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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
501

Spectrum reconstruction from a scattering measurement using the adjoint Boltzmann transport equation for photons

Baré, Jonathan <1981> 11 May 2012 (has links)
Quality control of medical radiological systems is of fundamental importance, and requires efficient methods for accurately determine the X-ray source spectrum. Straightforward measurements of X-ray spectra in standard operating require the limitation of the high photon flux, and therefore the measure has to be performed in a laboratory. However, the optimal quality control requires frequent in situ measurements which can be only performed using a portable system. To reduce the photon flux by 3 magnitude orders an indirect technique based on the scattering of the X-ray source beam by a solid target is used. The measured spectrum presents a lack of information because of transport and detection effects. The solution is then unfolded by solving the matrix equation that represents formally the scattering problem. However, the algebraic system is ill-conditioned and, therefore, it is not possible to obtain a satisfactory solution. Special strategies are necessary to circumvent the ill-conditioning. Numerous attempts have been done to solve this problem by using purely mathematical methods. In this thesis, a more physical point of view is adopted. The proposed method uses both the forward and the adjoint solutions of the Boltzmann transport equation to generate a better conditioned linear algebraic system. The procedure has been tested first on numerical experiments, giving excellent results. Then, the method has been verified with experimental measurements performed at the Operational Unit of Health Physics of the University of Bologna. The reconstructed spectra have been compared with the ones obtained with straightforward measurements, showing very good agreement.
502

Development and performance assessment of a Plasma Focus electron beam generator for Intra-Operative Radiation Therapy

Ceccolini, Elisa <1983> 11 May 2012 (has links)
The Plasma Focus is a device designed to generate a plasma sheet between two coaxial electrodes by means of a high voltage difference. The plasma is then driven to collapse into a “pinch”, where thermonuclear conditions prevail. During the “pinch phase” charged particles are emitted, with two main components: an ion beam peaked forward and an electron beam directed backward. The electron beam emitted backward by Plasma Focus devices is being investigated as a radiation source for medical applications, using it to produce x-rays by interaction with appropriate targets (through bremsstrahlung and characteristic emission). A dedicated Plasma Focus device, named PFMA-3 (Plasma Focus for Medical Applications number 3), has been designed, put in operation and tested by the research groups of the Universities of Bologna and Ferrara. The very high dose rate (several gray per discharge, in less than 1 µs) is a peculiarity of this device that has to be investigated, as it might modify the relative biological effectiveness (RBE). Aim of this Ph.D. project was to investigate the main physical properties of the low-energy x-ray beams produced by a Plasma Focus device and their potential medical applications to IORT treatments. It was necessary to develop the optimal geometrical configuration; to evaluate the x-rays produced and their dose deposited; to estimate the energy electron spectrum produced in the “pinch phase”; to study an optimal target for the conversion of the x-rays; to conduct simulations to study the physics involved; and in order to evaluate the radio-biological features of the beam, cell holders had to be developed for both irradiations and cell growth conditions. / Il Plasma Focus è un dispositivo progettato per generare una guaina di plasma tra due elettrodi coassiali attraverso un’ elevata differenza di potenziale. Il plasma viene accelerato e compresso in un “pinch”, dove avvengono reazioni termonucleari. Durante la fase del “pinch” sono emesse particelle cariche, con due componenti principali: un fascio di ioni diretto in avanti e un fascio retroemesso di elettroni. Si pensa di utilizzare il fascio retroemesso di elettroni prodotto dal Plasma Focus come sorgente di radiazioni per applicazioni medicali, producendo raggi X attraverso l’interazione con un target appropriato (tramite emissione prodotta per bremsstrahlung o caratteristica). Il Plasma Focus, PFMA-3 (Plasma Focus per Applicazioni Mediche numero 3), è stato progettato, messo in opera e testato dai gruppi di ricerca delle università di Bologna e di Ferrara. L’alto rateo di dose (diversi gray per scarica, in meno di 1 µs) è una particolarità del dispositivo che deve essere analizzata, perché potrebbe modificarne l’efficacia biologica relativa (RBE). Scopo di questo progetto di dottorato è stato studiare le principali proprietà fisiche del fascio di raggi X a bassa energia prodotti dal Plasma Focus e le loro potenzialità mediche per i trattamenti IORT. E’ stato necessario determinare la configurazione geometrica ottimale, valutare i raggi X prodotti e la dose da questi depositata, stimare lo spettro energetico degli elettroni prodotti nella fase di “pinch”, studiare un target ottimale per la conversione in raggi X, condurre simulazioni per studiare la fisica coinvolta e per valutare l’efficacia radio-biologica del fascio, sviluppare porta-campioni utilizzati sia per la crescita delle cellule, sia per gli irraggiamenti di quest’ultime.
503

Fluidodinamica biomedica computazionale del flusso sanguigno in presenza di affezioni strumentali e/o patologiche / Biomedical computational fluid-dynamics of blood flow in the presence of instrumentation and/or vascular diseases

Conti, Alessandra <1979> 11 May 2012 (has links)
La tesi di Dottorato studia il flusso sanguigno tramite un codice agli elementi finiti (COMSOL Multiphysics). Nell’arteria è presente un catetere Doppler (in posizione concentrica o decentrata rispetto all’asse di simmetria) o di stenosi di varia forma ed estensione. Le arterie sono solidi cilindrici rigidi, elastici o iperelastici. Le arterie hanno diametri di 6 mm, 5 mm, 4 mm e 2 mm. Il flusso ematico è in regime laminare stazionario e transitorio, ed il sangue è un fluido non-Newtoniano di Casson, modificato secondo la formulazione di Gonzales & Moraga. Le analisi numeriche sono realizzate in domini tridimensionali e bidimensionali, in quest’ultimo caso analizzando l’interazione fluido-strutturale. Nei casi tridimensionali, le arterie (simulazioni fluidodinamiche) sono infinitamente rigide: ricavato il campo di pressione si procede quindi all’analisi strutturale, per determinare le variazioni di sezione e la permanenza del disturbo sul flusso. La portata sanguigna è determinata nei casi tridimensionali con catetere individuando tre valori (massimo, minimo e medio); mentre per i casi 2D e tridimensionali con arterie stenotiche la legge di pressione riproduce l’impulso ematico. La mesh è triangolare (2D) o tetraedrica (3D), infittita alla parete ed a valle dell’ostacolo, per catturare le ricircolazioni. Alla tesi sono allegate due appendici, che studiano con codici CFD la trasmissione del calore in microcanali e l’ evaporazione di gocce d’acqua in sistemi non confinati. La fluidodinamica nei microcanali è analoga all’emodinamica nei capillari. Il metodo Euleriano-Lagrangiano (simulazioni dell’evaporazione) schematizza la natura mista del sangue. La parte inerente ai microcanali analizza il transitorio a seguito dell’applicazione di un flusso termico variabile nel tempo, variando velocità in ingresso e dimensioni del microcanale. L’indagine sull’evaporazione di gocce è un’analisi parametrica in 3D, che esamina il peso del singolo parametro (temperatura esterna, diametro iniziale, umidità relativa, velocità iniziale, coefficiente di diffusione) per individuare quello che influenza maggiormente il fenomeno. / The present work analyzes the haematic flow through a finite element code (COMSOL Multiphysics). Artery is affected by Doppler catheter (whose position inside is concentric or non-concentric, and also inclined with respect to the vessel’s axis) or stenoses of different shape and extension. Solid artery is a rigid, elastic or hyperelastic cylinder. Blood vessel’s diameters are assumed to be 2 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm and 6 mm. Haematic laminar flow, both in stationary and transient regime, is established, and blood is a non-Newtonian cassonian fluid, modified according to Gonzales & Moraga formulation. Numerical analysis are on three-dimensional and bidimensional models, the latter one also introducing fluid-structure interaction. Fluid dynamic three-dimensional models consider rigid artery to compute pressure field, then this is introduced as input datum in the structural-mechanics simulation, in order to determine cross-sectional variation and disturbance length on flow. Three dimensional models affected by the catheter’s presence consider three blood flow rates (maximum, minimum and averaged), while bi-dimensional and stenotic three-dimensional artery’s models introduce a pressure time-dependent function representing the haematic wave. Geometric domains are discretized by triangles (2D) and tetrahedrons (3D), also improving mesh near walls and downstream obstacles, to resolve recirculation. Two appendices are attached to the present dissertation, dealing with results from CFD simulations of conjugate heat transfer in microchannels and droplet evaporation in non-confined systems. Fluid dynamics in microchannel is analogous to the flow analysis in the capillary system; while the Eulerian-Lagrangian approach, which models evaporation, could represent blood multiphase nature. Microchannel’s appendix analyzes the transient condition following time-dependent heat flux rising, also varying inlet velocity and microchannel’s geometry. Investigation on droplet evaporation is a parametric three-dimensional analysis, that examines every parameter’s weight (external temperature, initial diameter, relative humidity, initial velocity and diffusion coefficient) in order to find the most influencing parameter on evaporation.
504

Implicazioni teoriche e sperimentali della sincronizzazione assoluta nella teoria della relatività speciale / Theoretical and experimental implications of the absolute synchronization in the theory of special relativity

Brighi, Massimo <1954> 07 March 2014 (has links)
Sono indagate le implicazioni teoriche e sperimentali derivanti dall'assunzione, nella teoria della relatività speciale, di un criterio di sincronizzazione (detta assoluta) diverso da quello standard. La scelta della sincronizzazione assoluta è giustificata da alcune considerazioni di carattere epistemologico sullo status di fenomeni quali la contrazione delle lunghezze e la dilatazione del tempo. Oltre che a fornire una diversa interpretazione, la sincronizzazione assoluta rappresenta una estensione del campo di applicazione della relatività speciale in quanto può essere attuata anche in sistemi di riferimento accelerati. Questa estensione consente di trattare in maniera unitaria i fenomeni sia in sistemi di riferimento inerziali che accelerati. L'introduzione della sincronizzazione assoluta implica una modifica delle trasformazioni di Lorentz. Una caratteristica di queste nuove trasformazioni (dette inerziali) è che la trasformazione del tempo è indipendente dalle coordinate spaziali. Le trasformazioni inerziali sono ottenute nel caso generale tra due sistemi di riferimento aventi velocità (assolute) u1 e u2 comunque orientate. Viene mostrato che le trasformazioni inerziali possono formare un gruppo pur di prendere in considerazione anche riferimenti non fisicamente realizzabili perché superluminali. È analizzato il moto rigido secondo Born di un corpo esteso considerando la sincronizzazione assoluta. Sulla base delle trasformazioni inerziali si derivano le trasformazioni per i campi elettromagnetici e le equazioni di questi campi (che sostituiscono le equazioni di Maxwell). Si mostra che queste equazioni contengono soluzioni in assenza di cariche che si propagano nello spazio come onde generalmente anisotrope in accordo con quanto previsto dalle trasformazioni inerziali. L'applicazione di questa teoria elettromagnetica a sistemi accelerati mostra l'esistenza di fenomeni mai osservati che, pur non essendo in contraddizione con la relatività standard, ne forzano l'interpretazione. Viene proposto e descritto un esperimento in cui uno di questi fenomeni è misurabile. / Theoretical and experimental implications in the theory of special relativity resulting from the assumption of synchronization criterion (called absolute) other than the standard, are investigated. The choice of the absolute synchronization is justified by considerations of epistemological status of phenomena such as length contraction and time dilation. The absolute synchronization provides a different interpretation of the theory and is an extension of the scope of special relativity as it can be implemented even in accelerated frames of reference. Therefore it is possible to treat in a unified way the phenomena in both inertial and accelerated frame. The introduction of the absolute synchronization implies a modification of the Lorentz transformations. A characteristic of these new transformations (called inertial) is that the transformation of time is independent of the spatial coordinates . The inertial transformations are obtained in the general case between two systems having (absolute) velocity u1 and u2 in any orientation . It is shown that the inertial transformations can have a group structure if unphysical superluminal frames are considered too. The Born rigid motion of an extended body is analyzed by applying the absolute synchronization. Transformations for electromagnetic fields and the equations of these fields (substituting Maxwell's equations) are derived on the basis of inertial transformations. It is shown that these equations contain solutions in the absence of charges that propagate through space as waves generally anisotropic as provided by the inertial transformations in the propagation of light. The application of electromagnetic theory to accelerated systems show the existence of phenomena never observed before. These phenomena, although not in contradiction with standard relativity, force the interpretation of the theory. An experiment in which one of these phenomena is measurable is proposed and described in this thesis.
505

Quantum Integrability in Non-Linear Sigma Models related to Gauge/String Correspondences

Fabbri, Alessandro <1985> 07 March 2014 (has links)
The Thermodynamic Bethe Ansatz analysis is carried out for the extended-CP^N class of integrable 2-dimensional Non-Linear Sigma Models related to the low energy limit of the AdS_4xCP^3 type IIA superstring theory. The principal aim of this program is to obtain further non-perturbative consistency check to the S-matrix proposed to describe the scattering processes between the fundamental excitations of the theory by analyzing the structure of the Renormalization Group flow. As a noteworthy byproduct we eventually obtain a novel class of TBA models which fits in the known classification but with several important differences. The TBA framework allows the evaluation of some exact quantities related to the conformal UV limit of the model: effective central charge, conformal dimension of the perturbing operator and field content of the underlying CFT. The knowledge of this physical quantities has led to the possibility of conjecturing a perturbed CFT realization of the integrable models in terms of coset Kac-Moody CFT. The set of numerical tools and programs developed ad hoc to solve the problem at hand is also discussed in some detail with references to the code.
506

On the GKP Vacuum in Gauge/Gravity Correspondences

Piscaglia, Simone <1984> 07 March 2014 (has links)
Within the framework of the AdS5/CFT4 correspondence, the GKP string living on a AdS5 x S5 background finds a counterpart in the anti-ferromagnetic vacuum state for the spin chain, fruitfully employed to investigate the dual N=4 SYM superconformal gauge theory. The thesis mainly deals with the excitations over such a vacuum: dispersion relations and scattering matrices are computed, moreover a set of Asymptotic Bethe Ansatz equations is formulated. Furthermore, the survey of the GKP vacuum within the AdS4/CFT3 duality between a string theory on AdS4 x CP 3 and N=6 Chern-Simons reveals intriguing connections relating the latter to N=4 SYM, in a peculiar high spin limit.
507

A new method for the estimation of the reverberation time from measured room impulse responses with application to Italian opera houses

De Cesaris, Simona <1985> 07 May 2014 (has links)
The Schroeder's backward integration method is the most used method to extract the decay curve of an acoustic impulse response and to calculate the reverberation time from this curve. In the literature the limits and the possible improvements of this method are widely discussed. In this work a new method is proposed for the evaluation of the energy decay curve. The new method has been implemented in a Matlab toolbox. Its performance has been tested versus the most accredited literature method. The values of EDT and reverberation time extracted from the energy decay curves calculated with both methods have been compared in terms of the values themselves and in terms of their statistical representativeness. The main case study consists of nine Italian historical theatres in which acoustical measurements were performed. The comparison of the two extraction methods has also been applied to a critical case, i.e. the structural impulse responses of some building elements. The comparison underlines that both methods return a comparable value of the T30. Decreasing the range of evaluation, they reveal increasing differences; in particular, the main differences are in the first part of the decay, where the EDT is evaluated. This is a consequence of the fact that the new method returns a “locally" defined energy decay curve, whereas the Schroeder's method accumulates energy from the tail to the beginning of the impulse response. Another characteristic of the new method for the energy decay extraction curve is its independence on the background noise estimation. Finally, a statistical analysis is performed on the T30 and EDT values calculated from the impulse responses measurements in the Italian historical theatres. The aim of this evaluation is to know whether a subset of measurements could be considered representative for a complete characterization of these opera houses.
508

Fast and accurate numerical solutions in some problems of particle and radiation transport: synthetic acceleration for the method of short characteristics, Doppler-broadened scattering kernel, remote sensing of the cryosphere

Previti, Alberto <1985> 23 May 2014 (has links)
The aim of this work is to present various aspects of numerical simulation of particle and radiation transport for industrial and environmental protection applications, to enable the analysis of complex physical processes in a fast, reliable, and efficient way. In the first part we deal with speed-up of numerical simulation of neutron transport for nuclear reactor core analysis. The convergence properties of the source iteration scheme of the Method of Characteristics applied to be heterogeneous structured geometries has been enhanced by means of Boundary Projection Acceleration, enabling the study of 2D and 3D geometries with transport theory without spatial homogenization. The computational performances have been verified with the C5G7 2D and 3D benchmarks, showing a sensible reduction of iterations and CPU time. The second part is devoted to the study of temperature-dependent elastic scattering of neutrons for heavy isotopes near to the thermal zone. A numerical computation of the Doppler convolution of the elastic scattering kernel based on the gas model is presented, for a general energy dependent cross section and scattering law in the center of mass system. The range of integration has been optimized employing a numerical cutoff, allowing a faster numerical evaluation of the convolution integral. Legendre moments of the transfer kernel are subsequently obtained by direct quadrature and a numerical analysis of the convergence is presented. In the third part we focus our attention to remote sensing applications of radiative transfer employed to investigate the Earth's cryosphere. The photon transport equation is applied to simulate reflectivity of glaciers varying the age of the layer of snow or ice, its thickness, the presence or not other underlying layers, the degree of dust included in the snow, creating a framework able to decipher spectral signals collected by orbiting detectors. / Questo lavoro si propone di presentare diversi aspetti della simulazione numerica del trasporto di particelle e di radiazione per applicazioni industriali e di protezione ambientale, per consentire l'analisi di processi fisici complessi in modo veloce, affidabile ed efficiente. Nella prima parte è trattata la velocizzazione della simulazione numerica del trasporto di neutroni per l'analisi del nocciolo di un reattore nucleare. Le proprietà di convergenza della source iteration del Metodo delle Caratteristiche applicate a geometrie strutturate eterogenee sono state migliorate per mezzo della Boundary Projection Acceleration, consentendo lo studio di geometrie 2D e 3D con la teoria del trasporto senza omogeneizzazione spaziale. Le prestazioni computazionali sono state verificate tramite il benchmark C5G7 2D e 3D, mostrando una sensibile riduzione del numero di iterazioni e del tempo di calcolo. La seconda parte è dedicata allo studio dello scattering elastico dei neutroni con isotopi pesanti in funzione della temperatura vicino alla zona termica. È presentato il calcolo numerico della convoluzione Doppler del kernel di scattering elastico col modello gas per una generale sezione d'urto dipendente dall'energia e per una generica legge di scattering nel sistema del centro di massa. L'intervallo di integrazione è stata ottimizzato utilizzando un cutoff numerico, consentendo una valutazione numerica più veloce dell'integrale. I momenti di Legendre del kernel di trasferimento sono successivamente ottenuti per quadratura diretta e validati tramite un'analisi numerica della convergenza. La terza parte è focalizzata alle applicazioni di telerilevamento del trasferimento radiativo per indagini sulla criosfera terrestre. L'equazione del trasporto per fotoni è applicata per simulare la riflettività dei ghiacciai a diverse età dello strato di neve o ghiaccio, al suo spessore, alla presenza o meno di altri strati sottostanti, al grado di polvere inclusa nella neve, creando un sistema in grado di decifrare segnali spettrali raccolti dai rivelatori orbitanti.
509

Preparação de filmes policristalinos de GaN pela técnica de sputtering reativo a baixas temperaturas de substrato

Carvalho, Adriano Vieira de [UNESP] 23 June 2009 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-06-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:29:31Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 carvalho_av_me_bauru.pdf: 1153959 bytes, checksum: d1140cdf287a17bba3b0a2bcf3f995eb (MD5) / Descreve-se a preparação de várias amostras de filmes finos de Nitreto de Gálio (GaN), depositados sobre diferentes tipos de substratos pela utilização da técnica de RF-Magnetron Sputtering Reativo, utilizando-se atmosfera de nitrogênio ('N POT. 2') com diferentes temperaturas de substrato (< 400ºC). As amostras foram caracterizadas estruturalmente pelo uso da técnica de difração de raio-X (DRX), permitindo a obtenção de informações sobre tamanhos de cristalito, padrões de texturação e parâmetros de rede. A ocorrência de textura de orientação bem definida e a relação desta com as condições do alvo utilizado são analisadas no trabalho. / The preparation of several samples of Gallium Nitride (GaN) thin films, deposited onto different kinds of substrates by Reactive RD - Magnetron Sputtering, in pure Nitrogen ('N POT. 2') atmosphere with different substrate temperatures (< 400ºC) is described. The samples were structurally characterized by the use of X-ray diffraction, allowing obtain of information about cristalite size, texture pattern, and lattice parameters. The occurence of orientation texture and its relationship with target conditions are analysed.
510

Respostas fisiologicas, perceptuais e afetivas durante caminhada em ritmo auto-selecionado por mulheres adultas de tres diferentes faixas etarias

Buzzachera, Cosme Franklim January 2008 (has links)
Orientador : Prof. Dr. Wagner de Campos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Física. Defesa: Curitiba, 2008 / Inclui bibliografia / Área de concentração: Exercício e esporte

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