Neste trabalho, propõe-se o desenvolvimento de procedimento analítico automático para determinação espectrofotométrica de microcistinas em águas empregando o processo de multicomutação em fluxo. O módulo de análise para implementar o procedimento analítico empregou um bomba de seringa para propulsão de fluído e válvulas solenóide para controlar a amostragem. A bomba de seringa foi construída no laboratório de Química Analítica, CENA/USP, onde foi empregado um motor de passo para fazer o deslocamento do êmbolo da seringa. Como detectores foram empregados, um fotômetro da Oriel Instrument e um fotômetro desenvolvido no laboratório de Química Analítica, CENA/USP, baseado em um fotodiodo da BURR-BRAWN e projetado para este procedimento. Uma cela de fluxo com caminho óptico de 40 mm e volume interno de 32 \'mü\'L, foi construída sob medida para permitir fácil acoplamento da fonte de radiação (LED) e dos fotodetectores, formando uma unidade compacta. O controle do sistema de fluxo, incluindo o motor de passo, foi executado por um microcomputador usando um software escrito em linguagem Quick Basic 4.5. Os sinais gerados pelos fotômetros em diferença de potencial eram convertidos para digital por um multímetro e enviados para o computador através da interface serial 232. O sistema proposto foi empregado para determinação de microcistinas em águas de rios e lagoas. A exatidão foi averiguada comparando com os dados obtidos empregando um equipamento ELISA. A faixa de concentração situada entre (0,1 e 0,8 \'mü\'gL-1) de microcistina indica que o sistema proposto pode ser usado em serviços de tratamento de águas onde o requerimento da ANVISA (Portaria n°518, 2004) deve ser alcançado / In this work, it was proposed the development of an automated analytical procedure based on multicommutation for the photometric determination of microcystins water. The flow module to implement the analytical procedure employed a syringe pump for solution propelling and solenoid valves for sampling control. The syringe pump was constructed in the laboratory CENA/USP, employed a step-motor to carry out the displacement of the syringe piston. As photodetectors was employed an Oriel Instrument photometer and a photometer developed in the laboratory CENA/USP based on a BURR-BRAWN photodiode and designed to be used in this procedure. A flow cell with optical pathlength of 40 mm and inner volume of 32 \'mü\'L was tailored to allow easily coupling of radiation source (LED) and photodetector, forming a compact unit. The control of the flow system, including the step-motor was performed by a microcomputer using a software wrote in Quick BASIC 4.5. The signals generated by the photometers in difference of potential were converted to digital by a digital multimeter and sent to the microcomputer through the serial interface 232. The proposed system was employed for the photometric determination of microcystins in water. Accuracy was assessed comparing the results with those obtained using a ELISA instrument. The concentration response (0,1 e 0,8 \'mü\'gL-1 microcystins) and limit of detection lower than 0.01 \'mü\'gL-1 microcystins, indicated that the proposed system can be used in plants of water treatment where the ANVISA requirement must be maintained

Thesis (M.S.M.E.)--University of Delaware, 2006. / Principal faculty advisor: James Glancey, Dept. of Bioresources Engineering. Includes bibliographical references.

In the flow distribution section of a paper machine, known as the head box, water is injected into the fiber suspension (stock) flow through a tee-mixer for more uniform production. This dilution process has two important requirements that must be fulfilled: (1) sufficient mixing so that the dilution flow spreads across the suspension flow and (2) that the injection flow rate not be so large to significantly alter the local head box flow rate. The objective of this research was to find a combination of velocity ratio and tee mixer geometry that lead to the injection flow being well mixed into the stock flow, but at the same time, the injection should not cause the total flow rate to change by more than 1%. Velocity ratios of 0.25, 0.75, 1.33, 1.5 and 2.25 were examined for four different cases of tee mixer geometries using the CFD software Fluent. Two of the cases had added contractions located near the injection point, while the other two cases had a more standard geometry with no added complexities. The pressure drop across the injection point was also measured. Mixing was qualitatively measured by simulating the injection of a passive tracer into the dilution flow. All of the results indicated that the case where the contraction was located after the injection showed the most promising results with quality mixing and lower flow rates. The cases without added contractions showed poor mixing for lower velocity ratios, and for higher velocity ratios, the flow rates were too large. The cases with contractions showed similar mixing, but the outlet flow rates produced were lower when the contraction was located after the injection instead of before it. A velocity ratio of 0.25-0.75 for the mixers with contractions produced acceptable flow rates and sufficient mixing. The simulations also showed that the static pressure for the contraction cases were nearly identical throughout the majority of the pipe. For both contraction cases the pressure drop across the injection increased with increasing injection flow rate. When the contraction was located before the injection, a pressure drop of 16% was calculated. A pressure drop of 18% to 20% across the injection resulted when the contraction was located after the injection.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2003. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 110-117).

A turbulent channel flow was used to study the scaling of the combined effects of roughness and flow injection on the mean flow and turbulence statistics of turbulent plane Poiseuille flow. It was found that the additional momentum injected through the rough surface acted primarily to enhance the roughness effects and, with respect to the mean flow, blowing produced similar mean flow effects as increasing the roughness height. This was not found to hold for the turbulence statistics, as a departure from Townsend’s hypothesis was seen. Instead, the resulting outer-scaled streamwise Reynolds stress for cases with roughness and blowing deviated significantly from the roughness only condition well throughout the inner and outer layers. Investigation into this phenomena indicated that suppression of the large-scale motions due to blowing may have been contributing to this deviation.

ABSTRACT Toxicological studies have shown that the degree of toxicity of some elements depends on the chemical form in which the element is present. Chromium (III) is considered as an essential micronutrient for human whereas chromium (VI) is a potentially carcinogenic agent. So the speciation of inorganic chromium in environmental samples is required for accurate assessment of pollution levels. The chromium content in natural water is usually very low, and a preconcentration is often necessary prior to the determination. A sensitive and selective preconcentration and speciation procedure is developed for the determination of trace and ultra trace amounts of chromium species by utilizing chemiluminescence (CL) and flame atomic absorption spectrometric (FAAS) techniques. The performances of amino silica-gel, amino sol-gel, mercapto silica-gel beads and metal oxides for solid phase extraction of chromium are examined either in column or batch type studies. Considering the advantage of concentrating Cr(III) and Cr(VI) ions separately simply by adjusting the pH of the medium, amino silica-gel resin is chosen in this study. The influences of different experimental parameters on the separation and preconcentration of chromium species such as pH, eluent concentration, flow rate, particle size of the resin are investigated. Chemiluminescence detection studies are performed by using the catalytic effect of Cr (III) on the reaction between luminol and hydrogen-peroxide and Cr (VI) is detected after reduction to Cr (III). Luminol and H2O2 concentrations and the pH of the medium are optimized to increase the sensitivity of the system. Chemiluminescence is inherently a very sensitive technique. When a preconcentration step is included in the CL mesurement of very low concentrations of chromium is possible to determine. Indeed, a 25-fold enhancement in sensitivity of chromium ions is achieved after incorporating amino silane&ndash / gel colums in the system and 0.2 &amp / #61549 / g/L of chromium (corresponds to the concentration of chromium in natural waters) was measured. A fully automated FI-CL system is designed that allows all necessary operations to be performed on-line. This system allows the pre-conditioning of micro-columns with different buffer solutions / adsorption of chromium species in micro-columns / washing these columns to remove interfering matrix components / elution of the species with minimum volume / transporting the species and chemiluminescence reagents to the cell / and, finally, cleaning of all pertinent conduits in the FIA-system in order to prevent carry-over between individual samples.

In sugar industry, determination of invert sugars (fructose and glucose) provides information about the quality, process control and characteristics of the produced fructose and glucose syrups. Determination of invert sugar is also important for wine industries. In wine process, fructose and glucose are converted to ethanol by fermentation and the type of wine is designated by the amount of invert sugar remained. Fast and reliable invert sugar detection techniques are required to check the quality of wine throughout the fermentation process. Cathecholamines (eg. dopamine and epinephrine) are diol containing compounds which play important roles in higher animals&rsquo / physicomotor activities, learning, sleeping, memory and immune system. They also affect brain functions. Inbalances in dopamine level in brain result in a number of psychiatric disorders, particularly schizophrenia and Parkinson disease. Catecholamines are present in relatively high amounts in drugs. Many efforts have been made to develop analytical procedures for their rapid, simple and accurate determination. For these reasons, catecholamine quantification is important in the field of pharmacy and medicine. Boronic acids interact with 1,2 or 1,3-diol containing compounds, such as fructose, glucose and dopamine, rapidly and reversibly. Hence, boronic acids are used as the recognition moeity in the construction of photoinduced electron transfer (PET) fluorophores specific for saccharides and catecholamines. In this study, a flow injection analysis system has been developed for the rapid and selective recognition of fructose and glucose in wine and in commercial sugar syrups / dopamine and epinephrine in pharmaceutical injections by using dansylaminophenyl boronic acid (DAPB) which is a fluorescent PET molecule.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1997. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [96]-100).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Texas at El Paso, 2009. / Title from title screen. Vita. CD-ROM. Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.

Thesis (M.S.M.E.)--University of Delaware, 2006. / Principal faculty advisor: Suresh G. Advani, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering. Includes bibliographical references.