Den 24 februari invaderade Ryssland grannlandet Ukraina, vad som många trodde skulle bli en snabb övertagning av landet visar sig vara ett kostsamt och långdraget krig. Detta har skapat en oro världen över och inte bara för invånarna av Ukarina utan också den ekonomiska sidan av konflikten. Efter Rysslands invasion har EU antagit 10 olika sanktionspaket mot Ryssland, fyra av dessa undersöks i studien. I uppsatsen undersöks om sanktionerna mot Ryssland har haft negativa effekter på 16 olika OECD länders växelkurs, samt om dessa effekter varit mer negativa när länderna har varit mer exponerade jämfört med länder som har mindre exponering. Resultatet har varierat för olika sanktionspaket, dock de signifikanta resultaten att växelkursen reagerar mer negativt när landet är mer exponerat.

Interpretation of Mundell-Fleming (M-F) model is very similar to IS -- LM model. The main difference is that M-F model is based on an assumption of small open economy. This openness is making this model more realistic then IS -- LM model. These assumptions are suitable for Czech economy. In this thesis, model is estimated and interpreted. The most important is an application to Czech economy concerning the period 2002 - 2010. There are ex post and ex ante predictions based on the estimated reduced form of the model. The ex post forecast is used for the purpose of evaluating whether the model is suitable for the prediction. After finding relevant suitability, prediction of endogenous variables is performed in the following four seasons.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 1998. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 402 p. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 350-380).

Under 2020 har den svenska kronans växelkurs mot euron förändrats kraftigt med en appreciering på knappt 7 procent. Detta har skett samtidigt som den globala pandemin har slagit till med hög smittspridning och nedstängningar som följd. Uppsatsen har undersökt om nyheter om pandemin mellan mars och december har påverkat den svenska kronans värde mot euron. Nyheterna ska ha handlat om olika typer av restriktioner som införts eller lättnader av dessa, samt om antalet individer som avlidit eller vårdats för intensivvård. För att undersöka detta har två tillvägagångssätt använts: dels har en eventstudie genomförts angående nyheter om restriktioner och lättnader, dels har regressionsanalys gjorts med data från de presskonferenser som hållits av Folkhälsomyndigheten. Resultatet visade att restriktioner och lättnader inte har någon signifikant effekt på växelkursen. Nyheter om antalet avlidna hade en ekonomisk förväntad och signifikant effekt på växelkursen. Dock hade nyheter om antalet intensivvårdade patienter en motsatt förväntad effekt på växelkursen.

In the Deutsche Poemata the word Tod and its variant forms appear in over 130 different poems. The word may appear more than once in the same poem. Despite the frequency of this word, its use has not previously been researched in depth. Secondary sources fall into five basic catagories: l. the use of the word Tod is ignored completely; 2. its use may be isolated to borrowings from Roman Literature; 3. its use is Petrarchan; 4. if comprehensible at all, it is an expression of Fleming's Christian philosophy of nature; 5. Fleming's use of the word is typical for the entire Baroque era. This thesis attempts to show that Fleming's use of the word is predictable according to certain patterns. With only a few exceptions, Fleming retains the concrete meaning of the word. The word, however, becomes a series of motifs. The series of motifs builds a weltanschauung. This philosophy is expressed in Fleming's conception of God, Christ, nature, the cosmos and the loved-one. God is immanent, but He also intervenes directly in human affairs. In recognition of divine intervention, Fleming believes in an animi tranquillitas. Fleming also believes in a unification of the microcosm and macrocosm. There are strong Stoic elements in this Christian philosophy of nature. Although it cannot definitely be proven that Fleming was a believer in Stoicism, certain concepts of death are similar to those of the Stoic philosophers. The philosophy of nature, the cosmos and ever-changing human destiny is expressed throughout the Deutsche Poemata. Fleming's use of Petrarchan elements is isolated, however, to his love poetry. By limiting the use of Petrarchism to the love poetry, Fleming rejects the religious Petrarchism of Sarvievsky and Spee. Some themes are borrowed from the rhetorical structure of the memento mori. But, in contrast to the memento mori, Fleming does not show any strong influence from the Erbauungsliterature. The Roman influence usually does not extend beyond a borrowing of naked motifs. The Latin expression is used to elicit a certain effect but the original context, although understood, is not retained in Fleming’s poem. The original form is given free expression. The thesis also investigates Fleming’s views on the Thirty Years war and its destruction of Germany. The war hero has a significant place in Fleming's concept of Heaven; however, Fleming always expresses a disdain for the tragedy of war, and he seeks peace. Death motifs are integrally connected to Fleming's view of the poet and his creation. The thesis also shows how Fleming's conception of his own death relates to his philosophy of the tranquil acceptance of divine intervention. Several different themes, systems and philosophies are joined together by Fleming into a clearly conceived, if somewhat eclectic weltanschauung. In general, Fleming's use of death motifs is subjective, even though material may be borrowed from traditional sources.

Zugl.: Kairo, Univ., Diss., 2004

Zugl.: Hildesheim, Univ., Diss., 2006

Les nitrones peuvent être réduites par le diiodure de samarium et réagir selon une additionconjuguée avec des acrylates-silylés, silylés ou ,disilylés. Ce couplage réducteur,développé avec des aldonitrones simples, a conduit à des dérivés silylés de g-Nhydroxyaminoacides.Ces derniers ont pu être réduits puis cyclisés en g-lactames substituéspar un groupement silylé, dont la position et la configuration dépendent de l’acrylate dedépart. L’oxydation de Tamao-Fleming a ensuite permis la conversion des composés silylésen leurs correspondants hydroxylés avec rétention de configuration. Cet enchaînementréactionnel a alors été appliquée à une nitrone cyclique polyalkoxylée dérivée du L-xylose, cequi a permis les synthèses de la 7-desoxy Uniflorine A et de la (+)-Australine, deuxpyrrolizidines polyhydroxylées inhibiteurs de glucosidases. / Nitrones are reduced by samarium diiodide and react through a conjugated addition with silylacrylates. This cross coupling, developed with simple aldonitrones, allowed the preparation ofsilyl g-N-hydroxyaminoacids derivatives. The latter were reduced and cyclised in g-lactams inwhich the position and the configuration of the silyl group depend of the starting acrylate.Tamao-Fleming oxidation was used for the conversion of silyl group to hydroxyl group withretention of configuration. Then, the reaction was applied to a cyclic polyalkoxy nitronederived from L-xylose and it allowed the synthesis of 7-deoxy Uniflorine A and (+)-Australine, polyhydroxylated pyrrolizidines exhibiting glucosidases inhibition.

<p>Evolution by natural selection can occur at multiple biological scales. This is particularly the case for host-pathogen systems, where selection occurs both within each infected host as well as through transmission between hosts. Despite there being established mathematical models for understanding evolution at a single biological scale, fewer tractable models exist for multiscale evolutionary dynamics. Here I present mathematical approaches using tools from probability and stochastic processes as well as dynamical systems to handle multiscale evolutionary systems. The first problem I address concerns the antigenic evolution of influenza. Using a combination of ordinary differential equations and inhomogeneous Poisson processes, I study how immune selection pressures at the within-host level impact population-level evolutionary dynamics. The second problem involves the more general question of evolutionary dynamics when selection occurs antagonistically at two biological scales. In addition to host-pathogen systems, such situations arise naturally in the evolution of traits such as the production of a public good and the use of a common resource. I introduce a model for this general phenomenon that is intuitively visualized as a a stochastic ball-and-urn system and can be used to systematically obtain general properties of antagonistic multiscale evolution. Lastly, this ball-and-urn framework is in itself an interesting mathematical object which can studied as either a measure-valued process or an interacting particle system. In this mathematical context, I show that under different scalings, the measure-valued process can have either a propagation of chaos or Fleming-Viot limit.</p> / Dissertation