Inaug.-diss. - Munich. / "Literatur-verzeichnis": p. [122]-130.

Inaug.-diss. - Munich. / "Literatur-verzeichnis": p. [122]-130.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Wisconsin, 1911. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Defining the role of freshwater in a fjord is important to further the understanding of seasonal physical variability in fjordic systems because the variability of freshwater flux is a key control on fjord oceanography, yet information on freshwater inputs to Svalbard fjords is currently lacking. In this study, two methods of studying fjords are utilised. Firstly, seawater samples and oceanographic profiles were collected from four fjords and shelves around the high-Arctic Svalbard archipelago between September 2013 and April 2015. Analysis of the seawater samples showed that surface meteoric water in a glaciated west-Svalbard fjord was present in quantities up to four times as much (∼18%) assea-ice melt (∼5%). In comparison, a north-Svalbard fjord had more than twice as much sea-ice melt (∼5%) as meteoric water (∼2%). Four contrasting regions of freshwater infuence around the Svalbard archipelago were established, defined by their freshwater processes. Further analysis of data suggest that coastal currents act as an upstream freshwater source, and are also enhanced by freshwater along their path. Upper layer circulation, meanwhile, was seen to be an important mode of dispersal of freshwater inputs from smaller inlets. Secondly, a box model was modified by the inclusion of a sea ice model and was run to understand the leading-order processes and mechanisms observed in Arctic fjords. Model results were successfully validated against four years of oceanographic data from a mooring deployed between 2008–2013 in a restricted exchange fjord on Svalbard and represented the seasonal cycle of a high-Arctic fjord including sea-ice growth and convection. The model showed that varying the sill geometry of a high-Arctic fjord impacts the formation of sea-ice and the dominant modes of exchange. The model also showed that warming of the sub-surface temperature causes excess heat inside fjords, which impacts on sea-ice production and (although not shown) is highly likely to cause accelerated melting of tidewater glaciers.

The fjord is a characteristic, but biologically little studied marine habitat of British Columbia. The main objective of this study was to determine the annual cycle of primary organic production in Indian Arm, one of the mainland fjords in this area, and to relate this production to the oceanographic factors of the environment. Data were gathered in Indian Arm at approximately monthly intervals from 1956 through 1959 on 35 cruises. A detailed analysis of the physical oceanography of the fjord was made and a study of primary production in relation to these data was undertaken. The annual patterns of distribution on salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, density, and climate were observed. Analyses of these environmental factors, combined with direct current measurements, were used to establish the circulation pattern and replenishment mechanisms of the fjord waters. During 1958-1959, estimates of the annual cycle of primary production were made using three complementary techniques. Two of these were based on the oxygen budget of the fjord. This budget was established from a detailed study of the changes in oxygen distribution which occurred during the period. Changes in the total oxygen content of the fjord were corrected for non-biological processes and the resulting biological oxygen budget was used in the production estimates. In the first technique, the monthly net oxygen changes were considered to represent the amount of photosynthetic material produced in excess of the fjord's total biological requirements. The total for the year was calculated to be 380 g. C/m.²/yr. Secondly, the oxygen utilization budget of sub-euphotic waters provided an estimate of the organic material consumed within the fjord by non-photosynthetic organisms. This was estimated at 290 g. C/m.²/yr. The third method provided a method of measuring photosynthetic fixation in natural phytoplankton samples inoculated with carbon fourteen and incubated in situ. These values were corrected for the observed variations in production potential of various regions within the fjord. This value was estimated to be 460 g. C/m.²/yr. and is considered representative of the total net primary production of the fjord ecosystem. The difference between the net phytoplankton production and the sub-euphotic utilization provides a measurement of excess production, and indicates that approximately 25% of the fjord's production was transported out into neighbouring waters. The total gross production was estimated as 680 g. C/m.²/yr. by the oxygen budget method and 670 g. C/m.²/yr. by the radiocarbon method. These values are in excess of those usually found in continental shelf or oceanic waters, and approach the high values reported for regions of coastal upwelling. The relatively higher production in Indian Arm is primarily related to the seasonal stability of the water column and the effect of this stability in maintaining the phytoplankton population at favourable light intensities and periodically replenishing the depleted euphotic zone with nutrients. The nutrient source appears to be a biological accumulation in the deep basin of the fjord. In this region these nutrients may reach levels higher than those occurring at comparable depths in neighbouring waters. This study indicates that the estuarial waters of Indian Arm are probably more productive than coastal shelf waters in the same geographic region, and demonstrates that a fjord can be a highly productive ecosystem. / Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies / Graduate

A springtime mid-depth temperature minimum has often been observed in many B.C. inlets. The size and extent of the minimum varies markedly from year to year. This paper examines the temperature minimum more closely,in Bute, Knight and Jervis Inlets. Pickard (1961) suggested that a major factor affecting the size of the temperature minimum layer might be the outflow winds which blow down most B.C. mainland fjords during winter months when the Arctic air mass moves south to cover tne interior of the province. Using Abbotsford Airport as a station representative of outflow (no wind recording devices available in Bute, Knight or Jervis) for Bute, the size of the springtime temperature minimum was compared to the outflow of the previous winter for the period 1954-1973. There seems to be a rough linear relationship between the two. During 1972, 1973 and 1974 monthly cruises were made to Jervis, Bute and Knight - (making it possible to follow winter cooling on a month to month basis. This analysis seems to indicate that in Bute, at least, most of the cooling in the winter occurs during outflow situations. The actual formation of the temperature minimum layer (as shown in the cruises of February and March) appears to be partly caused by down-inlet advection of cold water from the head. It is possible that outflow winds may cause the disturbance which is the origin of the cold advection. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

Ocean circulation in Greenland's large glacial fjords is one mechanism that controls the rate of submarine melting at the termini of Greenland's outlet glaciers. Here we use hourly position data from GPS units deployed on ten large (>100 meter), deep-keeled icebergs in Sermilik Fjord, SE Greenland. We observe and quantify the motions of these icebergs moving through the mélange, fjord, and shelf regimes. In the mélange, icebergs move outward with glacier flow until pushed loose by large calving events. In the fjord, high frequency, low amplitude tidally-driven motions are superimposed on dominant 1-5 day events with net velocities exceeding 0.1 m/s. We interpret these events as two-layer, intermediary circulation driven by winds along the shelf, where icebergs travel southward in the East Greenland Coastal Current. These results showcase the potential of this novel instrumentation to link iceberg motion with circulation in any large glacial fjord.

Icebergs calved from tidewater glaciers represent significant portions of freshwater flux from the Greenland Ice Sheet to the ocean. Using satellite data sets we quantify properties and distributions of icebergs in three fjords with varied properties: Sermilk, Rink Isbræ, and Kangerdlugssûp Sermerssua. Total iceberg volumes in summer in the three fjords average 6.43, 1.69, and 0.19 km^3, respectively, and we calculate cumulative submerged surface areas of iceberg faces to be 213, 55.2, and 7.57 km^2, respectively. We calculate a freshwater flux from iceberg melt of 0.009 – 0.083 m^3 d^-1 in Sermilik Fjord, suggesting a strong potential of iceberg melt water to influence water properties. Properties of icebergs and size distributions are influenced by calving style and grounding line depths of parent glaciers. Variations are represented in the coefficients of generalized Pareto distributions which best describe size distributions in the fjords.

Thesis (M.Sc.) -- Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1987. / Typescript. Bibliography: leaves 172-183. Also available online.

Ο σκοπός της εργασίας αυτής είναι η μελέτη και η παρατήρηση των συνθηκών στην περιοχή του Αμβρακικού κόλπου. Ακόμη η μελέτη όσων αφορά τις φυσικές και χημικές παραμέτρους, τις καιρικές συνθήκες της περιοχής, τις κινήσεις του νερού και τις επιρροές που δέχεται ο Αμβρακικός κόλπος από το περιβάλλον. Ακόμη η εργασία αυτή έχει σαν σκοπό την ανάδειξη των προβλημάτων που προκύπτουν από αυτές τις συνθήκες και τις μελέτες που έχουν πραγματοποιηθεί και τους τρόπους αντιμετώπισης τους. Ακόμη, μελετάει τα πιθανά προβλήματα τα οποία μπορεί να προκύψουν στο μέλλον. / --