Further work is suggested to improve the effect. Layer by layer assembly does not provide a sufficient loading to effectively reduce the flammability of timber. Lastly, attempts were made to address the problems of scale-up between micro scale thermal decomposition, bench-scale burning and intermediate-scale regulatory fire tests. Three models for the prediction of Euroclass results have been compared and applied to the materials investigated within this thesis. A method is proposed for the prediction of the Euroclass of fire retarded timber products. Correlation coefficients between micro-, bench- and intermediate-scale flammability tests have been calculated and the results are discussed.