A gradient-independent model of gas fluxes was formulated and tested. The model is built on the relationship between gas flux and the time history of surface gas concentration, known as half-order derivative (HOD), when the transport of the gas in the boundary layer is described by a diffusion equation. The eddy-diffusivity of gas is parameterized based on the similarity theory of boundary layer turbulence combined with the MEP model of surface heat fluxes. Test of the new model using in-situ data of CO2 concentration and fluxes at several locations with diverse vegetation cover, geographic and climatic conditions confirms its usefulness and potential for monitoring and modeling greenhouse gases. The proposed model may also be used for estimating other GHGS fluxes such as methane (CH4) and Water vapor flux. This proof-of-concept study justifies the proposed model as a practical solution for monitoring and modeling global GHGS budget over remote areas and oceans where ground observations of GHGS fluxes are limited or non-existent. One focus of the on-going research is to investigate its application to producing regional and global distributions of carbon fluxes for identifying sinks and sources of carbon and re-evaluating the regional and global carbon budget at monthly and annual time scales.

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ABSTRACT SENSORLESS DIRECT FIELD ORIENTED CONTROL OF INDUCTION MACHINE BY FLUX AND SPEED ESTIMATORS USING MODEL REFERENCE ADAPTIVE SYSTEM This work focuses on an observer design which will estimate flux-linkage and speed for induction motors in its entire speed control range. The theoretical base of the algorithm is explained in detail and its both open-loop, and closed-loop performance is tested with experiments, measuring only stator current and voltage. Theoretically, the field-oriented control for the induction motor drive can be mainly categorized into two types / indirect and direct field oriented. The field to be oriented may be rotor, stator, or airgap flux-linkage. In the indirect field-oriented control, the slip estimation based on the measured or estimated rotor speed is required in order to compute the synchronous speed. There is no need for the flux estimation in such a system. For the direct field oriented case the synchronous speed is computed with the aid of a flux estimator. In DFO, the synchronous speed is iv computed from the ratio of dq-axes fluxes. With the combination of a flux estimator and an open-loop speed estimator one can observe stator-rotor fluxes, rotor-flux angle and rotor speed. In this study, the direct (rotor) flux oriented control system with flux and-open-loop speed estimators is described and tested in real-time with the Evaluation Module named TMS320LF21407 and the Embedded Target software named Vissim from Visual Solutions Company.

Focus of this work is closed-loop speed control of an induction machine based on direct field-oriented control (DFOC) algorithm, using estimates of speed and flux observers which utilize only stator current and voltage. Theoretical bases of the algorithms are explained in detail and their performances are investigated with simulations and experiments. Field Orientated Control is based on projections which transform a threephase time and speed dependent system into a two co-ordinate time invariant system. These projections lead to a structure similar to that of a DC machine control. Transformations are done in synchronous frame alligned to d-axis of rotor flux. So rotor flux position must be known accurately to make these transformations. Degined flux observer, in which voltage model is assisted by current model via a closed-loop to compensate voltage model&rsquo / s disadvantages, estimates the position of the rotor flux. Obtaining adequate torque control via FOC, speed loop is closed using conventional PI regulators. Speed feedback is necessary to complete control loop. Model Reference Adaptive System is studied as a speed estimator. Reactive power scheme is applied to MRAS algorithm to estimate rotor speed. In this study, the direct (rotor) flux oriented control system with flux and speed estimators is described and tested in real-time with the starter kit named TMS320F2812 eZdsp DSK and the Embedded Target for the TI C2000 DSP tool of Matlab

This work focuses on speed estimation techniques for sensorless closed-loop speed control of an induction machine based on direct field-oriented control technique. Details of theories behind the algorithms are stated and their performances are verified by the help of simulations and experiments. The field-oriented control as the vector control technique is mainly implemented in two ways: indirect field oriented control and direct field oriented control. The field to be oriented may be rotor, stator, or airgap flux-linkage. In the indirect field-oriented control no flux estimation exists. The angular slip velocity estimation based on the measured or estimated rotor speed is required, to compute the synchronous speed of the motor. In the direct field oriented control the synchronous speed is computed with the aid of a flux estimator. Field Oriented Control is based on projections which transform a three phase time and speed dependent system into a two co-ordinate time invariant system. These projections lead to a structure similar to that of a DC machine control. The flux observer used has an adaptive structure which makes use of both the voltage model and the current model of the machine. The rotor speed is estimated via Kalman filter technique which has a recursive state estimation feature. The flux angle estimated by flux observer is processed taking the angular slip velocity into account for speed estimation. For closed-loop speed control of system, torque, flux and speed producing control loops are tuned by the help of PI regulators. The performance of the closed-loop speed control is investigated by simulations and experiments. TMS320F2812 DSP controller card and the Embedded Target for the TI C2000 DSP tool of Matlab are utilized for the real-time experiments.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:59:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 parte3.pdf: 17677016 bytes, checksum: 0da8175d15bd36a40467f7f50abd9987 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work presents a study on the application of an ADALINE neural network acting as a notch filter applied to the estimation of the stator flux, in order to obtain the resulting electromagnetic torque of three-phase induction motors (MIT). The estimation of the stator flux was performed by means of the voltage model of the induction machine, in which a integrator is directly applied over the stator counter electromotive force. The ADALINE neural network adaptive filter is employed in this research with the purpose of eliminating existing CC levels, which are present due to the problem of the initial values of the integrator and in the voltage and current measurements. Simulated and experimental results are presented to validate the proposed strategy. The algorithm used in the ADALINE adaptive neural filter simulations was created on the MATLABTM language, and the algorithm used for both the simulations and the laboratory experiments to estimate the flux and the torque was created in the C/C++ language. The hardware used to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method is based on the Texas Instruments DSP TMS320F28335 platform, along with and induction motor manufactured by WEG, model W21 High Efficiency / Apresenta-se neste trabalho um estudo do emprego de rede neural ADALINE funcionando como notch filter , aplicada na estimação do fluxo estatórico para consequente obtenção do conjugado eletromagnético de Motores de Indução Trifásicos (MIT). A estimação do fluxo do estator foi feita por meio do modelo de tensão da máquina de indução, em que é aplicado um integrador diretamente sobre a força contra eletromotriz do estator. O filtro neural adaptativo ADALINE é empregado nesta pesquisa com o objetivo de eliminar os níveis de cc presentes devido ao problema de valores iniciais do integrador nas medições de tensão e corrente. São apresentados resultados simulados e experimentais para validação da estratégia proposta. O algoritmo utilizado nas simulações do filtro neural adaptativo ADALINE foi elaborado na linguagem computacional MATLABTM, e o algoritmo utilizado tanto nas simulações, como nas experiências em laborátorio para estimação do fluxo e do conjugado foram elaboradas na linguagem computacional C/C++. O hardware utilizado para comprovar a eficácia do método proposto neste trabalho tem como base a plataforma DSP TMS320F28335 da Texas Instruments , juntamente com o um motor de indução fabricado pela WEG modelo W21 Alto Rendimento.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This work presents a study and implementation of a torque estimator for three phase induction motors. Estimation is made from input voltages and currents and stator phase resistance is the only motor parameter needed. Torque estimation is obtained from stator flux estimation. This requires the integration of the phase counter electromotive force. An integration method able to avoid drifting and errors due to initial conditions is chosen and implemented. Torque estimator is implemented using a DSP board so that real time operation is possible. Experimental and simulated results are presented and found to be in good agreement. / A proposta deste trabalho é a implementação de um método de estimação do conjugado eletromagnético de motores de indução trifásicos, a partir de amostras de correntes e tensões trifásicas obtidas nos terminais da máquina, sendo que o único parâmetro do motor de indução trifásico a ser utilizado é a resistência estatórica. Para estimar o conjugado é necessário estimar o fluxo. O principal problema em relação à estimação do fluxo é a integração do sinal. Algumas propostas para estimação do fluxo foram estudadas, e dentre estas uma foi escolhida. Para digitalização do método de integração escolhido foi utilizado o Processador Digital de Sinais. O algoritmo implementado é apresentado detalhadamente em todos os seus blocos. São apresentados resultados de simulações e resultados experimentais do sistema implementado, tais como diferentes valores de carga e aplicação e retirada de carga. / Mestre em Ciências

Orientador: Edson Bim / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T11:16:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bertonha_LeandroCorrea_M.pdf: 4817108 bytes, checksum: 7377641ea7817b2bac41b6c4870c60b2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Neste trabalho é apresentada a implementação de uma estratégia de controle escalar V/f que mantém o fluxo de entreferro constante em seu valor nominal a partir do controle da relação entre a tensão de terceira harmônica, do estator, presente devido à saturação magnética, e da freqüência elétrica. No caso das bobinas de estator estarem conectadas em Y, a terceira harmônica de tensão é obtida a partir da soma das tensões de fase do estator. Na. presente proposta não é necessário saber a magnitude do fluxo, mas apenas o valor da terceira harmônica de tensão quando o motor opera na sua condição nominal. O método proposto é simples de ser implementado, computacionalmente leve e insensível aos parâmetros do motor. Esta última característica é especialmente atrativa, pois boa parte cios acionamentos elétricos propostos na literatura com controle escalar tem seu desempenho insatisfatório devido à influência da variação da resistência de estator, principalmente quando o motor opera em baixas velocidades. Resultados experimentais mostram que a técnica implementada tem um excelente desempenho em regime permanente, ainda que com carga mecânica, e bom desempenho nos transitórios / Abstract: In this work it is presented the implementation of scalar control V/f technique. It keeps the air gap flux constant in its rated value by the control of the relation between third harmonic voltage, due to saturation, and electric frequency. When the coils are conected in Y. the third harmonic is obtained by the sum of staler phase voltage. We propose that it is not necessary to know the air gap flux magnitude, but only the third harmonic value when the induction motor operates in rated condition. The proposed method is easy to implement, has a light coputational processing and it is not sensitive to motor parameters. This last caracteristic is attractive, because many electric drivers have low performance due to the influence of stator resistence variation, mainly when, the motor operates in reduced speed. Experimental results show the high performance of system in steady state, with applied load, and good performance in dynamic situation / Mestrado / Energia Eletrica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:59:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2538187 bytes, checksum: 1a5b7534475b55c4c0d10bb2bc04a315 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The purpose of this work is to develop a strategy for determining the electromagnetic torque of induction motors (MIT) from the stator flux estimation, which presents higher robustness against parametric variations. The stator flux is estimated by integrating the voltage model of the machine, applying Highpass Filters (HFP) for ideal integration of electromotive force against, leading to compensation of offsets in the measurements of voltage, current and its integral, so enable practical implementations of control strategies, failure prediction and energy efficiency. Simulated and experimental results are presented to validate the proposed strategy, evaluating the efficiency of the estimation of transient load and a wide range of machine operation / A proposta deste trabalho é o desenvolvimento de uma estratégia para determinação do conjugado eletromagnético de Motores de Indução Trifásicos (MIT) a partir da estimação do fluxo estatórico, que apresenta maior robustez frente a variações paramétricas. O fluxo estatórico é estimado integrando-se o modelo de tensão da máquina, aplicando-se Filtros Passa Altas (FPA) para integração ideal da força contra eletromotriz, ocasionando a compensação dos offsets nas medições de tensão, corrente e suas integrais, de forma a permitir implementações práticas das estratégias de controle, predição de falhas e eficiência energética. Resultados simulados e experimentais são apresentados para validação da estratégia proposta, avaliando-se a eficiência da estimação em transitórios de carga e em uma ampla faixa de operação da máquina.

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