Thesis (MPhilAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Not only have non-trade barriers been applied in Europe and the US to agricultural products from developing countries, but protective policy is also likely to continue. Owing to the omission of fish from the discussions in the final round of agreement at Uruguay, where tariffs were significantly reduced for other agricultural products, the fish industry has not had any non tarriff barier relief in recent years. The failure of the November 1999 World Trade Organisation Meeting at Seattle to reach any agreement, has again shattered hopes of international relief for fishery products. The main assumption underlying the study was that the production of fish in Tanzania could improve significantly if the HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points) principles were applied rigorously. It was believed that neither the prerequisite programmes, nor HACCP principles were probably applied as stringently as international standards require. The aim of the study was to review the literature on HACCP, programmes that are prerequisite for HACCP and factors that_ determine competitiveness in business and to examine the Tanzanian Nile perch industry against this background. The overall goal was to determine how the industry could become more internationally competitive. This was achieved by comparing the socio-economic reality of Tanzania with factors that are considered in the literature to affect competitiveness in general and in the fish industry specifically. To achieve the first of these aims, Tanzania's socioeconomic position as a developing country was examined. To achieve the latter, the commitment of fish processing factories to the application of HACCP principles and their compliance with prerequisite programmes were evaluated in a field study. The literature study confirms that HACCP has received international recognition in the fish industry as a factor to prevent hazards and gain competitiveness in the global fish market. However, conditions in Tanzania were shown to be insufficient to support the fisheries sector in attempting to gain such a competitive advantage. Although, Tanzania has the comparative advantage of a fishery resource base, a favourable trade policy and foreign technology and management, the macro-factors that include the infrastructure, human resource capital, foreign policy environment and the supporting industries are not supportive. For the time being, therefore, improvement can only come from the government and from the industry itself. There are several factors to which the government needs to pay attention in order to support this industry - and others - in achieving international success. These include the provision of infrastructure and facilities, the improvement of the transportation network, technological capabilities, human resource capital and the provision of safe water and electric power. However, the fish industry cannot rely on the government alone. The improvement of their product is also dependent on their own efforts. According to the findings of this study, the industry needs to comply with the basic sanitation factors and provide the necessary training to the employees and fish suppliers. Having examined the situation more closely, the assumption is proved to be correct. The fish industry in Tanzania does indeed appear to have the potential to become internationally competitive. Such success, however, will be heavily dependent on cooperation between the government and the industry / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Handelsbeperkinge op landbouproduckte vanaf ontwinkkelende in Europa en die Verenigde State toegepas. Daarbenewens sal beskermende beleidsriglyne waarskynlik in stand gehou word. Bespreking van sake met betrekking to vissery is nie by die finale rondte van ooreenstemming te Uruquay, waar tariewe vir ander landbouproduckte betekenisvol verlaag is, ingesluit nie, en daardeur is daar gedurende die laaste aantal jare geen belastingverligting vir die visindustrie gebied nie. By die World Trase Organisation se vergadering om internasionale verligting vir visproducte te verkry, weereens beskaam. Die hoofveronderstelling wat hierdie studie ondersteun, is dat visproduksie III Tanzanie betekenisvol verbeter kan word indien die can HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points) streng toegepas word. Dit is veronderstel dat nóg die voorvereiste programme, nóg die HACCP-beginsels wat ten opsigte van internasionale standaarde vereis word, streng volgens voorskriftoegepas word. Die doel van die studie was om 'n oorsig van die literatuur oor HACCP, programme wat as HACCP-voorvereistes geld en faktore wat mededingendheid in die besigheidswereld bepaal, te verkry en om die Tanzaniese Nyl-baarsbedryf teen hierdie agterground te ondersoek. Die oorkoepelende doel was om vas te stel hoe die bedryf internasionaal meer mededingend kan word. Dit is gedoen deur middel van vergelyking tussen die sosio-ekonomiese werklikheid van Tanzanië en die faktore wat mededingendheid in die algemeen, volgens die literatuur, en die visbedryf in besonder, affekteer. Om die eeste van hiedie doelstellings te bereik, is die sosio-ekonomies posisie van Tanzanie as 'n ontwikkelende land ondersoek Om die tweede te bereik, is 'n veldstudie uitgevoer om die mate waartoe fabrieke wat vis verwerk daarop ingestel is om HACCP-beginsels toe te pas en hul gewilligheid om die programme wat as voorvereistes dien, na te kom, te evalueer. Die literatuurstudie het bevestig dat HACCP internasionale erkenning geniet as 'n faktor om risikO in de visbedryf uit te skakel en mededingendheid op die wereldmark vir vis te verwerf. Daar is egter bewys dat toetstande in Tanzanie ontoereikend is om die visserysektor in die verwewing van'n mededingende voorsprong te ondersteun. Alhoewel Tanzanië oor die relatiewe voordele van vissery as 'n hulpbron, gunstige handelsbeleid en buitelandse tegnologie en bestuur bestik, bied die makrofaktore soos infrastruktuur, kapitaal III die vorm van menslike hulpbronne, die buitelandse beleidsomgewing en die ondersteunende bedrywe nie genoeg ondersteuning nie. Vir die hede, kan ontwikkeling dus slegs deur die regering en die bedryf self bewekstelling word. Daar is verskeie faktore waaraan die regering aandag moet skenk om hierdie bedryf-en ander bedrywe-in die verkryging van internasionale sukses te ondersteun. Sulke faktore omvat die daarstelling van infrastruktuur en fasiliteite, die verbetering van die vervoernetwerk, tegnologiese vermoens en menslike hulpbronkapitaal, en voorsiening van onbesmette water en elektriese krag. Die visbedryf kan egter nie net op die regering steun nie. Die verbetering van die product is van die bedryf self afhanklik. Die bevindings van hierdie studie dui daarop dat die bedryf die basiese faktore betreffende sanitêre beginsels moet onderhoue en die vereiste opleiding aan diensnemers moet verskaf. By die nadere ondersoek van die situasie is die oorspronklike veronderstelling korrek bewys. Die visbedryf in Tanzanië beskik oor die potensiaal om internasionaal medengend te word. Sodanige sukses sal egter uiters afhanklik wees van samewerking tussen die regering en die bedryf.

This study addresses a core problem that was uncovered in records from coastal management monitoring initiatives on the eastern coast of Tanzania associated with the application and use of coastal monitoring indicators developed by external development partners for the coastal zone. These records suggest that local communities, who are key actors in participatory monitoring of coastal and marine resources, face many challenges associated with adapting and applying the said frameworks of indicators and monitoring plans. These indicators tend to be scientifically abstracted and methodologically reified; given prevailing contextual and socio‐cultural realities amongst them. The research project addresses the following key research question: How can processes of abstraction, conceptualisation, and representation of TEK contribute to the development of coastal management indicators that are less reified, more contextually and culturally congruent, and which may potentially be used by resource users in the wider social learning process of detecting trends, threats, changes and conditions of mangrove and fisheries resources? In response to the contextual problem and the research question, the study employs processes of abstraction and experiential learning techniques to unlock knowledge that local communities have, as an input for underlabouring existing scientific indicators on the Eastern coast of Tanzania. The research is constituted as critical realist case study research, involving two communities on the eastern coast of Tanzania, namely the Moa and the Boma communities (in Mkinga coastal district). Overall, the study involved 37 participants in a series of interviews, focus group discussions, and experiential learning processes using visualised data, and an experiential learning intervention workshop, and follow‐ups over a period of 3 years. The study worked with mangroves and fisheries to provide focus to the case study research and to allow for in‐depth engagement with the assumptions and processes associated with indicators development and use. Through the above mentioned data generation processes, critical realist analysis, and experiential learning processes involving abstraction and representation of traditional ecological knowledge held by mangrove restorers and fishers in the study areas, the study uncovers possible challenges of adapting and applying scientific indicators in participatory monitoring of a mangrove ecosystem. Using ampliative modes of inference for data analysis (induction, abduction and retroduction) and a critical realist scientific explanatory framework known as DRRREI(C) (Resolution, Re‐description, Retrodiction, Elimination, Identification, & Correction) the study suggests a new approach that may lead to the development of a framework of indicators that are less reified, more congruent to users (coastal communities), and likely to attract a wider context‐based social learning which favours epistemological access between scientific institutions (universities inclusive), and local communities. It attempts to establish an interface between knowledge that scientific institutions produce and the potential knowledge that exists in local contexts (traditional ecological knowledge), and seeks to widen and improve knowledge sharing and experiential learning practices that may potentially benefit coastal and marine resources in the study area. As mentioned above, the knowledge and abstraction processes related to the indicators development focussed on the mangrove ecosystem and associated fisheries, as engaged in the two participating communities in the eastern coast of Tanzania. The specific findings are therefore limited by the case boundaries, but the methodological process could be replicated and used elsewhere. The study’s contributions are theoretical and methodological, but also social and practice‐centred. The study brings into view the need to consider the contextual relevance of adapted knowledge, the capacity or ability of beneficiaries to adapt and apply scientific models, frameworks or tools, and the potential of local knowledge as an input for enhancing or improving monitoring of mangroves and mangrove‐based fisheries. Finally, the study comes up with a framework of indicators which is regarded by the coastal communities involved in the study as being less reified, more contextually and culturally congruent, and which may potentially be used in detecting environmental trends, threats, changes and conditions of mangrove and fisheries resources, and attract wider social learning processes.

Text in English with abstracts in English, Afrikaans and Zulu / Zanzibar is a region with a rich coastal biodiversity, with the marine environment providing a vast majority of the nation’s income through fishing and tourism activities. These coastal resources consist of white sandy beaches and clear blue water, rich in biodiversity and ecosystem processes. The human coastal populations residing in many of the coastal villages rely on the ocean to provide means of sustenance and income through fishing activities. In order to effectively manage these coastal resources, an integrated resource and environmental management approach needs to be adopted. This study aimed to identify and investigate the current fishing practices used by local fishermen by means of semi-structured interviews and informal discussions with local fishermen and villagers. The study shows that a vast majority of the fishermen, who reside in the villages surrounding Mnemba Island, are of the opinion that the increased number of tourist-related activities has resulted in a decline in fish stocks. This was attributed to the steady increase in the number of fishermen, as well as the lack of proper fishing vessels and equipment. This study also assessed data provided by the &Beyond Lodge situated on Mnemba Island. The study provides recommendations and conclusions for effective fisheries management in order to achieve a sustainable fishing model for the fishing grounds surrounding Mnemba Island, Zanzibar, Tanzania. / Zanzibar spog met wit sandstrande, helderblou water en ʼn groot biodiversiteit kuslangs. Naas toerisme is visvang die vernaamste inkomstebron. Die inwoners van talle kusdorpe maak immers ʼn bestaan uit visvang. ʼn Geïntegreerde hulpbron- en omgewingsbestuursplan is noodsaaklik om hulpbronne langs die kus volhoubaar te benut. Hierdie studie het gepoog om die heersende visvangpraktyke te bepaal deur halfgestruktureerde onderhoude en informele gesprekke met vissers en kusbewoners te voer. Data wat deur die &Beyond Lodge op die eiland Mnemba verstrek is, is ook by die studie betrek. Dit blyk dat die meeste vissers, wat op die eiland Mnemba woon, van mening is dat groeiende toerisme ʼn daling in visgetalle tot gevolg het. Hulle skryf die kleiner vangste insgelyks toe aan ʼn geleidelike toename in die aantal vissers en ʼn gebrek aan behoorlike vissersvaartuie en toerusting. Hierdie studie doen ten slotte aanbevelings vir ʼn volhoubare bestuursmodel in die visvanggebied om die eiland Mnemba digby Zanzibar in Tanzanië. / I-Zanzibar iyisiyingi esinothe ngenhlobo eyahlukahlukene yendalo yemvelo engasogwini lolwandle, kanti indawo yasolwandle yiyo kanye engenisa imali eningi ngemisebenzi yokudoba kanye nemboni yezokuvakasha. Le mithombo eyigugu elingasogwini lolwandle yequkethe amabhishi anezihlabathi zolwandle ezimhlophe kanye namanzi acwebezelayo, kanti inothile ngendalo yemvelo kanye nohlelo lwendalo yemvelo. Izihlwele zabantu ezihlala ngasogwini lolwandle ezigodini eziningi ezigudle ulwandle impilo yazo yencike olwandle ukuze iziphilise futhi ingenise imali ngokudoba izinhlanzi. Ukuze le ithombo yempilo yasolwandle ilawulwe ngendlela efanele, kudingeka uhlelo lwezokuphathwa kwendawo olwamukelekile. Lolu cwaningo luhlose ukuvumbulula kanye nokuphenya izingqubo zokudoba ezisetshenziswa abadobi basekhaya ngokuqhuba izinhlolovo ezihleliwe kanye nezingxoxo ezingahlelekile nabadobi bendawo kanye nezakhamuzi zalezo zigodi. Ucwaningo selukhombisile ukuthi inqwaba yabadobi abahlala ezindaweni ezigudle isiQhingi saseMnemba zinombono wokuthi inani elengeziwe lemisebenzi emayelana nezivakashi yiyo kanye esedale ukuthi inani lezinhlanzi linciphe kanti futhi lokhu sekuholele ekutheni kukhule inani labadobi basezindaweni lezo zasemakhaya kanye nokwentuleka kweziketshana zokudoba ezifanele kanye nezisetshenziswa. Lolu cwaningo futhi luhlola idatha enikezelwe yi--the &Beyond Lodge engasesiQhingini saseMnemba. Ucwaningo lunikeza izinqumo kanye neziphetho ezimayelana nokuphatha kahle ukuze kufinyelelwe kwimodeli yezokudoba esimelele ukwenzela indawo yokudoba ezombeleze isiQhingi saseMnemba, e-Zanzibar kanye naseTanzania. / Department of Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Management)