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This table accompanies Douglas C. Harris' book 'Landing Native Fisheries: Indian Reserves and Fishing Rights in British Columbia, 1849-1925' (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2008). It provides additional and supporting detail for the Indian reserves that were specifically allotted for fishing purposes. For more information about the book, see http://www.ubcpress.ca/search/title_book.asp?BookID=5266

One of the main environmental impacts of salmon aquaculture activities in the Bay of Fundy is the alteration of sediment chemistry as a result of the large amount of organic waste that accumulates below fish pens. To investigate these impacts, vertical profiles of delta13C, delta 15N, Corg, Corg:Ntot, FeHC1 , MnHCl, Ptot, PHCl, SO4 2-, AVS, Hgtot, and Hgpyrite in sediment cores collected throughout the bay were acquired. These profiles were then used to identify tracers of aquaculture activities and their impact on the redox zonation of the sediment. In addition, representative samples of fish food as well as farmed and wild salmon were analyzed to determine their Hg tot content as well as delta13C, delta15N, Corg, Corg:Ntot. / Our results show that, as by-products of salmon aquaculture (e.g., uneaten food, feces, antibiotics, and anti-fouling agents) accumulate in the sediments, their reactive organic carbon content increases and generate a greater oxygen demand. Subsequently, an upwards migration of the oxygen penetration depth and redox boundaries in the sediment column occurs, which is confirmed on the basis of the distribution of redoxsensitive phases (e.g., authigenic metal oxides and AVS) in the sediments. High resolution voltammetric microelectrode measurements show that the FeHCl and MnHCl distributions overestimate the oxygen penetration depth in the sediments. The total phosphorus distribution in the sediment record is shown to be a suitable tracer of marine aquaculture, reflecting the recent history of residual feed and fecal matter accumulation in the sediments. / Elevated mercury concentrations in sediments under fish pens are explained by its strong affinity for organic carbon. Although the source of additional Hg has yet to be resolved, as the organic carbon content of the sediments increases in response to the input from fish farming activities, so does the associated Hg. Mercury also partitions strongly to authigenic pyrite in the deeper sulfidic sediments. Of the few farmed Atlantic salmon analyzed, mercury levels were not elevated compared to the concentrations of mercury in the wild salmon captured in two rivers of the Canadian east coast.

Fishing, like agriculture, is dependent on factors which are outside of man's control. The most important of these factors are: weather, related and nonrelated biological factors, and the resource. To some extent man has made it possible to circumvent these factors by weather forecasts, fishing season regulations, ever more sophisticated electronic equipment, and designs for swift boats. Still catch uncertainty in fishing, like yield uncertainty in agriculture, continues to harass the industry. [...]

This thesis provides information relevant to fisheries in which there is a desire to establish fisherfolk organizations, but where individualistic social networks rather than social cohesion and community prevail. Such situations in small-scale fisheries are poorly documented, but may define limits to the feasibility of co-management. In the case researched, the government of Barbados is designing a fisheries management planning process, but there is insufficient information on the social and economic characteristics of the unmanaged, small-scale, commercial fishery for migratory pelagics to determine whether either a state-structured (bioeconomic) or a cooperative (co-management) approach is appropriate. As a contribution to solving this practical, interdisciplinary problem, this study examined: the fishery-related uncertainties perceived by fisherfolk and government officials in Barbados; the social strategies of atomism, personal networks and formal organizations that fisherfolk may use to cope with uncertainty; and, whether the most appropriate initial management planning approach is bioeconomic or co-management. Research was conducted in Barbados between November 1993 and September 1994 involving surveys, social network analysis, participant observation and the study of official documents. Uncertainties related to fish catch and price were perceived by the majority of fisherfolk to be the most problematic, and the analysis focused on the means of coping with these. Evidence of social atomism was weak. Social networks, which tended to be individualistically-oriented among fishers, boat owners and processors, but more cooperative among vendors, were prevalent. Attempts by the harvest sector to formally organize to obtain market power had failed, but efforts to use this strategy persist. The state was found deficient in fishery planning and management capability. Barriers to communication within the state, and between it and the industry were apparent. Due mainly to the prevalence of networks and the state’s deficiencies, the bioeconomic approach is judged to be inappropriate in this setting. Due mainly to the high level of individualistic competition, the repeated failure of harvest sector organizations, and barriers to communication, co-management is problematic but more likely to be successffil. An incremental, institution-building approach to co-management is proposed due both to the flexibility of this approach and to the current political and planning environment that favours participative initiatives.

Red drum (Sciaenops ocellata) from seven of the nine major embayments of the Texas Gulf Coast were electrophoretically analysed for genetic variability. Indices of genetic similarity and distance were derived, as well as estimates of genetic divergence between bays. Cluster analysis phenograms were developed, and possible causes for population structure were addressed. Forty presumptive loci were screened, of which 30 proved to be of value for genetic population analysis. Percent polymorphic loci and heterozygosity/locus/individual ranged from 6.7%-13.3% and 0.025-0.042 respectively. These values were lower than those reported in similar studies, including some dealing specifically with Sciaenidae, but remained within the range reported for teleosts in general. A total of thirteen tests of genetic similarity/distance were performed. Of these tests, no segregation below a genetic identity of 0.95 was detected in those samples large enough to statistically satisfy the analysis. Upon exclusion of the small samples, no differentiation below 0.97 was demonstrated. Contingency chi-square tests and F-Statistics found only extremely low levels of divergence. Indeed, none of the divergence indicated was significant in terms of distinction of subpopulations among bays. This lack of differentiation in spite of apparently low levels of interbay migration was explained as a function of the dichotomus life stages. While juveniles are geographically isolated, adults occupy the open waters of the Gulf of Mexico, and have yet to be thoroughly described from either a life history or reproductive strategy viewpoint. The indicated single stock of reproductively active red drum in the Gulf requires further investigation, in order to accurately determine migrational habits as well as breeding success. The implications for management of the fishery at present are to regulate the resource as a single stock; as well as institute a comprehensive physical and biochemical study for future policy formulation.

This thesis investigates the comparative growth and mortality of a naturalized (wild) and domestic (aquaculture) strain of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) common to Lake Huron. I first conducted a laboratory-based experiment, comparing the growth rates of the two strains. Under optimal and competition treatments, the domestic strain achieved a body weight ~2x that of wild conspecifics. Next, I conducted a replicated, whole-ecosystem study comparing the same strains. Both strains experienced equally low survival and the domestic strain segregated into a fast-growing group, (~3x growth relative to the wild strain), and a slow-growing group that had a lower growth rate than wild trout. A high growth rate for fast-growing domestic trout was achieved by a reliance on high energy prey as well as through low metabolic costs relative to wild strains. Together, these results demonstrate that aquaculture strains of rainbow trout have greater growth potential relative to wild conspecifics and may outcompete them in nature.

Fish resources of the Northwest Territories are receiving increased pressure by sports and commercial fisheries. This pressure is a result of northern resource development and an expanding tourist industry. The Fisheries Service of the Federal Department of Environment formed a Fisheries Management Division in 1971 to manage existing and proposed fisheries on a sustained yield basis. This study deals with compiling an inventory and assessment method to evaluate the fisheries potential of the Northwest Territories for the purpose of fisheries management. The method is based on an ecological framework and a classification of factors required for the fisheries management decision and the effective utilization of fish resources. Trends in transportation and fisheries organization were discussed for determining areas where fishing industries may potentially develop. Three time scales to area development potential in the Northwest Territories are used as priorities for field application of the method.

There is great interest in the perceived conflict between salmon fisheries and seals, but little information to inform managers.  This study therefore explored the interactions between harbour seals and salmonids within an estuarine system, the Cromarty Firth, NE Scotland (57°37’N, 4°21’W).  The number of seals using this area in the 2000 pupping season was estimated to be 188 (138-286) using a novel Bayesian framework that corrected counts of seals on land for those remaining in the water. The presence of seals in the mouth of the River Conon, at the head of the Firth, and the occurrence of salmonid otoliths in seal scats, were related to changes in the abundance of adult salmonids.  Overall, salmonid otoliths were found in 8% of scat samples and 21% of those collected during July.  This represents the highest reported incidence of salmonid otoliths from scat samples collected in the UK;  it is not clear if this is due to temporal or geographic differences with previous work. A novel diet estimation technique was constructed based on the assumption that seals may be employing one of a range of possible foraging strategies.  This estimator was compared to two established methods and it was found that model choice introduced considerable introduced considerable bias (up to 3x) in the estimated importance of salmonids in the diet.  It is unclear which of the models is appropriate and their outputs were combined to represent uncertainty in our estimates of diet more fully. It was not possible to partition consumption of salmonids between salmon and sea trout as otoliths were too badly digested to allow identification of species.  A simple food web was used to suggest that removal of seal predation may improve fishery catch by 17% (5-52%).  This figure must be treated with caution and potential biases, and caveats, are discussed.

<p> Environmentally-derived elemental and isotopic ratios in the otoliths of anadromous river herring (alewife, <i>Alosa pseudoharengus,</i> and blueback herring, <i>A. aestivalis</i>) were used to distinguish among groups of fish at spatial scales ranging from sub-populations within a watershed to populations from throughout the species' ranges. These ratios were also used to understand early life migrations and habitat use within and among populations. Sub-populations within the Hudson River, NY were accurately distinguished (> 95%), and populations from the Hudson River and Long Island, NY were distinct from each other and outgroups at varying distances, but accurate classification was dependent on the inclusion of oxygen isotopic ratios. Populations from Maine to Florida showed strong separation based on otolith signatures excluding (&sim; 70%) and including (> 90%) oxygen isotopes. Reclassification accuracies improved for both models by including genetic results in a hierarchical assignment model. Though all natural tags were effective for stock discrimination, the accuracy varied depending on the markers included; while inclusion of oxygen isotopes resulted in the highest reclassification rates, accurate application requires intensive sampling because of high interannual variability. Genetic markers reduce the effects of interannual variation because they are generally stable over generations. </p><p> Variations in otolith chemistry across an otolith (i.e. the fish's life history) can provide information about movements among habitats and especially along salinity gradients. Juvenile alewife within the Hudson River, NY (a large watershed) moved among multiple freshwater habitats, and trends varied widely among individuals while in the Peconic River, NY (a small, coastal watershed) three distinct movement patterns were observed. Retrospective analysis of Hudson River adult otoliths showed that multiple nursery habitats contribute to the spawning stock. Throughout the coast, retrospective analysis of adult otoliths showed that juveniles used fresh waters, estuaries, or a combination of both as nursery habitats and migratory behavior varied among populations, and were correlated to the latitude of the watershed, the watershed area, the amount of accessible river kilometers, and the percentage of the watershed in urban use.</p>