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A potentially powerful influence on the dynamic characteristics of a journal bearing is the thermal deformation of the bearing surface and the journal. Although a few reported research projects consider this effect, most of the journal bearing codes currently utilized in the turbomachinery industry ignore this influence. A study of the thermohydrodynamic behavior including thermoelastic deformation of a two axial groove journal bearing is presented in this thesis. The finite element method has been used to solve the governing differential equations. Quadrilateral nine noded isoparametric elements are used in the finite element model of both the fluid film and the bearing liner. The analytical predictions are compared with the steady load data obtained from two identical 101 mm dia, 57 nm long bearings, one fabricated from steel and the other from bronze. The comparisons are made for several loading values and for operational speeds of 1000 and 5000 RPM (16.66 Hz and 83.33 Hz). Analytical results are also presented for an operating speed of 10000 RPM (166.66 Hz). / Master of Science

Orientador: Auteliano Antunes dos Santos Júnior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T15:41:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Idehara_AnneliseYuiko_M.pdf: 2161496 bytes, checksum: 55c604cc3cef545df951f0fbb8f2af19 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo a análise do fenômeno de vibração na direção longitudinal de árvore de manivelas em motores de combustão interna, o cálculo de esforços sobre o mancal e o cálculo dos deslocamentos causados pela dinâmica do virabrequim. Essa vibração é apontada como uma das causas de desgaste precoce dos componentes acoplados ao virabrequim e do próprio componente. Reduzir essa vibração contribui para o aumento da vida útil e eficiência. A formulação proposta para estudo da dinâmica da estrutura é o modelo de múltiplos graus de liberdade com massas e inércias concentradas. Para o cálculo dos esforços de reação dos mancais, a equação de Reynolds é resolvida por diferenças finitas. Além disso, o programa comercial Excite (AVL) é utilizado para aferir resultados e fazer comparações. Os resultados são apresentados para diferentes condições de operação em um virabrequim comercial. Analisa-se de forma simples o efeito da redução de massa de 5% e de 10%. Por fim, conclui-se que a árvore de manivelas simulada não apresenta desgaste por contato metal-metal. / Abstract: This paper aims to analyze the phenomenon of vibration in the longitudinal direction of the crankshaft in internal combustion engines, the calculation of loads on the bearing and the calculation of displacements caused by the dynamics of the crankshaft. This vibration is identified as a cause of premature wear of the components coupled to the crankshaft and the component itself. Reduction in this vibration contributes to increased efficiency and life service time. The proposed formulation to study the dynamics of the structure is the model of multiple degrees of freedom with concentrated masses and inertias. The Reynolds equation is solved by Finite Differences Method to calculate the supported load of the bearing. In addition, the commercial program Excite (AVL) is used to evaluete results and make comparison. The results are presented for different operating conditions in a commercial crankshaft. A simple analysis of a crankshaft mass reduction of 5% and 10% is done. Finally, a conclusion that the crankshaft does not present a metal-metal contact is done. / Mestrado / Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

This master´s thesis deals with the experimental analysis of the coefficient of friction and lubrication film in total knee replacement. The experiments are performed on a knee joint simulator, with an implemented module for measuring friction. To observe film formation, fluorescent microscopy is used. The experiments are mainly focused on a detailed description of the influence of parameters occurring during the gait cycle. This approach should significantly help in describing the tribological processes that occur in the total knee replacement. The results confirm previous investigations in terms of axial load, where the coefficient of friction decreases with the increasing load. In the case of lubrication film, no significant changes are observed. On the contrary, while investigating the influence of SRR, noticeable changes in film formation are observed while the coefficient of friction being unaffected. While describing the whole gait cycle, precise results are obtained only in the first half of the cycle as the second half is accompanied by the occurrence of large deviations from a rapid decrease of load. This work provides a better understanding of the field of lubrication film in total knee replacements. Moreover, thanks to the simultaneous measurement of the coefficient of friction and the observation of the contact area, it is possible to draw better conclusions than if the experiments had been carried out separately.

Overall losses in swash plate type axial piston machines are mainly defined by three tribological interfaces. These are swash plate/slipper, piston/cylinder and cylinder block/valve plate. Within a research project, funded by the German Research Foundation, a combined approach of experimental research and simulation is chosen to acquire further knowledge on the cylinder block/valve plate contact. The experimental investigations focus on the friction torque within the contact and the measurement of the cylinder block movement in all six degrees of freedom. Simultaneously a simulation model is created focusing on the main physical effects. By considering the results of the experimental investigations significant physical effects for the simulation model are assessed. Within this paper a first comparison between experimental results and the simulation is presented, showing that for a qualitative match the implemented effects (mainly the fluid film, solid body movement, solid body contact, surface deformation) are sufficient to model the general behaviour of theinvestigated pump.

Static characteristics and rotordynamic coefficients were experimentally determined for a four-pad tilting-pad journal bearing with ball-in-socket pivots in loadbetween- pad configuration. A frequency-independent [M]-[C]-[K] model fit the measurements reasonably well, except for the cross-coupled damping coefficients. Test conditions included speeds from 4,000 to 12,000 rpm and unit loads from 0 to 1896 kPa (0 to 275 psi). The test bearing was manufactured by Rotating Machinery Technology (RMT), Inc. Though it has a nominal diameter of 101.78 mm (4.0070 in.), measurements indicated significant bearing crush with radial bearing clearances of 99.6 μm (3.92 mils) and 54.6 μm (2.15 mils) in the axes 45º counterclockwise and 45º clockwise from the loaded axis, respectively. The pad length is 101.6 mm (4.00 in.), giving L/D = 1.00. The pad arc angle is 73º, and the pivot offset ratio is 65%. The preloads of the loaded and unloaded pads are 0.37 and 0.58, respectively. A bulk-flow Navier-Stokes model was used for predictions, using adiabatic conditions for the bearing fluid. Because the model assumes constant nominal clearances at all pads, the average of the measured clearances was used as an estimate. Eccentricities and attitude angles were markedly under predicted while power loss was under predicted at low speeds and very well predicted at high speeds. The maximum detected pad temperature was 71ºC (160ºF) and the rise from inlet to maximum bearing temperature was over predicted by 10-40%. Multiple-frequency force inputs were used to excite the bearing. Direct stiffness and damping coefficients were significantly over predicted, but addition of a simple stiffness-in-series model substantially improved the agreement between theory and experiment. Direct added masses were zero or negative at low speeds and increased with speed up to a maximum of about 50 kg; they were normally greater in the unloaded direction. Although significant cross-coupled stiffness terms were present, they always had the same sign. The bearing had zero whirl frequency ratio netting unconditional stability over all test conditions. Static stiffness in the y direction (obtained from steadystate loading) matched the rotordynamic stiffness Kyy (obtained from multiple-frequency excitation) reasonably at low loads but poorly at the maximum test load.

Ce document présente les analyses expérimentales de deux types de composants aérodynamiques, lubrifiés en air : les butées à feuilles et les paliers à feuilles. Ces éléments constituent une nouvelle génération d'organes de guidages, et gagnent à être implémentés dans des machines tournantes dont les performances sont critiques. En effet, ils permettent d'atteindre des vitesses élevées, sans usure en régime établit, et diminuent la puissance dissipée en comparaison à des solutions fonctionnant avec de l'huile. Ce mémoire est une contribution à l'étude de chacun de ces éléments, dont les niveaux respectifs de maturité technologique ne sont pas similaires. Le palier à feuilles possède une littérature plus riche que la butée, dont aucune analyse expérimentale dynamique n'a été menée jusqu'à présent. Un banc d'essai, destiné à l'étude de butées à feuilles, sous des charges statiques et dynamiques, est conçu. Les caractéristiques de démarrage montrent une augmentation linéaire du couple de démarrage avec la charge statique, une augmentation linéaire du couple en fonctionnement aussi bien avec la charge statique qu'avec la vitesse de rotation, et enfin, une augmentation globale de la vitesse de décollage avec la charge statique. Les essais dynamiques montrent, pour la raideur dynamique, une augmentation non linéaire avec la fréquence d'excitation (entre 150 Hz et 750 Hz) ainsi qu'avec la charge statique appliquée. L'amortissement visqueux équivalent diminue avec la fréquence d'excitation, mais augmente avec la charge statique. Les essais montrent, à charge équivalente, une diminution de la raideur et de l'amortissement avec l'augmentation de la vitesse de rotation. Les facteurs d'amortissements structurels diminuent avec l'augmentation de la fréquence d'excitation, et augmentent avec la charge statique. Afin de se rapprocher d'une architecture de turbomachine, un banc d'essai existant est adapté à l'utilisation de paliers à feuilles. L'étude du comportement de deux rotors rigides (un léger et un lourd) est menée. Celle-ci s'effectue de deux façons : par l'analyse de spectrogrammes enregistrés suivant deux directions du plan de chaque palier, ou bien en étudiant la réponse synchrone à différents balourds. Une confrontation avec deux modèles théoriques est effectuée, en comparant soit la réponse synchrone au balourd dans chaque palier, soit les spectrogrammes. Les balourds sont comparés avec un modèle de rotor rigide linéaire (analyse en petites perturbations) à 4 degrés de libertés, dans lequel les coefficients dynamiques des paliers obtenus grâce au code Foil sont utilisés. les spectrogrammes montrent des vibrations sous-synchrones, qui sont reproduites dans ce mémoire au moyen d'un modèle simplifié de force dynamique. Les résultats expérimentaux actuels montrent les limites des modélisations des paliers à feuilles existantes. Afin d'améliorer la connaissance et la prédiction de ces composants, il est dorénavant nécessaire d'établir un nouveau modèle dynamique, non linéaire, permettant de prédire les réponses synchrones aux balourds ainsi que la richesse sous-synchrone de la signature dynamique d'un rotor supporté par ces paliers. / This document deals with the experimental analyses of two types of air lubricated aerodynamic components: foil journal bearings and foil thrust bearings. These components belong to a new generation of bearings, and are well worth integrating in turbomachinery, which performances are at stakes. Indeed they enable to reach very high speeds without any wear in continuous regime and they diminish energy loss compared to oil bearings. This memoir is a contribution to these two elements, which maturity levels are different.A test rig dedicated to the study of foil thrust bearings under both static and dynamic loads is designed. Start-up characteristics show a linear increase of start-up torque with static load, a linear increase of the fluid film torque with both static load and rotation speed, and an increase of lift-off speed with rotation speed. Dynamical tests show a non linear increase of the stiffness with both excitation frequency (between 150 Hz and 750 Hz) and static load. Equivalent viscous damping decreases with excitation frequency, but increase with static load. Loss factor decreases with excitation frequency and increase with static load.An existing test rig was modified to test foil journal bearings, in a close architecture compared to turbomachines. Two rigid rotors (one light and one heavy) supported by two foil journal bearings were studied. Study is made in two different ways: by the analysis of the displacements spectrograms in two perpendicular directions on each bearing, or the study of the synchronous response at different unbalance masses. A comparison between experimental results and two theoretical models is made. Unbalance responses are compared to a linear rigid rotor model with 4 degrees of freedom, in which the dynamic coefficients of the foil journal bearings are obtained thanks to the Foil algorithm. Spectrograms show sub-synchronous vibrations that are computed thanks to a simplified dynamic force model. Experimental results show the limits in the foil journal bearings theoretical models. In order to improve knowledge and prediction of these components, it is now compulsory to establish a new non-linear dynamical model, enabling to predict both the synchronous unbalance responses and the complexity of the sub-synchronous dynamical signature of a rotor maintained by two foil journal bearings.

<div>Positive displacement machines are used in a wide variety of applications, ranging from fluid power where they act as a transmission of power, to lubrication and fluid transport. As the core of the fluid system responsible for mechanical--hydraulic energy conversion, the efficiencies of these units are a major driver of the total efficiency of the system. Furthermore, the durability of these units is a strong decider in the useful life of the system in which they operate.</div><div><br></div><div>The key challenge in designing these units comes from understanding their working principles and designing their lubricating interfaces, which must simultaneously perform a load carrying and sealing function as the unit operates. While most of the physical phenomena relevant to these machines have been studied previously in some capacity, the significance of their mutual interactions has not. For this reason, the importance of these mutual interactions is a fundamental question in these machines that this thesis answers for the first time. In analysis of two different machine types, it is confirmed that mutual interactions of both physical phenomena and neighboring fluid domains of the unit contribute significantly to the overall performance of the machine. Namely, these analyses demonstrate load sharing owing to mutual interactions on average of 20% and as high as 50%, and mutual flow interactions of at least 10%.</div><div><br></div><div>In this thesis, the behavior of the thin films of fluid in the lubricating interfaces of the units, the bodies that make up these films, and the volumes which interface with them will be considered. The resulting coupled problem requires a model that can consider the effects of motion of all floating bodies on all films and volumes, and collect the resulting loads applied by the fluid as it responds. This will require a novel 6 degree of freedom dynamics model including the inertia of the bodies and the transient pressure and shear loads of all interfaces of the body and the fluid domain.</div><div><br></div><div>During operation, fluid cavitation and aeration can occur in both the displacement chambers of the machine and its lubricating interfaces. To capture this, a novel cavitation algorithm is developed in this thesis, which considers the release of bubbles due to both gas trapped within the fluid and vaporization of the operating fluid in localized low pressure regions of the films. In the absence of cavitation, this model will also be used to find the pressures and flows over the film, communicating this information with the remainder of the fluid domain.</div><div><br></div><div>Due to the high pressures that form in these units, the bodies deform. The resulting deformation changes the shape of the films and therefore its pressure distribution. This coupled effect will be captured in one of two ways, the first relying on existing geometric information of the unit, and the other using a novel analytical approach that is developed to avoid this necessity. In either case, the added damping due to the shear of the materials will be considered for the first time. Additionally in regions of low gap height, mixed lubrication occurs and the effects of the surface asperities of the floating bodies cannot be neglected. Accurate modeling of this condition is necessary to predict wear that leads to failure in these units. This work will then develop a novel implementation for mixed lubrication modeling that is directly integrated into the cavitation modeling approach.</div><div><br></div><div>Finally, effort is made to maintain a generic tools, such that the model can be applied to any positive displacement machine. This thesis will present the first toolbox of its kind, which accounts for all the mentioned aspects in such a way that they can be captured for any machine. Using both multithreaded and sequential implementations, the tool will be capable of fully utilizing a machine on which it is run for both low latency (design) and high throughput (optimization) applications respectively. In order to make these applications feasible, the various modules of the tool will be strongly coupled using asynchronous time stepping. This approach is made possible with the development of a novel impedance tensor of the mixed universal Reynolds equation, and shows marked improvements in simulation time by requiring at most 50% of the simulation time of existing approaches.</div><div><br></div><div>In the present thesis, the developed tool will be validated using experimental data collected from 3 fundamentally different machines. Individual advancements of the tool will also be verified in isolation with comparison to the state of the art and commercial software in the relevant fields. As a demonstration of the use of the tool for design, detailed analysis of the displacing actions and lubricating interfaces of these same units will be performed. These validations demonstrate the ability of the tool to predict machine efficiencies with error averaging around 1% over all operating conditions for multiple machine types, and capture transient behavior of the units. To demonstrate the utility as a virtual optimization tool, design of a complete external gear machine design will be performed. This demonstration will start from only analytical parameters, and will track a route to a complete prototype.</div>

A common choice of bearing for industrial applications such as turbomachinery and rotating compressors is the Tilting-Pad Journal Bearing (TPJB) due to its excellent stability properties. TPJB's are however limited by the reduction of damping in the fluid film at high velocities. In order to overcome this, the Active Tilting-Pad Journal Bearing (ATPJB) has been developed. By adding the possibility of high-pressure radial oil injection through servo-valves which can be controlled via a feedback-loop control system, the classically purely mechanical TPJB becomes a mechatronic device called ATPJB.  The objective of this project is to conduct an experimental evaluation of the dynamical behavior of the ATPJB test rig located at the Technical University of Denmark, use the experimental results to modify the previously developed dynamical model which is used for the calculation of a model-based control system. The control system is to be implemented and experimentally validated at high velocities. Improvements made to the test rig in order to achieve high velocities have been documented and described in this work. The mathematical modeling of the individual components, reduction methods, and the global system assembly is covered with an extensive overview. Parameters of the model have been made frequency dependant in order to have an accurate model, resulting in good agreement with experimental data over a wider operational range. With the implemented Linear Quadratic Gaussian controller it is shown that ATPJB has extended operational range compared to TPJB and shows reduction of vibrations over rotational speeds spanning from 1000 RPM to 10,000 RPM. The ATPJB-technology, as it is implemented in this project, does not improve frictional losses in the system. It is argued that the added sensing and actuating systems inherited in the ATPJB technology make the technology highly suitable for the ideas of Industry 4.0 and also allows for the implementation of Early Fault Diagnosis which gives an economical incitement to invest in ATPJB-technology.