Bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) populations from Alberta river drainage systems were compared using molecular techniques. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP's) within the NDI and ND5/6 regions of the mitochondrial genome were observed. In addition, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA profiles (RAPD's) from total genomic DNA extracts were compared. Interdrainage comparisons using mtDNA revealed significant population heterogeneity among Alberta bull trout. Percent sequence divergence in mtDNA ranged from 0.14% to 0.92%. Most fish in each population were composed of a small number of common haplotypes, and the remaining fish displayed rare or locally unique haplotypes. RAPD profiles were used to calculate genetic distance values for Alberta, Canada and Montana, U.S.A. populations. Both Nei and Cavalli-Sforza distance values were used to generate neighbor-joining, FITCH and KITSCH distance trees. Two genetically distinct groups of bull trout were revealed by the RAPD analysis and the possiblity that post-glacial bull trout populations are derived from two separate refugia is suggested. / xvii, 161 leaves : ill. ; 28 cm.

Species that are introduced outside of their native ranges are an important threat to biodiversity. In southwestern Alberta, Canada, sport and bait fish have been introduced into most waterbodies. I examined the effects of introduced trout and minnows on the distribution, demography and behaviour of larval long-toed salamanders through a combination of field surveys, laboratory experiments and an outdoor mesocosm experiment. Results from field surveys at 30 high-elevation (>1500m) lakes confirmed previous studies showing an allopatic distribution of trout and long-toed salamanders. The same pattern was also documented at 27 low-elevation (<1500m) ponds. In a mesocosm experiment, salamander survival was significantly reduced in ponds containing trout or minnows. Surprisingly, larvae exposed to minnows were 28-65% smaller than larvae in control ponds, suggesting strong interspecific competition for zooplankton prey. In a series of laboratory studies, trout preyed directly on salamander hatchlings and larvae, whereas minnows injured hatchlings but did not consume them. In laboratory aquaria, salamander larvae spent significantly more time within a refuge when exposed to minnow cues, but showed no behavioural response to trout. This confirmed my expectation that long-toed salamanders lack specific behavioural responses to trout, but respond generally to disturbances within the water column. Thus, direct predation and a lack of specific antipredator behaviour are among the likely mechanisms responsible for the observed allopatic distribution of trout and long-toed salamanders. My data also show that gape-limited fish reduce growth and survival of salamanders, perhaps more so than trout, through mechanism such as competition and behavioural alteration. / ix, 76 leaves : ill., map ; 29 cm.