Leung, Yu Tim. / Thesis submitted in: November 2006. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 103-128). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Thesis Committee --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.ii / Abstract --- p.iii / 摘要 --- p.iv / Table of Contents --- p.v / List of Tables --- p.ix / List of Figures --- p.x / Abbreviations --- p.xiii / Chapter 1. --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Flower herbal teas --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- R. rugosa --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- The phytochemistry of R. rugosa --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Secondary metabolites --- p.4 / Chapter 1.4 --- Classification of secondary metabolites --- p.6 / Chapter 1.5 --- Phenolic compounds --- p.6 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Phenylpropanoid compounds --- p.6 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Lignins --- p.7 / Chapter 1.5.3 --- Coumarins --- p.7 / Chapter 1.5.4 --- Stilbenes --- p.8 / Chapter 1.5.5 --- Tannins --- p.8 / Chapter 1.5.6 --- Flavonoids --- p.9 / Chapter 1.6 --- Oxidative Stress --- p.13 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- Diseases related to ROS --- p.13 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Significant chemical or biochemical conversion of ROS --- p.14 / Chapter 1.6.3 --- Sources of ROS --- p.15 / Chapter 1.7 --- Natural dietary antioxidants --- p.15 / Chapter 1.7.1 --- Vitamin C --- p.15 / Chapter 1.7.2 --- Vitamin E --- p.16 / Chapter 1.7.3 --- Carotenoids --- p.16 / Chapter 1.7.4 --- Phenolic compounds --- p.16 / Chapter 1.8 --- Cancinogenesis --- p.17 / Chapter 1.9 --- Cell cycle --- p.18 / Chapter 1.9.1 --- Cell cycle of eukaryotic cells --- p.18 / Chapter 1.9.2 --- Checkpoints of cell cycle --- p.18 / Chapter 1.10 --- Cancer cell lines --- p.19 / Chapter 1.11 --- The growth phases of cancer cell lines --- p.20 / Chapter 1.12 --- Antiproliferative effects of phenolic compounds --- p.21 / Chapter 1.13 --- Genotoxicity of phenolic compounds --- p.22 / Chapter 1.14 --- Objectives --- p.23 / Chapter 2. --- Methods and Materials / Chapter 2.1 --- Extraction of active substances --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2 --- Determination of antioxidant activities TEAC assay --- p.40 / Chapter 2.3 --- Determination of hydroxy 1 radical scavenging activity by the deoxyribose assay --- p.41 / Chapter 2.4 --- Determination of phenolic contents by Folin´ؤCiocalteu assay --- p.43 / Chapter 2.5 --- Determination of total flavonoid by aluminum chloride colorimetric method --- p.43 / Chapter 2.6 --- Determination of oxidative DNA damage by comet assay --- p.44 / Chapter 2.7 --- Cell lines propagation --- p.49 / Chapter 2.8 --- Determination of antiproliferative activities by MTT assay (colorimetric) --- p.50 / Chapter 2.9 --- Determination of antiproliferative activities by BrdU labeling assay --- p.52 / Chapter 2.10 --- Cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry --- p.55 / Chapter 2.11 --- Determination of genotoxicity by SOS chromotest --- p.57 / Chapter 3. --- Results / Chapter 3.1 --- Dermination of antioxidant activities by TEAC assay --- p.59 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Trolox Standard Reference --- p.59 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- TEAC of the seven flower extracts --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2 --- Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity by deoxyribose assay --- p.60 / Chapter 3.3 --- Determination of phenolic contents by Folin´ؤCiocalteu assay --- p.60 / Chapter 3.4 --- Determination of total flavonoids by colorimetirc aluminium chloride assay --- p.61 / Chapter 3.5 --- "The Inter-correlation between the antioxidant activities, total phenolic and flavonoid contents of flower extraction powders" --- p.61 / Chapter 3.6 --- Determination of oxidative DNA damage by comet assay --- p.62 / Chapter 3.7 --- Determination of antiproliferative activities by MTT assay --- p.63 / Chapter 3.7.1 --- Antiporoliferative activities on HepG2 --- p.63 / Chapter 3.7.2 --- Antiproliferative activities on MCF7 --- p.63 / Chapter 3.7.3 --- IC50 of R. rugosa extract on both HepG2 and MCF7 --- p.64 / Chapter 3.8 --- "The Inter-correlation between antioxidant activities, total phenolic contents, flavonoid contents, and the antiproliferative activities of flower extraction Powders" --- p.64 / Chapter 3.9 --- Determination of DNA synthesis by BrdU labeling analysis --- p.65 / Chapter 3.10 --- Cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry --- p.65 / Chapter 3.11 --- Determination of genotoxicity by SOS chromotest --- p.66 / Chapter 4. --- Discussions / Chapter 4.1 --- Extraction method --- p.90 / Chapter 4.2 --- Comparison of TEAC of the dry flowers with other foods --- p.90 / Chapter 4.3 --- Correlation between ABTS+ and hydroxyl scavenging ability of flower extraction powder --- p.91 / Chapter 4.4 --- Comparison of phenolic contents of the fry flowers with other foods --- p.92 / Chapter 4.5 --- Correlation between total phenolic contents and flavonoid contents of flower Eextraction powders --- p.92 / Chapter 4.6 --- "Correlation between total phenolic, flavonoid content and antioxidant activities of flower extraction powders" --- p.93 / Chapter 4.7 --- Factors affecting the antioxidant power besides total phenolic contents --- p.94 / Chapter 4.8 --- Synergistic effect of phenolic compounds --- p.94 / Chapter 4.9 --- Toxicity of drinking flower herbal tea --- p.95 / Chapter 4.10 --- Recommended dose of flower herbal teas --- p.96 / Chapter 4.11 --- Antiproliferative activities of flower extracts by MTT assay --- p.97 / Chapter 4.12 --- Antiproliferation activities of flower extraction Powders by Brdu labeling assay --- p.98 / Chapter 4.13 --- Protective effects of flower extraction powder on oxidative DNA damage determined by comet assay --- p.99 / Chapter 4.14 --- Cell cycle analysis --- p.100 / Chapter 4.15 --- Further Studies --- p.101 / Chapter 5. --- Conclusion --- p.102 / Chapter 6. --- References --- p.103