Este trabalho buscou avaliar o comportamento dos fluxos de CO2, simulados pelo modelo de superfície SiB2, a partir da adoção dos dados de reanálise CFSR-NCEP como condições de contorno atmosféricas. Para a validação dos resultados obtidos utilizou-se uma análise estatística, através de um coeficiente de ajuste, o qual foi embasado nos parâmetros simulados em comparação aos dados observados, sendo estes obtidos pela torre micrometeorológica sitiada na área de cultivo. O estudo foi aplicado ao sítio experimental de soja localizado em Cruz Alta (-28,6036; -53,6736) no Rio Grande do sul e o período adotado compreendeu os anos de 2008 e 2009. Inicialmente foi necessário realizar a calibração de alguns parâmetros presentes nas sub-rotinas (módulos) do modelo. Para tanto, foi adotada uma metodologia em que os parâmetros foram calibrados conforme os módulos sequenciais, respeitando a seguinte ordem: aerodinâmico, transferência radiativa, difusão hidráulica do solo e fotossíntese e condutância estomática. A calibração do módulo aerodinâmico foi aplicada aos parâmetros referentes à altura do dossel, fração de cobertura vegetal e distribuição do ângulo foliar. No módulo de transferência radiativa, foi calibrado o parâmetro de reflectância da folha viva no visível. A calibração dos parâmetros referentes ao módulo de difusão hidráulica do solo foi realizada na porosidade do solo, profundidade individual das camadas e expoente de umidade. No módulo de fotossíntese e condutância estomática os parâmetros testados foram índice de área foliar, condutância estomática mínima e temperatura crítica para a respiração foliar. A calibração destes parâmetros permitiu que se obtivesse uma substancial melhoria na simulação dos fluxos de CO2 pelo modelo, obtendo-se um ganho expressivo na qualidade da simulação. Esta etapa constitui fundamental importância, uma vez que permitiu que a adoção dos dados de reanálise fosse efetuada no modelo adequado à área de estudo. No que tange a etapa final desta pesquisa, destaca-se que os dados do CFSR foram utilizados como condição de contorno atmosférica. Estas condições são necessárias à inicialização do modelo e originalmente utilizam-se as variáveis meteorológicas obtidas a partir da estação do INMET. Foram adotadas as variáveis referentes à temperatura do ar, pressão atmosférica ao nível do mar, precipitação, radiação de onda curta incidente e velocidade do vento, utilizadas para descrever o estado físico da atmosfera nas novas simulações dos fluxos de CO2, as quais foram comparadas aos dados observados da torre. A partir dos resultados obtidos, presumiu-se que a utilização dos dados de reanálise CFSR-NCEP pode ser considerada aceitável na aplicação de estudos dos fluxos de CO2 a partir do modelo SiB2, ressaltando-se que a calibração do referido modelo à área de estudo é de grande importância para sua adequação e obtenção de resultados mais satisfatórios. / The present work aimed to evaluate the behavior of CO2 fluxes, run by the Simple Biosphere Model (SiB2), by adopting CFSR-NCEP data reanalyzed as an atmospheric boundary condition. A statistical analysis was used in order to validate the results obtained using a coefficient for the adjusted model based on the simulation parameters when compared to the data observed in field, which was obtained by the micrometeorological tower located on the cultivation areas. The study was applied in a soybean experimental site located in Cruz Alta (-28,6036; -53,6736), in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil between 2008 and 2009. Some of the parameters presented in the subroutines of the model had to be adjusted first. For such, a methodology in which the parameters were calibrated in sequential modules was applied according to the following order: aerodynamics, radiative transfer, hydraulic diffusion of the soil and photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. In the aerodynamics module, the calibration was made using the parameters for the canopy height, vegetation coverage and leaf-angle distribution. For the radiative transfer, the calibration used the parameters for the live leaf transmittance visible reflectance. The calibration for the hydraulic diffusion of the soil was accomplished in the soil porosity, depth of individual layers and humidity exponent. For the photosynthesis and stomatal conductance, the parameters tested were the leaf area index, minimum stomatal conductance and leaf respiration critical temperature. It could thus be possible to obtain a considerable improvement for the simulation of the CO2 fluxes in this model for a high-quality simulation. That stage was significantly important since it enabled the reanalysis data to be set in the best model for the studied area. Regarding the final stage of this study, data from the CFSR were used as the atmospheric boundary condition instead of originally applied meteorological variables from the INMET station. Variables concerning air temperature, air pressure at sea level, precipitation, incident short-wave radiation and wind speed were used in order to describe the physical condition of the atmosphere in new simulations with CO2 fluxes, and then compared to the data observed in the micrometeorological tower. From the results, using the CFSR-NCEP reanalysis data can be considered acceptable for studies on CO2 fluxes from the SiB2 model. Yet, calibrating this model for the studied area is a key factor for its suitability and for obtaining adequate results.

Measurements of turbulent fluxes (momentum, sensible heat, latent heat and CO2) at two different heights were studied from data of a tower at Ostergarnsholm Island (Baltic Sea) during one week, while calculations using bulk formulations of fluxes were done with measurements in the tower and in two buoys moored at different locations. Different behaviors are found for the different fluxes. Measured latent heat flux shows higher correlation with calculations than measured sensible heat flux. For the CO2 flux, this relation was not found. Also all measured fluxes at the tower agree better with calculations when they are done under unstable conditions, meaning that the tower is better measuring the area where the measurements are taken in the buoys (near the tower). The studied period includes an upwelling and a high horizontal surface heterogeneity was found during most of the periods. It was seen using the comparison between calculated and measured fluxes and also using satellite images of the studied site. The footprint area is the area at some distance upwind from the tower where the surface conditions are influencing the measurements of the flux of some quantity at certain height in the tower, and this footprint area is continuously changing because its highly dependence with the stratification. Since during all the period the stratification was changing from slightly stable to slightly unstable conditions, the surface heterogeneity can also be seen in the variability of measured fluxes at different heights. One important conclusion in the study is that calculations of the fluxes using bulk formulations may not be useful when high variability of different parameters (as sea surface temperature and pCO2w ) is expected, as for example during upwelling situations and near coast, where the phytoplankton can significantly influence the concentration of CO2 at the surface. A wide study is done, including meteorological and oceanographic parameters, fluxes, comparisons, relations with parameters, transfer coefficients, dependences with the stratification and satellite images. / Mätningar av flöden (impuls, värme, vattenånga och CO2) vid två olika höjder studerades med data från en mast på ön Östergarnsholm (i Östersjön) under en vecka, beräkningar av flödena gjordes med mätningar av atmosfäriska parametrar från samma mast samt data från två bojar på två olika platser. Man fann olika beteenden för de beräknade och uppmätta flödena. Direkt (sensibelt) värme visade högre korrelation mellan beräkningar och uppmätta sensibla värmeflöden . För CO2- flödet fann man inte detta samband. För alla flödena överensstämmer mätningarna bättre med beräknade flöden när de är gjorda under instabila förhållanden, vilket betyder att under dessa förhållanden representerar mätningarna i masten bättre området där bojarna är placerade. Den studerade perioden inkluderar en period med upvällning (upwelling) och en hög horisontell variabilitet i ytparametrar under den största delen av denna period. Detta visades genom jämförelser mellan de beräknade och de uppmätta flödena och även genom satellitmätningar. Det område uppvind masten där ytan påverkar flöden uppmätta i masten på en viss nivå kallas ”footprint area”, och denna footprint area förändras kontinuerligt på grund av det stora beroendet av skiktningen i atmosfären. Eftersom skiktningen under hela perioden förändrades från något stabilt till något instabilt, kan ytvariabiliteten även ses i variationen av uppmätta flöden på olika höjder. En viktig slutsats i studien är att beräkningar av flödena som görs med standardformler inte bör användas vid förhållanden med hög horisontell och vertikal variation av olika parameter (som havsytetemperatur och pCO2w), som till exempel under uppvällningssituationer och nära kusten, där phytoplankton markant kan påverka koncentrationen av CO2 vid ytan. Studien inkluderar meteorologiska, oceanografiska parametrar, flöden, samband med parametrar, överförings koefficienter, beroende av stabilitet och satellitbilder. / Flujos turbulentos (momento, calor sensible, calor latente y CO2) en 2 alturas diferentes fueron estudiadas usando medidas de una torre en la Isla de Östergarnsholm (Mar Báltico) durante una semana. Los flujos también fueron calculados usando formulaciones con medidas de la torre y de dos boyas ancladas en diferentes localizaciones. Diferentes características para los distintos flujos fueron encontradas. El flujo de calor latente muestra una relación más alta con los cálculos que el flujo de calor sensible. No se encontró esta relación para el flujo de CO2. También, todos los flujos medidos en la torre coinciden mejor con los flujos calculados cuando estos son hechos bajo condiciones de estratificación inestable, significando que la torre mide mejor el área donde son cogidas las medidas en las boyas (cerca de la torre). El periodo estudiado incluye un afloramiento costero y se encontró una alta heterogeneidad horizontal en la superficie del mar durante la mayoría de los periodos. Esto fue estudiado usando las comparaciones entre flujos calculados y medidos y también usando imágenes de satélite. El footprint area puede ser definido como el área a una distancia desde la torre hacia donde sopla el viento donde las condiciones de la superficie influyen las medidas del flujo de alguna cantidad en la torre, y este footprint area está continuamente cambiando debido a su alta dependencia con la estratificación. Durante todo el periodo la estratificación estuvo cambiando desde ligeramente estable a ligeramente inestable, y por ello la heterogeneidad de la superficie puede ser vista en la variabilidad de los flujos medidos a diferentes alturas. Una conclusión importante en este estudio es que los cálculos de los flujos usando formulaciones podrían no ser útiles cuando se espera una alta variabilidad de los diferentes parámetros (temperatura superficial del mar y pCO2w), como por ejemplo durante situaciones de afloramiento y también cerca de costa, donde el fitoplancton puede influenciar significativamente la concentración de CO2 en la superficie. Se presenta un amplio estudio, incluyendo parámetros meteorológicos y oceanográficos, comparaciones de flujos, relaciones con parámetros, coeficientes de transferencia, dependencias con la estratificación e imágenes de satélite.

No description available.

In this thesis, we consider heterotic string vacua based on a warped product of a four-dimensional domain wall and a six-dimensional internal manifold preserving only two supercharges. Thus, they correspond to half-BPS states of heterotic supergravity. The constraints on the internal manifolds with $SU(3)$ structure are derived. They are found to be a generalization of half-flat manifolds with a particular pattern of torsion classes and they include half-flat manifolds and Strominger's complex non-Kahler manifolds as special cases. We also verify that heterotic compactifications on half-flat mirror manifolds are based on this class of solutions. Furthermore, within this context, we construct specific examples based on six-dimensional nearly-Kahler homogeneous manifolds and non-trivial vector bundles thereon. Our solutions are based on three specific group coset spaces satisfying the half-flat torsion class conditions. It is shown how to construct line bundles over these manifolds, compute their properties and build up vector bundles consistent with supersymmetry and the heterotic anomaly cancellation. It turns out that the most interesting solutions are obtained from SU(3)/U(1)². This space supports a large number of vector bundles leading to consistent heterotic vacua with GUT group and, for some of them, with three chiral families.

Vegetation plays an important role in the partitioning, transport and fate of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) in the environment. This thesis aimed at addressing two key knowledge gaps in our understanding of how plants exchange HOCs with the atmosphere: (1) To improve our understanding of the uptake of HOCs into, and transfer through, leaves of different plant species which can significantly influence the transport and fate of HOCs in the environment; and (2) To evaluate an experimental approach to measure fluxes of HOCs in the field. The methods presented in papers I, II and III contribute to increasing our understanding of the fate and transport of HOCs in leaves by offering straightforward ways of measuring mass transfer coefficients through leaves and partition ratios of HOCs between leaves, leaf lipids and lipid standards and reference materials like water, air and olive oil. The passive dosing study in paper III in particular investigated the role of the composition of the organic matter extracted from leaves in determining the capacity of the leaves to hold chemicals and found no large differences between 7 different plant species, even though literature data on leaf/air partition ratios (Kleaf/air) varies over 1-3 orders of magnitude. In paper IV we demonstrated that the modified Bowen ratio method can be extended to measure fluxes of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) if the fluxes do not change direction over the course of the sampling period and are large enough to be measured. This approach thus makes it possible to measure fluxes of POPs that usually require sampling times of days to weeks to exceed method detection limits. The experimental methods described in this thesis have the potential to support improved parameterization of multimedia models, which can then be evaluated against fluxes measured in the field using the modified Bowen ratio approach. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript.</p>

De Bruin och Hartogensis har föreslagit en ny metod för att beräkna impulsflödet och det sensibla värmeflödet vid stabila förhållanden. Metoden bygger på att de normaliserade standardavvikelserna är approximativt konstanta för den horisontella vinden och temperaturen. Beräkningarna görs endast utifrån medelvinden och temperaturen och dess standardavvikelser. Den här metoden testas i den här studien med datamaterial från Labans kvarnar på Gotland i Östersjön och Östergarnsholm som ligger 4 km utanför Gotland. Labans kvarnar representerar flöden över land och Östergarnsholm flöden över hav. Konstanterna som De Bruin och Hartogensis använde är följande: Cu=2.5 och CT=2.3, vilket gav en mycket liten spridning i deras beräkningar av flöden. Datamaterialet de använde sig av var från Kansas, USA, över en plan grässlätt. Olika statistiska mått har här testats för att erhålla värden på konstanterna. Medel-, median- och typvärde för de normaliserade standardavvikelserna för respektive kvantitet har beräknats. För landförhållanden i den här studien fås lite högre värden på konstanterna, Cu=2.6 och CT=2.6, än vad De Bruin och Hartogensis erhöll.  Vid beräkningar av flöden över hav delas vindriktningen upp i två intervall. Vindriktningen som ligger mellan 220o - 300o representerar vindar som blåser ifrån Gotland och vindriktningar som ligger mellan 80o - 220o representerar vindar från öppet hav. För öppna havsförhållanden fås konstanter som har ett lägre värde vid beräkning av impulsflödet, Cu=2.2 , än de värde som De Bruin och Hartogensis fick. För vindar som blåser ifrån Gotland erhålls konstanten till:Cu=3.0. Konstanter för beräkning av värmeflödet är svårare att bestämma och ger inte alls lika bra resultat över hav som för impulsflödet. Bestämningar av värmeflöde är mycket mer komplicerade än för impulsflöde. Delvis på grund av att det behövs två konstanter, men det beror också på att temperaturstrukturen i det marina gränsskiktet inte följer Monin-Obukhovs similaritetsteori.Framsidans foto / De Bruin and Hartogensis have proposed a new method to determine momentum flux and sensible heat flux at stable conditions. When using this method the assumption is made that the standard deviations for the longitudinal wind component and temperature are approximately constant. Only the mean wind and the temperature and the standard deviations are necessary for the calculations. The method has been analyzed in this study with data from Labans kvarnar sited on Gotland in the Baltic Sea and Östergarnsholm which is situated 4 km outside Gotland. Labans kvarnar represents fluxes over land and Östergarnsholm represents fluxes over sea. The constants that De Bruin and Hartogensis found are the following:Cu=2.5 for wind speed and CT=2.3  for temperature, which shows very little scatter in the calculations of the fluxes. The data they used where measured in Kansas over a very flat grassland site. Different statistics measurements have been tested to receive values of the constants. In search of constants the mean value, median value and the modal value for respectively quantity have been calculated. For land conditions the values of the constants are a little bit higher, Cu=2.6 and CT=2.6, than the values De Bruin and Hartogensis received. When calculating the fluxes over ocean the wind direction is divided in to two intervals. The wind direction between 220o - 300o represents winds from Gotland and wind direction between  80o - 220o represents winds from open sea. For the open sea conditions the constants calculated for the momentum flux in this study are a little bit lower, Cu=2.2, than the value De Bruin and Hartogensis found. For winds from Gotland the constant for momentum flux was found to be: Cu=3.0. When calculating the sensible heat flux the constants are very difficult to find and do not give as good result as for the momentum flux over sea. The conditions for the sensible heat are much more complicated than it is for momentum flux. Firstly two constants are needed and secondly the temperature structure in the marine boundary layer does not follow Monin-Obukhov similarity theory.

Meteorological measurements from the research station at Östergarnsholm in the Baltic Sea between 1995 and 2001 are used to evaluate the ERA-40 data base over the Baltic Sea. This includes comparisons of mean parameters and turbulent fluxes. The statistics concern all the data available when the measuring site was exposed to open sea conditions, and includes about 1500 hours of data. Seasonal data is compared as well. Regarding all the mean parameters compared, ERA-40 is partly in line with the results from the measurements, with various scatter. Temperature is too warm, wind speed is lower as well as relative humidity and sea surface temperature is systematically overestimated. The heat fluxes are generally overestimated by ERA-40 when compared to heat fluxes calculated by the bulk formulae, sensible heat flux with a mean value of 5W/m2 and latent heat flux with 9W/m2. The overestimation is larger for high fluxes and during high wind speeds. Friction velocity is too large in ERA-40. There are indications that the ERA-40 data over the Baltic Sea is somewhat influenced by land. A second objective for this study is to detect possible trends occurring at Östergarnsholm over a long term perspective with the aid of the complete 44 year long data set. An increasing trend in temperature can be observed, which is in agreement with other long term temperature series in the region. / Sammanfattning av ”En undersökning gällande noggrannheten och trender i ERA-40 över Östersjön” Meteorologisk mätdata från forskningsstationen på Östergarnsholm i Östersjön åren 1995 till 2001 används för att evaluera databasen ERA-40 över Östersjön. Granskningen utförs genom jämförelser av medelparametrar och turbulenta flöden. Statistiken omfattar hela den datamängd som fanns tillgänglig då havsförhållanden antas råda på Östergarnsholm. Årstidsstatistik är också representerad. ERA-40 stämmer delvis överens med de uppmätta värdena, spridningen varierar för olika parametrar. Temperaturen är generellt för varm, vindhastigheten såväl som relativa fuktigheten är för låg medan vattentemperaturen överskattas systematiskt. Värmeflödena är i allmänhet överskattade i jämförelse med flöden beräknade med bulkformeln, det sensibla värmeflödet med 5W/m2 i medeltal och det latenta med 9W/m2. Modellen överskattar höga flöden mer, vilka främst är representerade vid höga vindhastigheter. Friktionshastigheten är mestadels alltför hög i ERA-40. Ett andra syfte med denna undersökning är att med hjälp av hela den 44 år långa dataserien finna eventuella trender över Östergarnsholm. Temperaturen visar en ökande trend vilket tycks stämma överens med andra långtidsserier i Sverige.

During an upwelling event the cold bottom-water is brought to the sea surface. This cools the atmosphere from below and the stratification becomes more stable. When the atmosphere is more stable the turbulence is reduced and, as a consequence, so are the turbulent fluxes. This study is investigating four periods of upwelling from the Östergarnsholm-site, in the Baltic Sea east of Gotland, during the summer of 2005. The air measurements are taken at a tower at the southernmost tip of Östergarnsholm while the measurements in the water are from a buoy moored 1 km south-southeast of the tower. During all the upwelling events the wind is south-westerly, along the coast of Gotland. This means that the buoy is not within the flux footprint area and is perhaps not always representative of what happens there. All the periods show a stabilization of the atmosphere as the SST (Sea Surface Temperature) decreases. The heat fluxes, especially the latent heat flux, decreases as the SST decreases. The amount of CO2 in the atmosphere, in the summer, is usually higher than the amount in the surface water of the seas because the oceans are a net sink of CO2. The air-sea flux of CO2 is to a large extent controlled by this difference. Therefore the flux of CO2 is usually directed to the sea. The deep-water contains more CO2 than the surface water because the phytoplankton near the surface removes CO2 through photosynthesis. The deep-water is also colder and can solve more CO2. During an upwelling event this CO2-rich water is brought to the surface. As an upwelling event progresses the difference in CO2-concentration between the air and the sea is reduced, sometimes reversed, and the flux decreases. This is what happens in three of the investigated periods in this study. During the fourth period a counter gradient flux is observed. / När en uppvällning inträffar förs kallt djupvatten upp till havsytan. Det kalla vattnet kyler atmosfären nedifrån, något som leder till mer stabil skiktning. När atmosfären blir mer stabilt skiktad dämpas turbulensen och det medför att de turbulenta flödena också avtar. I den här studien analyseras fyra perioder med uppvällning. Mätningarna kommer från Östergarnsholm, öster om Gotland, under sommaren 2005. Mätningarna i luften är tagna från en mast vid Östergarnsholms södra udde. Mätningarna i vattnet kommer från en boj som är förankrad 1 km sydsydöst om masten. Vid samtliga uppvällnings-perioder i den här studien är vinden sydvästlig (längs Gotlandskusten). Det betyder att bojen inte befinner sig inom flödenas footprint-area och dess mätningar är kanske inte hela tiden representativa för vad som händer i footprint-arean. Samtliga undersökta perioder visar på en stabilisering av atmosfären då havsytans temperatur avtar. Värmeflödena, i synnerhet det latenta värmeflödet, avtar i samband med att temperaturen i havsytan sjunker. Halten av CO2 i atmosfären är vanligtvis högre än halten i havens ytvatten (under sommaren) eftersom de är en nettosänka för CO2 globalt sett. CO2-flödet mellan havsytan och atmosfären styr till en stor del av denna skillnaden i CO2-halt. Det innebär att CO2-flödet är riktat neråt, mot havet. Havens djupvatten innehåller mer CO2 därför att växtplankton nära ytan reducerar CO2-halten genom fotosyntesen. Djupvattnet är också kallare och kan därför lösa mer CO2. Under en uppvällning förs detta CO2-rika vatten upp till ytan. När en uppvällning fortskrider minskar skillnaden i CO2-halt mellan hav och atmosfär (ibland kan CO2-halten i ytvattnet även komma att överstiga atmosfärens halt) och flödet avtar. Tre av perioderna i den här studien visar på ett avtagande flöde. Den fjärde perioden uppvisar ett flöde motriktat CO2-gradienten.

Para a garantia do bom desempenho dos fluxantes para lingotamento contínuo de aços no molde, a determinação da sua composição química é importante para garantir as propriedades necessárias para o seu perfeito funcionamento. O carbono é adicionado ao fluxante para controlar a velocidade de fusão do fluxante sobre o aço líquido, já que, se adequada, colabora para a disponibilidade de escória líquida suficiente para alimentar o intervalo existente entre a placa de aço em solidificação e o molde, garantindo a perfeita lubrificação. Neste trabalho é demonstrada a influência do efeito de duas fontes de carbono na velocidade de fusão dos fluxantes, através da utilização de uma nova concepção de forno elétrico no qual são colocados dois cadinhos vazados contendo fluxante in natura. Um dos cadinhos é utilizado para avaliação da amostra de referência. O desenvolvimento das reações de fusão do fluxante com o aumento da temperatura resulta em uma escória que, em função de sua fluidez, gera o escorrimento da massa fundida a uma taxa característica, a qual é registrada em um gráfico de massa x temperatura. Desta forma, é demonstrada a eficiência do uso deste equipamento para avaliação da velocidade de fusão, e da influência da fonte e teor de carbono, possibilitando a avaliação de diferentes alternativas de composições. Os ensaios de microscopia com aquecimento e análises térmicas também foram utilizados. / In order to assure good performance of mould flux for continuous casting of steel, the chemical composition definition is important to guarantee the properties needs to its perfect behavior in the mould. Carbon is added to the mould flux to control the melting rate, since this property is related to the availability of liquid slag to fill in the gap between the solidified steel and the cupper wall that assure a perfect lubrication. This work presents the influence of two carbon sources evaluated by an apparatus designed for testing the melting rate of mould fluxes. It is an electric resistance furnace in which two perforated at the bottom crucibles contain flux sample in natura. One of the crucibles is used for the reference sample. As the temperature increases and the melting of the flux takes place, liquid slag starts dropping from the crucible, which is attached to a load cell. Weight losses and temperature are simultaneously recorded and a plot of mass (grams) versus temperature (degree Celsius) is produced. The effect of carbon content of the flux mixtures on the melting rate has been investigated. The heating microscope and thermal analysis were also evaluated.

Current test methodologies used to evaluate the performance of protective clothing do not adequately determine the provided level of protection. The heat fluxes imposed by current evaluation methods are not specifically related to fire environments typical to those the clothing is designed provide protection against. The U.S. Navy is in the process of developing an improved process for testing the fire resistance of daily wear uniforms and protective gear. The first phase of this project involves evaluating currently used evaluation methods and identifying the severity of fire environments that would be expected aboard Navy ships. The examination of the test protocols currently in use identifies major weaknesses, providing the justification for a new test protocol. The first step in developing an improved test protocol is to determine the types of fire scenarios that would be expected aboard Navy vessels. The nearly infinite number of possible fires are reduced to 6 typical cases involving spray fires, pool fires and furniture fires in both compartmented and unconfined cases. An analysis of the environments produced by these types of fires is presented. The effects of compartmentation parameters are also investigated to determine the critical factors that affect the expected fire environment. Expected heat fluxes for all scenarios are presented at a number of distances from the fire.