Thesis (M.S.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1990. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 88-90). Also available via the Internet.

Thesis (M.S. in civil engineering)--Washington State University, August 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 33-34).

Dissertation submitted in compliance with the requirements for Masters Degree in Technology: Electrical Engineering (Light Current), Technikon Natal, 1997. / This report details the findings of work carried out over the course of 1994 and 1995 to determine if it is feasible to use an electrostatic technique for the measurement of mass flow rate of pneumatically conveyed solids. This includes results from tests done on a flow rig and at various power stations. / M

M.Tech. (Mechanical Engineering Technology) / This project researched the feasibility of using an existing mitre bend on the main condenser crossover ducting as an on-line flow measuring system. This flow measurement is based on the principle of an elbow type of flow meter. There are no detailed published standards or specifications available for Elbow flow meters. The knowledge of the cooling water flow rate through the individual condensers would allow turbine heat rate calculations to be performed. In addition condenser, cooling tower and cooling water pump performance can be evaluated. An on-line system would also highlight potential problems sooner, thus eliminating costly unplanned shutdowns. The majority of the straight length of condenser cooling water piping is under concrete, thus making access very difficult. The exposed condenser piping geometry is not ideal, with very distorted flow profiles expected, due to bends, valves, reducers, etc. Conventional flow measuring systems can therefore not be used, as ideal flow conditions (profiles) before and after the measuring instrument are required to er.sure the specified accuracy. The mitre bend being part of the piping geometry does not introduce additional head loss to the system and coupled to the low cost factor of an elbow type meter was the principal reason for the choice of this type of measuring system. Part of the innovative aspect of this research is that a conventional elbow is not used but an existing mitre bend is utilised as the fundamental flow measuring device. The Elbow/Bend differential pressure method to measure the condenser cooling water flow rate was investigated in the Flow laboratory at Eskom (Technology Research and Investigations). A geometrically similar mitre bend was purchased and installed onto the 700 mm NB pipeline at the laboratory. The diametrical differential pressure was measured at the 22.5° and 45°axes of the 0.8 D mitre bend. The differential pressure was related to the fluid flow rate, and a calibration constant C was determined. The velocity profiles under the test conditions were verified. A Computational Fluid Dynamics model of the laboratory mitre bend was also produced. The model provided a clearer understanding of the internal flow patterns and the exact pressures on the inside and outside of the bend. The tests that were conducted in the laboratory confirmed the suitability of converting the main condenser crossover ducting mitre bends into an on-line cooling water flow measuring systems.

Seventeen square-edged orifice plates were calibrated to study the effect of varying throat length, both in the absence and in the presence of geometrical similarity, on the coefficient of discharge for pipe Reynolds numbers from 20 to1 10,000. The experiments involved the use of hydraulically smooth pipe in test lines of 1 - inch, 1.5 - inch and 2 - inch nominal I.D., corner pressure taps and Beta ratios (orifice diameter/pipe diameter) of 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6. Six of the plates were built using design criteria recommended by the A.S.M.E. in "Fluid Meters" (1), and with Beta ratios specified at 0.4. Each test line was used with two plates, which were identical except for a variation in throat length within the range of the given design recommendations. A comparison of discharge coefficients as a function of pipe Reynolds number indicated the following: (1) Reynolds numbers 30 - 3,000. Consistent differences of 2-6% were observed in the calibration curves due to the variation in throat length allowed by "Fluid Meters".(1). (2) Reynolds number 3,000 - 10,000. Geometry appeared to be much less important, as all calibration curves tended to coincide. Two further plates, for the 1.5 - inch pipe only, were built using the A.S.M.E. "Power Test Code" (2) as a design reference. They were designed to have respectively the minimum and maximum throat length allowable under the code. The results, when plotted, indicated that in a pipe Reynolds number range of 40 - 1,500, plates built identically except for small differences in throat length, still gave distinguishably different calibration curves. The remaining nine plates were divided into three groups of three plates each, encompassing the three pipe diameters and three Beta ratios. All plates within a group were geometrically similar. The results, for pipe Reynolds numbers from 20 to 2,000, indicated that a total specification of orifice shape gave consistent calibration curves with no apparent absolute size effects. Thus, both "Fluid Meters" *and the "Power Test Code" recommended design criteria for standard orifice plates which do not completely take into account the effect of geometry on the coefficient of discharge at low Reynolds numbers. In particular, the tolerances allowed on throat length are too large. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of / Graduate

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