Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 185-187).

This study is aimed to compare the fluidized bed and microwave drying with microwave assisted fluidized bed drying. For this purpose, macaroni beads (2.4&plusmn / 0.08 mm diameter) were dried from about 20% to 12% moisture content in a fluidized bed of 7.6 cm diameter, in a domestic microwave oven with a power of 609 W and in the fluidized bed placed in the microwave oven conditions. In the experiments with the fluidized bed three air temperatures / 50, 60 and 70&deg / C at an air velocity of 2.3 m/s and in those with the microwave oven two power levels / 50% and 100% were used. The drying curves indicated that the drying rate increased with the air temperature and microwave power in each drying method. Microwave assisted fluidized bed drying reduced the drying time by about 50% and 11% on the average compared with the fluidized bed and microwave drying, respectively. Therefore, it was concluded that the drying time was reduced more by the effect of microwave energy than the fluidization. The effective diffusivities in the fluidized bed and microwave assisted fluidized bed drying were found to be in the order of 4.125x10-11 and 8.772x10-11 m2/s on the average, respectively. The effective diffusivities for the fluidized bed drying were fitted to an Arrhenius type of equation and the magnitude of the activation energy was found to be in the order of 12595 kJ/kg mol.

Fluidized bed dryers are used in the pharmaceutical industry for the batch drying of pharmaceutical granulate. Maintaining optimal hydrodynamic conditions throughout the drying process is essential to product quality. Due to the complex interactions inherent in the fluidized bed drying process, mechanistic models capable of identifying these optimal modes of operation are either unavailable or limited in their capabilities. Therefore, empirical models based on experimentally generated data are relied upon to study these systems.<p> Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares (PLS) are multivariate statistical techniques that project data onto linear subspaces that are the most descriptive of variance in a dataset. By modeling data in terms of these subspaces, a more parsimonious representation of the system is possible. In this study, PCA and PLS are applied to data collected from a fluidized bed dryer containing pharmaceutical granulate. <p>System hydrodynamics were quantified in the models using high frequency pressure fluctuation measurements. These pressure fluctuations have previously been identified as a characteristic variable of hydrodynamics in fluidized bed systems. As such, contributions from the macroscale, mesoscale, and microscales of motion are encoded into the signals. A multiresolutional decomposition using a discrete wavelet transformation was used to resolve these signals into components more representative of these individual scales before modeling the data. <p>The combination of multiresolutional analysis with PCA and PLS was shown to be an effective approach for modeling the conditions in the fluidized bed dryer. In this study, datasets from both steady state and transient operation of the dryer were analyzed. The steady state dataset contained measurements made on a bed of dry granulate and the transient dataset consisted of measurements taken during the batch drying of granulate from approximately 33 wt.% moisture to 5 wt.%. Correlations involving several scales of motion were identified in both studies.<p> In the steady state study, deterministic behavior related to superficial velocity, pressure sensor position, and granulate particle size distribution was observed in PCA model parameters. It was determined that these properties could be characterized solely with the use of the high frequency pressure fluctuation data. Macroscopic hydrodynamic characteristics such as bubbling frequency and fluidization regime were identified in the low frequency components of the pressure signals and the particle scale interactions of the microscale were shown to be correlated to the highest frequency signal components. PLS models were able to characterize the effects of superficial velocity, pressure sensor position, and granulate particle size distribution in terms of the pressure signal components. Additionally, it was determined that statistical process control charts capable of monitoring the fluid bed hydrodynamics could be constructed using PCA<p>In the transient drying experiments, deterministic behaviors related to inlet air temperature, pressure sensor position, and initial bed mass were observed in PCA and PLS model parameters. The lowest frequency component of the pressure signal was found to be correlated to the overall temperature effects during the drying cycle. As in the steady state study, bubbling behavior was also observed in the low frequency components of the pressure signal. PLS was used to construct an inferential model of granulate moisture content. The model was found to be capable of predicting the moisture throughout the drying cycle. Preliminary statistical process control models were constructed to monitor the fluid bed hydrodynamics throughout the drying process. These models show promise but will require further investigation to better determine sensitivity to process upsets.<p> In addition to PCA and PLS analyses, Multiway Principal Component Analysis (MPCA) was used to model the drying process. Several key states related to the mass transfer of moisture and changes in temperature throughout the drying cycle were identified in the MPCA model parameters. It was determined that the mass transfer of moisture throughout the drying process affects all scales of motion and overshadows other hydrodynamic behaviors found in the pressure signals.

Fluidized bed dryers are used in the pharmaceutical industry for the batch drying of pharmaceutical granulate. Maintaining optimal hydrodynamic conditions throughout the drying process is essential to product quality. Due to the complex interactions inherent in the fluidized bed drying process, mechanistic models capable of identifying these optimal modes of operation are either unavailable or limited in their capabilities. Therefore, empirical models based on experimentally generated data are relied upon to study these systems.<p> Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares (PLS) are multivariate statistical techniques that project data onto linear subspaces that are the most descriptive of variance in a dataset. By modeling data in terms of these subspaces, a more parsimonious representation of the system is possible. In this study, PCA and PLS are applied to data collected from a fluidized bed dryer containing pharmaceutical granulate. <p>System hydrodynamics were quantified in the models using high frequency pressure fluctuation measurements. These pressure fluctuations have previously been identified as a characteristic variable of hydrodynamics in fluidized bed systems. As such, contributions from the macroscale, mesoscale, and microscales of motion are encoded into the signals. A multiresolutional decomposition using a discrete wavelet transformation was used to resolve these signals into components more representative of these individual scales before modeling the data. <p>The combination of multiresolutional analysis with PCA and PLS was shown to be an effective approach for modeling the conditions in the fluidized bed dryer. In this study, datasets from both steady state and transient operation of the dryer were analyzed. The steady state dataset contained measurements made on a bed of dry granulate and the transient dataset consisted of measurements taken during the batch drying of granulate from approximately 33 wt.% moisture to 5 wt.%. Correlations involving several scales of motion were identified in both studies.<p> In the steady state study, deterministic behavior related to superficial velocity, pressure sensor position, and granulate particle size distribution was observed in PCA model parameters. It was determined that these properties could be characterized solely with the use of the high frequency pressure fluctuation data. Macroscopic hydrodynamic characteristics such as bubbling frequency and fluidization regime were identified in the low frequency components of the pressure signals and the particle scale interactions of the microscale were shown to be correlated to the highest frequency signal components. PLS models were able to characterize the effects of superficial velocity, pressure sensor position, and granulate particle size distribution in terms of the pressure signal components. Additionally, it was determined that statistical process control charts capable of monitoring the fluid bed hydrodynamics could be constructed using PCA<p>In the transient drying experiments, deterministic behaviors related to inlet air temperature, pressure sensor position, and initial bed mass were observed in PCA and PLS model parameters. The lowest frequency component of the pressure signal was found to be correlated to the overall temperature effects during the drying cycle. As in the steady state study, bubbling behavior was also observed in the low frequency components of the pressure signal. PLS was used to construct an inferential model of granulate moisture content. The model was found to be capable of predicting the moisture throughout the drying cycle. Preliminary statistical process control models were constructed to monitor the fluid bed hydrodynamics throughout the drying process. These models show promise but will require further investigation to better determine sensitivity to process upsets.<p> In addition to PCA and PLS analyses, Multiway Principal Component Analysis (MPCA) was used to model the drying process. Several key states related to the mass transfer of moisture and changes in temperature throughout the drying cycle were identified in the MPCA model parameters. It was determined that the mass transfer of moisture throughout the drying process affects all scales of motion and overshadows other hydrodynamic behaviors found in the pressure signals.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-10-17T16:51:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VIMÁRIO SIMÕES SILVA - TESE PPGEP 2004..pdf: 7946663 bytes, checksum: d4d441a16d5722370a6af66bb77ae188 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-17T16:51:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VIMÁRIO SIMÕES SILVA - TESE PPGEP 2004..pdf: 7946663 bytes, checksum: d4d441a16d5722370a6af66bb77ae188 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-08-31 / Os microrganismos, além de sua importância industrial na obtenção por via biotecnológica de diversos produtos, podem ser utilizados diretamente como alimento para humanos e animais. Neste contexto, vem crescendo o interesse pelo aproveitamento de fontes proteicas não tradicionais, na formulação de ração animal. A utilização de leveduras, tem por meta suprir a carência de proteínas e vitaminas BI. A operação de secagem é importante porque prepara o produto com as características necessárias para atender as exigências de mercado e dentro deste contexto, o leito de jorro e leito fluidizado podem ser utilizados como mais uma opção dentro dos diversos tipos de secadores ora empregados nesta operação. A matéria prima utilizada neste trabalho foi à levedura do gênero Saccharomyces cerevisiae prensada do tipo comercial (fermento biológico fresco da marca Fleischmann"), com umidade média de 70% em base úmida, de cor creme, e granulometria média de 0,991 mm. Os experimentos de secagem de levedura foram realizados em leito de inertes constituído de partículas de poliestireno de 3,26 mm em coluna de 10,3 cm de diâmetro e 25,3 cm de altura. Inicialmente foram levantados dados de equilíbrio higroscópico da levedura a 25, 30, 40 e 49 °C e as isotermas de dessorção obtidas foram ajustadas pelos modelos de GAB e BET Numa segunda etapa, foi estudada a fluidodinâmica do leito de jorro e leito fluidizado para analisar o efeito da presença de leveduras sobre o comportamento do leito de inertes e definir as condições mínimas de operação de modo a estabelecer a matriz de planejamento fatorial. Com o objetivo de analisar e comparar o desempenho dos leitos fluidodinamicamente ativos foi estudada a secagem em leito de jorro e leito fluidizado. Para isto, foi seguido um planejamento fatorial tendo como variáveis de entrada a velocidade do ar e a quantidade de leveduras alimentada, e, como respostas, o rendimento, retenção, perdas, umidade do produto e teor de proteínas. A temperatura foi fixada entre 38 e 44 °C. para todos os experimentos. As taxas instantâneas de evaporação de água apresentaram flutuações na maioria dos ensaios, tanto em leito de jorro como em leito fluidizado, as eficiências energéticas de secagem foram relativamente baixas nos dois processos, em torno de 5 a 50%. A cinética de produção de pó mostrou comportamento crescente e praticamente linear em todos os experimentos. Foi obtido nos ensaios em leito de jorro, um conteúdo de umidade no produto entre 11,65 a 31,34%, em base úmida, e teor proteínas entre 50,09 e 52,68%. Para o leito fluidizado em 7,98 a 48,72% de umidade e 40,6 a 49,7% de proteínas Diante do exposto, o secador de leito de jorro apresentou melhor desempenho, visto que, na qualidade do produto, a umidade e teor de proteínas apresentaram melhores resultados, e um maior rendimento e menor retenção de pó. Comparado com outros secadores, apresentou desempenho maior em termos de proteínas e performance, sendo recomendado estudar o processamento com temperaturas maiores de modo a reduzir o teor de umidade do produto. / Microorganisms, aside from their industrial importance in obtaining several products by biotechnology, can be used directly as food for humans and animals. In this context, an interest in non-conventional sources of protein for animal feed has been growing. The use of yeasts has the aim of supplying the proteins and vitamin B1 requirement. The drying operation is important because it prepares the product with the characteristics necessary for attending to the market demands and in this context the spouted bed and the fluidized bed can be used as one more option in the various types of dryers used in this operation. The raw material used in this work was pressed Saccharomyces cerevisiae commercial type yeast (fresh biological Fleischmann yeast), with an average moisture of 70% in a wet base, cream-colored, and an average size of 0.991 mm. The yeast drying experiments were performed in inert beds constituted by polystyrene particles of 3.26 mm in a column of 10.3 cm of diameter and 25.3 cm of height. The yeast was fed at the top of the column in an intermittent regime. Initially data of hygroscopic equilibrium of the yeast were studied at 25. 30, 40 and 49 °C and the obtained desorption isotherms were adjusted by the GAB and BET models. In a second stage, the fluid dynamics of the spouted bed and the fluidized bed was studied to analyze the effect of the presence of yeast on the behavior of the inert particles bed and to define the minimal operating conditions so that the matrix of factorial design was established. With the objective of analyzing and comparing the performance of the dynamically active beds, the drying of yeast in the spouted and the fluidized bed was studied. For this, a factorial experimental design was followed. The input variables were the velocity of the air and the quantity of yeast fed and as response variables the product yield, retention, loses, moisture and protein content of the dried yeast. The temperature was fixed between 38 and 44 °C for all the experiments. The instant water evaporation rate presented fluctuations in most of the experiments, both in the spouted bed and in the fluidized bed. The drying energy efficiency was relatively low in both processes, in turn of 5 and 50 %. The powder production kinetics showed an increasing and practically linear behavior in all the experiments. The moisture content of the product varied between 11.65 and 31.34% in a wet base and a protein content between 50.09 and 52.68% was obtained in the spouted bed tests. For the fluidized bed a 7.98 to 48.72% moisture and 40.6 to 49.7% proteins were obtained. The spouted bed dryer presented a better performance, inasmuch as, in the quality of the product, the moisture and the protein content presented best results and a greater yield and less retention of powder. Compared to other dryers, it presented a better operation in terms of protein and performance. It is recommended to study the process in a higher temperature interval so as to reduce the moisture content of the product.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-10-01T13:55:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MARCELLO MAIA DE ALMEIDA - TESE PPGEP 2004..pdf: 16341545 bytes, checksum: 6b12541c4495c47b84602868e8133365 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-01T13:55:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARCELLO MAIA DE ALMEIDA - TESE PPGEP 2004..pdf: 16341545 bytes, checksum: 6b12541c4495c47b84602868e8133365 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-12-06 / Neste trabalho estudou-se inicialmente a secagem de fatias de goiabas cortadas no sentido polar da fruta, os resultados obtidos mostraram que o produto apresentou alterações desfavoráveis a comercialização, apresentando alteração significativa na cor, escurecimento, como também, na textura das fatias. Numa segunda etapa utilizou-se os processos combinados de leito fixo/leito de jorro e de leito fixo/leito fluidizado para a secagem de pedaços cúbicos de goiaba obtidos do mesocarpo da fruta. Inicialmente, fez-se um estudo fluidodinâmico dos pedaços cúbicos de goiaba em leito de jorro e leito fluidizado o qual mostrou a viabilidade do uso dessas técnicas, embora as propriedades físicas do material após pré-secagem em leito fixo tenham afetado sensivelmente a fluidodinâmica dos leitos, os quais sofreram modificações estruturais. No estudo fluidodinâmico em leito de jorro foram determinadas a velocidade mínima de jorro e a altura máxima capaz de manter o jorro estável. Os resultados obtidos experimentalmente foram comparados com correlações da literatura e mostraram boa concordância. Em leito fluidizado determinou-se a velocidade de mínima fluidização experimental os resultados obtidos apresentaram boa com os determinados através de correlações empíricas. Posteriormente, realizou-se um estudo das propriedades físicas, propriedades térmicas e um estudo do equilíbrio higroscópico dos pedaços cúbicos da fruta. Os resultados encontrados da massa específica e do diâmetro mostraram que estes se enquadram na categoria D, segundo a classificação de Geldart, o que favorece a um jorro e fluidização incipiente. Em relação ao estudo do encolhimento dos cubos observou-se um comportamento linear com o volume par todos os níveis de umidade do produto durante a secagem. Contudo, para umidade de 1,5 em base seca, durante a secagem em leito de jorro, duas regiões bem distintas foram caracterizadas pela mudança na inclinação da curva. Em relação às propriedades térmicas estas apresentaram a mesma tendência, ou seja, aumentando com a elevação da umidade passando por um máximo correspondente ao máximo encontrado na massa específica. No estudo do equilíbrio higroscópico, observou-se que as isotermas, dentro da faixa de temperatura estudada, foram ajustadas ao modelo de Henderson apresentando um ajuste satisfatório, não se observando efeito da temperatura. No estudo da cinética de secagem utilizou-se o modelo difusional para esferas, truncado em quatro termos levando-se em conta o efeito do encolhimento, os resultados obtidos para leito fixo/leito de jorro ajustou bem os dados experimentais. Por outro lado, este modelo não prediz satisfatoriamente o comportamento da secagem em leito fixo/leito fluidizado haja vista o fator encolhimento não ter sido utilizado no modelo. O coeficiente de difusão efetivo para níveis de umidades mais elevados apresentaram a mesma ordem de grandeza para ambos os processos independente da altura do leito. A hipótese de controle difusional externo desprezível foi confirmada a partir do número de Biot de massa que foi muito elevado. O desempenho dos secadores foi realizado a partir da determinação das perdas de vitamina C e da eficiência de energética do processo. Verificou-se que a degradação do ácido ascórbico é mais acentuada em leito de fluidizado. Com relação a eficiência energética valores mais elevados foram encontrados em níveis de umidade mais acentuadas. De maneira geral, podemos afirmar que o sistema combinado de secagem de pedaços cúbicos de goiaba aponta de forma promissora para a produção de um novo produto obtido a partir de uma tecnologia simples, obtendo-se produtos com características adequadas à comercialização. / Initially, the objective of this work was to study the drying of whole guava slices cut in the fruit polar direction. The results pointed out that this process introduced adverse aspects for commercialization, such as significant alteration in color, darkness, and slices texture. Looking for a better product quality, studies on combined process fixed bed/spouted bed and fixed bed/fluidized bed for guava cubic pieces drying were performed in a second step. The guava slices were obtained by cutting the fruit pith in approximately 1cm cubic form. A fluid-dynamic study in spouted bed and fluidized bed showed the feasibility of this technique, although the physical properties of guava cubic pieces after pre-drying in fixed bed affected the fluid-dynamics behavior causing structural alteration. The minimum spouting velocity, the maximum spoutable height and the minimum fluidization velocity as well, were determined and the obtained results showed good agreement with literature correlations. In order to characterize the fruit cubic pieces, the physical properties, thermal properties and hygroscopic equilibrium were determined as a function of the moisture content. The results of density and diameter pointed out that the particles were classified as type D according Geldart. In such situation, one may expect a stable spouting with incipient fluidization. In relation to the study of the shrinking and deformation it was observed a linear volume contraction with the moisture reduction at all levels of product moisture content during drying, together with a rapid rounding of the cube vertices. Spite the linear behavior, two distinct regions, limited by 1,5 (db) moisture content, had been observed during the spouted bed drying, characterized by the change in the curve slope. The thermal properties, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and specific heat, were measured as a function of moisture content. All three presented the same trend: it was observed a region of increasing value of the property with the moisture content with a maximum in the region of maximum density. The Henderson model was adjusted to the hygroscopic equilibrium isotherms; the results showed a good fitting and little effect of temperature was observed within the studied temperature range. A diffusional model for spheres was proposed to describe the drying kinetics. The Fick's solution, truncated in four terms of the series and including the shrinking effect, was used in the modeling. The fixed bed/spouted bed experimental data showed a good fitting whereas this model does not satisfactorily predict the drying behavior in the fixed bed/fluidized bed system. The failure in this case is probably due to the shrinking factor was not considered in the model for fixed/fluidized bed. The effective diffusion coefficient for high levels of moisture presented the same order of magnitude for both processes, independent of the bed height. The internal diffusional control hypothesis for the mass transfer was then confirmed by the high mass Biot number, calculated for both processes. The driers performance was evaluated by means of analysis of the vitamin C loss and process energetic efficiency. It was verified that the acid ascorbic degradation is more significant in the fluidized bed, probably due to the instable behavior of this configuration. With regard to the energy efficiency higher values were found for the highest moisture content levels. In general, it is concluded that the combined system fixed/spouted or fixed/fluidized bed drying of guava pieces is an expecting suitable process to obtain a new product by a simple technology, getting products with adequate characteristics to the commercialization.