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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-03-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:19:22Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 massago_h_dr_jabo.pdf: 225193 bytes, checksum: ae80f7a7a7fc4cae2364ded01fa1870d (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O selênio (Se) é um mineral essencial para o bom desempenho zootécnico dos peixes. É poderoso antioxidante, auxilia a homeostase do hormônio da tireoide e potencializa a imunidade e a fertilidade. A digestibilidade e metabolismo do selênio variam conforme a fonte ingerido. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de fontes e níveis de selênio dietário para alevinos e juvenis da tilápia-do-nilo. Usaram-se 36 aquários com 160 litros de água, distribuindo 90 peixes de 0,135±0,001g por aquário. Após 28 dias, reduziu-se a densidade para 15 peixes por aquário. O delineamento foi o inteiramente casualizado, com tratamentos em esquema fatorial (4 x 2) + 1 (quatro níveis e duas fontes de selênio mais um controle), e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos avaliados foram dieta sem suplementação (controle), com suplementação por Se-levedura (0,25; 0,50; 0,75 e 1,00mg Se kg-1 da dieta) e com suplementação de selenito de sódio (Na2SeO3) (0,25; 0,50; 0,75 e 1,00 mg Se kg-1 da dieta). Analisaram-se a sobrevivência, o peso, o comprimento, a conversão alimentar aparente, o índice hepatossomático, a uniformidade do lote e a atividade da glutationa peroxidase. Aos 28 dias, o comprimento total foi maior para grupos suplementados com selênio, independentemente do nível. Na suplementação com 0,25 mg Se kg-1 dieta, Se-levedura foi mais bem comparado ao selenito de sódio. Aos 84 dias, o peso e o comprimento total dos grupos que receberam dietas suplementadas com o mineral foram estatisticamente melhores (15,5±2,3 g e 9,0±0,4 cm), comparados ao grupo-controle (12,7±1,2 g e 8,3±0,2 cm), independentemente do nível avaliado. A atividade da enzima glutationa peroxidase também foi maior nos grupos suplementados. Portanto, é necessário suplementar com selênio a dieta da tilápia-do-nilo / The selenium (Se) is an essential mineral to the good fish zootechnical development. It is an important antioxidant; helps the thyroid hormone homeostasis and potentiates the immunity and fertility. The selenium digestibility and metabolism vary according to the ingested source. This way this study aim was evaluate the dietary selenium sources and levels to Nile Tilapia fingerling and juveniles. It was used 36 aquariums, 160 litters each, with 90 fishes of 0.135±0.001 g per aquarium. 28 days later the density was reduced to 15 fishes per aquarium. The statistical design was completely randomized, in which the treatments were into a factorial scheme (4x2) + 1 (four levels, two sources of selenium, and one control) with four replications. The evaluated treatments were: diet without supplementation (control); diet with Se-yeast and supplementation (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 mg of Se kg-1 into the diet) and diet with sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) supplementation (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 mg of Se kg-1 into the diet). Surviving, weigh, length, apparent alimentary conversion, hepatosomatic index, lot homogeneity, and the glutathione peroxidase activity were analyzed. At 28 days the total length was higher to the groups supplemented with Se, regardless the Se level. The diet with 0.25 mg of Se kg-1 of feed the Se-yeast source was better than the Na2SeO3-Se source. At 84 days the total weigh and length of groups supplemented with Se were statistically better (15.5±2.3 g and 9.0±0.4 cm) when compared to the control (12.7±1.2 g and 8.3±0.2 cm), regardless to the evaluated level. The enzyme peroxidase glutathione activity was also higher in the supplemented treatments. This way the Nile Tilapia diet must be supplemented with selenium

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Orientador: João Batista Kochenborger Fernandes / Banca: Newton Castagnolli / Banca: Fábio Ermínio Mingatto / Banca: Leonardo Tachibana / Banca: Leonardo Susumu Takahashi / Resumo: O selênio (Se) é um mineral essencial para o bom desempenho zootécnico dos peixes. É poderoso antioxidante, auxilia a homeostase do hormônio da tireoide e potencializa a imunidade e a fertilidade. A digestibilidade e metabolismo do selênio variam conforme a fonte ingerido. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de fontes e níveis de selênio dietário para alevinos e juvenis da tilápia-do-nilo. Usaram-se 36 aquários com 160 litros de água, distribuindo 90 peixes de 0,135±0,001g por aquário. Após 28 dias, reduziu-se a densidade para 15 peixes por aquário. O delineamento foi o inteiramente casualizado, com tratamentos em esquema fatorial (4 x 2) + 1 (quatro níveis e duas fontes de selênio mais um controle), e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos avaliados foram dieta sem suplementação (controle), com suplementação por Se-levedura (0,25; 0,50; 0,75 e 1,00mg Se kg-1 da dieta) e com suplementação de selenito de sódio (Na2SeO3) (0,25; 0,50; 0,75 e 1,00 mg Se kg-1 da dieta). Analisaram-se a sobrevivência, o peso, o comprimento, a conversão alimentar aparente, o índice hepatossomático, a uniformidade do lote e a atividade da glutationa peroxidase. Aos 28 dias, o comprimento total foi maior para grupos suplementados com selênio, independentemente do nível. Na suplementação com 0,25 mg Se kg-1 dieta, Se-levedura foi mais bem comparado ao selenito de sódio. Aos 84 dias, o peso e o comprimento total dos grupos que receberam dietas suplementadas com o mineral foram estatisticamente melhores (15,5±2,3 g e 9,0±0,4 cm), comparados ao grupo-controle (12,7±1,2 g e 8,3±0,2 cm), independentemente do nível avaliado. A atividade da enzima glutationa peroxidase também foi maior nos grupos suplementados. Portanto, é necessário suplementar com selênio a dieta da tilápia-do-nilo / Abstract: The selenium (Se) is an essential mineral to the good fish zootechnical development. It is an important antioxidant; helps the thyroid hormone homeostasis and potentiates the immunity and fertility. The selenium digestibility and metabolism vary according to the ingested source. This way this study aim was evaluate the dietary selenium sources and levels to Nile Tilapia fingerling and juveniles. It was used 36 aquariums, 160 litters each, with 90 fishes of 0.135±0.001 g per aquarium. 28 days later the density was reduced to 15 fishes per aquarium. The statistical design was completely randomized, in which the treatments were into a factorial scheme (4x2) + 1 (four levels, two sources of selenium, and one control) with four replications. The evaluated treatments were: diet without supplementation (control); diet with Se-yeast and supplementation (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 mg of Se kg-1 into the diet) and diet with sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) supplementation (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 mg of Se kg-1 into the diet). Surviving, weigh, length, apparent alimentary conversion, hepatosomatic index, lot homogeneity, and the glutathione peroxidase activity were analyzed. At 28 days the total length was higher to the groups supplemented with Se, regardless the Se level. The diet with 0.25 mg of Se kg-1 of feed the Se-yeast source was better than the Na2SeO3-Se source. At 84 days the total weigh and length of groups supplemented with Se were statistically better (15.5±2.3 g and 9.0±0.4 cm) when compared to the control (12.7±1.2 g and 8.3±0.2 cm), regardless to the evaluated level. The enzyme peroxidase glutathione activity was also higher in the supplemented treatments. This way the Nile Tilapia diet must be supplemented with selenium / Doutor

The effect of dietary vitamin E and dietary lipids on growth and immune parameters of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) were investigated in a series of experiments. The aims of the studies were to maximise immune function through dietary modulation to counteract stress induced immunodepression resulting from high stocking densities. In the first experimental trial, the vitamin E requirement for an optimum immune response was studied and revealed that vitamin E depletion induced poor health status, lower growth with some mortalities occurring at the end of the trial. However, supplementation of the diets with high levels of α-tocopherol although ensuring better growth did not significantly enhance most of the parameters measured at the end of the trial. The second trial aimed to test regimes coupling fresh or oxidised oil and low or high vitamin E supplementation. The results showed that vitamin E had a role in preventing peroxidation as high vitamin E supplementation improved some of the immunological parameters measured compared to fish fed with the same oxidised oil but low levels of vitamin E. By contrast low levels of vitamin E did not induce pathological conditions in fish fed with fresh oil showing the importance of dietary lipid in the evaluation of vitamin E requirements. Following this investigation another feeding trial was designed to look at the interaction of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and α-tocopherol on the immune parameters of juvenile turbot. Although liver lipid composition was affected by the diets and growth was enhanced by high vitamin E levels and a high ratio of (n-3)/(n-6) PUFAs no significant differences could be attributed to the lipid quality in the immunological parameters measured. Vitamin E supplementation enhanced the proliferation of kidney leucocytes when stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. These studies give some information on the requirements for vitamin E and lipid quality of juvenile turbot.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:08:08Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 kojima_jt_me_jabo_parcial.pdf: 95603 bytes, checksum: d290183ff574a49e445c355a159941d9 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2015-02-23T17:35:45Z: kojima_jt_me_jabo_parcial.pdf,Bitstream added on 2015-02-23T17:36:19Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000688720.pdf: 393373 bytes, checksum: f2c08c343d096ffa3ed045e3215e3cae (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar o ponto-de-não-retorno (PNR) de larvas de pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) e avaliar o impacto de diferentes períodos de jejum sobre o crescimento, o desenvolvimento muscular e o crescimento compensatório após diferentes períodos de restrição nas primeiras fases de desenvolvimento. O estudo foi dividido em dois experimentos. O primeiro foi realizado para determinação do PNR, usando delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis esquemas alimentares e quatro repetições: J0-larvas alimentadas continuamente por 20 dias, J2 - larvas submetidas a dois dias de jejum seguidos por 20 dias de alimentação, J4 - quatro dias de jejum e 20 dias de alimentação, J6 - seis dias de jejum e 20 dias de alimentação, J8 - oito dias de jejum e 20 dias de alimentação e Jn - larvas mantidas em jejum por todo o período experimental. O segundo experimento foi realizado em duas fases: na primeira fase, as larvas foram mantidas em laboratório e passaram pelas mesmas condições de jejum do experimento 1, porém com período de alimentação de 10 dias. Na segunda fase, as larvas de todos os tratamentos da fase anterior foram transferidas para viveiros externos onde foram criadas por mais 30 dias. Foram avaliadas as variáveis de desempenho de crescimento de peixes de diferentes classes de tamanho, sobrevivência e análise histológica do músculo estriado esquelético durante as duas fases. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA), seguida pelo teste de Tukey (α=5%), quando detectadas diferenças significativas. O PNR encontrado para larvas de pacu foi de 5,4 dias de jejum (10,4 dias pós-eclosão). Os resultados de desempenho das larvas durante a fase em laboratório, após 10 dias de alimentação, não diferiram entre os tratamentos, exceto para a sobrevivência... / This study aimed to determine the point of no return (PNR) of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) larvae and to evaluate the impact of different periods of fasting on muscle growth , development of larvae. It was also verified if compensatory growth occurs later in animals submitted to fasting in the early stages of development. The study was divided into two experiments. The first was conducted to determine the PNR. The completely randomized design with six replications and four treatments was applied: J0-larvae fed continuously for 20 days, J2-two days of fasting and 20 days of feeding, J4-four days of fasting and 20 days of feeding, J6-six days of fasting and 20 days of feeding, J8-eight days of fasting and 20 days of feeding and Jn – larvae kept fasting throughout the experimental period. The second experiment was divided in two phases: in the first, larvae were maintained in the laboratory under the same conditions of fasting as in experiment 1, but fed for 10 days. In the second phase, larvae of all treatments from the previous phase were transferred to ponds and reared for 30 days. Were evaluated the performance of growth variables (fish classified in size-classes), survival and histological analysis of skeletal muscle during two phases. The data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test (α = 5%). The PNR of pacu larvae was 5.04 days of fasting (10.04 days post hatching). The results of larvae performance during the first phase, after 10 days of feeding, did not differ between treatments, except for survival, 88.8 ± 9.3 % (J0) to22.0 ± 9.4 % (J6), showing that animals submitted to different periods of fasting were able to recover the normal conditions of development... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Maria Célia Portella / Coorientador: Maeli Dal Pai Silva / Banca: Rosângela Kiyoko Jomori Bonichelli / Banca: Fernanda Regina Carani / Resumo: O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar o ponto-de-não-retorno (PNR) de larvas de pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) e avaliar o impacto de diferentes períodos de jejum sobre o crescimento, o desenvolvimento muscular e o crescimento compensatório após diferentes períodos de restrição nas primeiras fases de desenvolvimento. O estudo foi dividido em dois experimentos. O primeiro foi realizado para determinação do PNR, usando delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis esquemas alimentares e quatro repetições: J0-larvas alimentadas continuamente por 20 dias, J2 - larvas submetidas a dois dias de jejum seguidos por 20 dias de alimentação, J4 - quatro dias de jejum e 20 dias de alimentação, J6 - seis dias de jejum e 20 dias de alimentação, J8 - oito dias de jejum e 20 dias de alimentação e Jn - larvas mantidas em jejum por todo o período experimental. O segundo experimento foi realizado em duas fases: na primeira fase, as larvas foram mantidas em laboratório e passaram pelas mesmas condições de jejum do experimento 1, porém com período de alimentação de 10 dias. Na segunda fase, as larvas de todos os tratamentos da fase anterior foram transferidas para viveiros externos onde foram criadas por mais 30 dias. Foram avaliadas as variáveis de desempenho de crescimento de peixes de diferentes classes de tamanho, sobrevivência e análise histológica do músculo estriado esquelético durante as duas fases. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA), seguida pelo teste de Tukey (α=5%), quando detectadas diferenças significativas. O PNR encontrado para larvas de pacu foi de 5,4 dias de jejum (10,4 dias pós-eclosão). Os resultados de desempenho das larvas durante a fase em laboratório, após 10 dias de alimentação, não diferiram entre os tratamentos, exceto para a sobrevivência... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This study aimed to determine the point of no return (PNR) of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) larvae and to evaluate the impact of different periods of fasting on muscle growth , development of larvae. It was also verified if compensatory growth occurs later in animals submitted to fasting in the early stages of development. The study was divided into two experiments. The first was conducted to determine the PNR. The completely randomized design with six replications and four treatments was applied: J0-larvae fed continuously for 20 days, J2-two days of fasting and 20 days of feeding, J4-four days of fasting and 20 days of feeding, J6-six days of fasting and 20 days of feeding, J8-eight days of fasting and 20 days of feeding and Jn - larvae kept fasting throughout the experimental period. The second experiment was divided in two phases: in the first, larvae were maintained in the laboratory under the same conditions of fasting as in experiment 1, but fed for 10 days. In the second phase, larvae of all treatments from the previous phase were transferred to ponds and reared for 30 days. Were evaluated the performance of growth variables (fish classified in size-classes), survival and histological analysis of skeletal muscle during two phases. The data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test (α = 5%). The PNR of pacu larvae was 5.04 days of fasting (10.04 days post hatching). The results of larvae performance during the first phase, after 10 days of feeding, did not differ between treatments, except for survival, 88.8 ± 9.3 % (J0) to22.0 ± 9.4 % (J6), showing that animals submitted to different periods of fasting were able to recover the normal conditions of development... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Thesis (M. A. (Aquaculture )) -- University of Limpopo, 2006 / Refer to document / NRF (National Research Foundation) and Canon Collins Educational Trust for Southern Africa (CCETSA)

Fish populations are regulated by both external environmental factors, e.g., water quality parameters and habitat, and internal reproductive biology and physiology processes. For many species and populations there is often ample external information, while critical internal, i.e., life-history trait (LHT), information is not available. For this study, I determined LHTs and energy allocation patterns for Epinephelus guttatus (red hind), E. striatus (Nassau grouper), and Mycteroperca venenosa (yellowfin grouper) harvested from The Bahamas. I determined age ranges, and how growth patterns and rates differed among the study species. The maximum ages were: 17, E. guttatus; 22, E. striatus; and 13, M. venenosa. Epinephelus striatus was estimated to have the slowest, while M. venenosa had the fastest growth rate. A gonad histological classification system and the ageing data were used to determine the spawning seasons, sex ratios, size and age of sexual maturation and sex change and gonadosomatic indices (GSIs) for the study species. The peak spawning months were January-February for E. guttatus, December-January for E. striatus and March-April for M. venenosa. The fifty-percent sexual maturity estimates were 235 total length mm (Tlmm) (2.05 year old, yo), 435 Tlmm (4.00 yo), and 561 Tlmm (4.66 yo) for E. guttatus, E. striatus and M. venenosa, respectively. The size and age range of sex change for E. guttatus was between 257-401 Tlmm, ~4-5 years old and between 716-871 Tlmm, ~8-9 yo for M. venenosa. I determined protein and lipid concentrations in muscle and gonad tissues to ascertain energy allocation patterns. For all species and sexes except for female E. guttatus, the proportion of energy delegated to somatic growth declines as a fish grows longer, while reproduction energy allocation increases. The results of each study were compared to previous studies conducted throughout the tropical western Atlantic Ocean, and were related to species-specific ecological and spawning behaviors. The findings of each study highlight that the LHTs of the study species greatly differ and these differences will impact population dynamics and need to be considered for management initiatives. In the final chapter, the effects of fishing on LHTs are reviewed and fishery management options are discussed.