Une population mondiale croissante et l’épuisement des ressources fossiles a conduit à une augmentation de la demande alimentaire et énergétique. Si les plantes oléagineuses sont majoritairement exploitées pour leurs fruits et leurs graines riches en huiles dans le secteur agroalimentaire, elles sont également valorisées comme alternative aux produits pétrosourcés (biolubrifiants, biocarburants). La production de lipides et d’acides gras inhabituels a rapidement suscité un intérêt envers les organismes unicellulaires : les levures. L’objectif de ce travail consiste à étudier deux modèles biologiques : la graine de lin (Linum usitatissimum), dont l’huile est constituée à 57% d’oméga-3, et la levure oléagineuse Yarrowia lipolytica, exploitée comme châssis biotechnologique. L’approche utilisée pour appréhender le métabolisme lipidique est la fluxomique. De plus, la conception d’un modèle prédictif reposant sur un marquage isotopique (MFA) ou la contrainte (FBA) permet une analyse dynamique du métabolisme. L’étude comparative de trois lignées de lin (teneurs en huile et oméga-3 différentes) a permis une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes menant à l’accumulation des lipides (jusqu’à 44,2 g.100g-1 MS). Ainsi, nous avons pu montrer que l’assimilation du saccharose et la remobilisation de l’amidon sont essentiels à la synthèse des précurseurs et du NADPH nécessaires à la synthèse des AG. Une forte implication de la glycolyse cytosolique et de la voie des pentoses phosphate plastidiale a pu être notée, tandis que la synthèse des protéines et de la paroi cellulaire a été une étape plutôt limitante. De plus, la PDAT semblerait être une enzyme essentielle à l’incorporation d’acides gras polyinsaturés dans les TAG. L’étude de trois souches de Yarrowia lipolytica a également permis d’appréhender le métabolisme de la levure. L’assimilation d’une source de carbone alternative au glucose (glycérol) a entraîné une redirection métabolique majeure vers la néoglucogénèse. Le flux majoritaire pour la synthèse des TAG emprunte la glycolyse et une partie du cycle de Krebs, afin de convertir le citrate en acétyl-CoA. L’optimisation de la voie Kennedy (GPD1 et DGA2) a permis une amélioration du contenu en lipides : +72% par rapport à une souche optimisée pour la synthèse des acides gras inhabituels (expression du gène LRO1, codant pour une PDAT). Les principales voies compétitives sont la synthèse de glucides de réserve et la sécrétion de citrate, réprimée ici grâce à une assimilation de glucose modérée. La PDAT est là encore impliquée dans l’accumulation des acides gras inhabituels. / Growing world population and depletion of fossil resources have led to an increasing food and energy demand. While oleaginous plants are mostly cultivated for their fruits or their seeds in food industry, they are also valued in as an alternative to petrochemicals (biolubricant, biofuels). The production of lipids and unusual fatty acids increased the interest for unicellular organisms: yeasts. The aim of this work is to study two biological models: flax seed (Linum usitatissimum), whose oil is made up of 57% omega-3, and yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, exploited as a biotechnological chassis. The approach used to understand lipid metabolism is fluxomics. In addition, the development of a predictive model based on isotopic labelling (MFA) or constraint-based one (FBA) allows a dynamic analysis of the metabolism. The comparative study of three flax lines (with different oil and omega-3 levels) provided a better understanding of the mechanisms leading to lipid accumulation (up to 44.2 g.100 gDW-1). Therefore, we have been able to show that sucrose assimilation and starch remobilization are essential for fatty acid precursors and cofactors synthesis. Strong involvements of cytosolic glycolysis (G3P, acetyl-CoA) and pentose phosphate pathway (NADPH) have been noted, while protein and cell wall synthesis are limiting steps. In addition, PDAT would be a central enzyme for the incorporation of PUFA into TAGs. The study of three Yarrowia lipolytica strains also helped us to better understand yeast metabolism. The assimilation of an alternative carbone source to glucose, glycerol, led to a major metabolic redirection towards gluconeogenesis. The TAG synthesis flux especially uses glycolysis and a part of TCA cycle to convert citrate into acetyl-CoA. Kennedy pathway optimizations (GPD1 and DGA2 gene overexpression) allowed a lipid content improvement: +72% compared to a strain optimized for the synthesis of unusual fatty acids (LRO1 gene expression, encoding for a PDAT enzyme). The main competitive pathways are carbohydrate synthesis (glycogen) and citrate secretion (here repressed thanks to slow glucose assimilation. PDAT (LRO1 gene) also led to unusual fatty acid accumulation.

Submitted by Alison Vanceto (alison-vanceto@hotmail.com) on 2017-01-23T10:29:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseCRS.pdf: 3506039 bytes, checksum: 68f4c5fe1c6ae3672adcedf3450e2f31 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Camila Passos (camilapassos@ufscar.br) on 2017-01-23T15:48:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseCRS.pdf: 3506039 bytes, checksum: 68f4c5fe1c6ae3672adcedf3450e2f31 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Camila Passos (camilapassos@ufscar.br) on 2017-01-23T15:48:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseCRS.pdf: 3506039 bytes, checksum: 68f4c5fe1c6ae3672adcedf3450e2f31 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-23T15:48:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseCRS.pdf: 3506039 bytes, checksum: 68f4c5fe1c6ae3672adcedf3450e2f31 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-27 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / The genus Salmonella spp. has been extensively investigated because these bacteria are important pathogens that frequently cause severe diseases and gastrointestinal infections in humans and animals. Moreover, in recent years, Salmonella has called attention due to the excellent results in the production and in vivo delivery of various substances with potential application in Vaccinology. However, there is still little information available concerning aspects of its metabolism, which hampers both the development of new attenuated strains and the large-scale production of live cells and cellular components. Thus, this work aimed to study the S. typhimurium LT2 metabolism, using traditional and innovative approaches to investigate different carbon sources as well as different bioreactor operation modes and aeration conditions (aerobic and anaerobic). Results obtained in batch and chemostat cultivations indicated that S. typhimurium metabolism differs significantly from E. coli metabolism, closely related bacteria species with regard to the central carbon metabolism. The main difference observed between these bacteria was the high level of acetate production exhibited by S. typhimurium LT2 cells, which, differently from E. coli, occurred even at the lowest dilution rate evaluated. Currently, genome scale metabolic models are important tools for better understanding the phenotypic behavior of many organisms. Therefore the model STM_v1.0 reconstructed for S. typhimurium LT2 was evaluated, comparing experimental data, obtained in chemostat cultivations, with model predictions. Since this model was derived from E. coli model, the simulated results for biomass formation were overestimated and, consequently, predicted acetate fluxes were lower than those obtained experimentally. Therefore, to obtain experimental data useful to improve the model and to reach a better comprehension of S. typhimurium metabolism, the technique of metabolic flux analysis using isotopic labeled substrate was adopted, allowing determination of the fluxes for the main pathways of central carbon metabolism of Salmonella. This analysis revealed different preferred metabolic pathways depending on the specific growth rate. At the lowest dilution rate evaluated, D = 0.24 h-1, glucose was catabolized predominantly by the pentose phosphate and glycolysis pathways, while at the dilution rate of 0.48 h-1, the major pathway of glucose oxidation was Entner-Doudoroff. In addition, a relatively high flux through the citric acid cycle at the higher dilution rate studied was observed. / Bactérias do gênero Salmonella spp. são extensivamente estudadas por serem importantes patógenos, causando frequentemente graves doenças e infecções gastrointestinais em humanos e animais. Além disso, nos últimos anos, estas bactérias vêm ganhando um destaque ainda maior na área da biotecnologia por apresentarem ótimos resultados na produção e veiculação in vivo de diversas substâncias com fins vacinais. No entanto, ainda há poucas informações a respeito de seu metabolismo, dificultando tanto o desenvolvimento de novas linhagens atenuadas, como também a produção em larga escala de células vivas e de componentes celulares. Neste sentido, este trabalho se propôs a estudar o metabolismo de S. typhimurium LT2, utilizando inicialmente abordagens tradicionais para investigar seu comportamento na presença de diferentes fontes de carbono, em diferentes modos de operação de biorreator e de aeração (aeróbias e anaeróbias). Os resultados obtidos em cultivos em batelada e em quimiostatos evidenciaram que o metabolismo da S. typhimurium difere bastante do metabolismo da E. coli, espécies consideradas semelhantes com relação ao metabolismo do carbono central. A principal diferença observada entre essas duas bactérias foi a elevada produção de acetato pelas células de S. typhimurium LT2, mesmo em baixas velocidades de crescimento nas quais este metabólito não é produzido por diversas estirpes de E. coli. Atualmente, modelos metabólicos em escala genômica são ferramentas importantes para que o comportamento do fenótipo de diversos organismos sejam melhor compreendidos. Assim, avaliou-se o modelo STM_v1.0 reconstruído para S. typhimurium LT2, comparando-se dados obtidos experimentalmente, em quimiostatos, e os preditos pelo modelo. No entanto, como este modelo foi baseado no modelo da E. coli, os resultados simulados para produção de biomassa foram superestimados e, consequentemente, os fluxos de acetato foram inferiores aos obtidos experimentalmente. Sendo assim, para se obter dados experimentais úteis para aprimorar o modelo e para uma compreensão maior do metabolismo de S. typhimurium, utilizou-se a técnica de análise dos fluxos metabólicos com substrato isotopicamente marcado, permitindo a determinação dos fluxos das principais vias do metabolismo do carbono central da bactéria em estudo. Essa análise revelou diferenças na utilização das vias metabólicas em função da velocidade específica de crescimento, sendo que na menor taxa de diluição avaliada, D = 0,24 h-1, a glicose foi predominantemente catabolizada pelas vias pentose fosfato e glicólise, enquanto na taxa de diluição de 0,48 h-1, a via principal de oxidação da glicose foi a Entner- Doudoroff. Além disso, também observou-se um fluxo relativamente maior na via do ciclo do ácido cítrico na maior taxa de diluição estudada.