Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-06-27T15:09:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 brunogoncalves.pdf: 703613 bytes, checksum: d575219a1a60c3df43cb9c15e5bc8fd8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-08-07T21:05:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 brunogoncalves.pdf: 703613 bytes, checksum: d575219a1a60c3df43cb9c15e5bc8fd8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-07T21:05:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 brunogoncalves.pdf: 703613 bytes, checksum: d575219a1a60c3df43cb9c15e5bc8fd8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-15 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / A tese está composta de duas partes principais. Na primeira parte, o férmion de Dirac foi considerado interagindo com diferentes campos externos. Uma abordagem extremamente eficiente para se extrair informações físicas da Hamiltoniana, é fazer uma transformação Foldy-Wouthuysen nela. Além da transformação Foldy-Wouthuysen perturbativa, existe a versão exata, que não é baseada em séries de potências no parâmetro 1/m. Nesta tese foi desenvolvida uma maneira de se fazer a transformação Foldy-Wouthuysen exata com os campos de interesse. Foi tomado o campo espinorial de Dirac no fundo de ondas gravitacionais e um campo magnético constante. A Hamiltoniana transformada mostra que o efeito da onda gravitacional no campo espinorial e na correspondente partícula pode ser, em princípio, intensificado por um campo magnético suficientemente forte. Cálculos análogos foram realizados para a componente temporal do campo de torção gravitacional. Além disso, foi feita uma classificação geral dentre os possíveis termos que violam as simetrias CPT e Lorentz, selecionando aqueles que admitem esta transformação. Foi desenvolvida uma nova abordagem para estudar, qualitativamente, os casos para os quais a transformação exata não é permitida. Esta técnica foi chamada de transformação semi-exata. A vantagem desta técnica em relação à transformação padrão é de ser muito mais econômica na parte de cálculos. Como exemplo de aplicação foram considerados os casos de campo elétrico externo e a parte vetorial do campo de torção gravitacional. Na segunda parte da tese, foram calculadas as correções de um laço para o setor do fóton da eletrodinâmica quântica no fundo de um campo gravitacional. O cálculo foi realizado utilizando a técnica do "heat-kernel"de duas maneiras diferentes e uma nova ambiguidade nos resultados foi encontrada. Este resultado representa o primeiro exemplo conhecido da chamada anomalia multiplicativa. Realizando os cálculos para diferentes dimensões do espaço-tempo, encontramos uma explicação qualitativa desta anomalia. Além dos fatores de forma não-locais do campo eletromagnético, foi calculada a função beta de um laço física, que descreve a variação desta grandeza em relação à energia do processo e é válida para todas as escalas de energia. Usando esta função beta encontramos a forma mais completa do famoso teorema de Appelquist e Carazzone. / This thesis is composed by two main parts. On the first one, the Dirac fermion was considered interacting with different external fields. A very efficient approach to extract physical information from the Hamiltonian is to perform a Foldy-Wouthuysen transformation on it. There are, on the literature, two versions of this transformation. The standard and the exact ones. The main difference between them is that the last is not based on a power series low in the parameter l/m. On this thesis, we developed a method to perform the exact Foldy-Wouthuysen with the fields of interest. The Dirac field was described in a constant magnetic field plus gravitational wave background. The transformed Hamiltonian shows that the effect of the gravitational wave on the magnetic field could be, in principle, enforced by a sufficient strong magnetic field. Similar calculations was performed to the temporal component of the gravitational torsion field. Furthermore, it was done a general classification of the possible terms the violate the CPT and Lorentz symmetries, selecting those of them wich allow the exact transformation. A new approach to qualitatively study the cases for wich this kind of transformation is not allowed, was developed. This technique was called semi-exact transformation and has the advantage to the standard transformation of being much more economic in the calculations part. As examples of application it was considered the cases of external electric field and the vectorial component of the torsion gravitational field. On the second part of the thesis, it was calculated the one loop quantum corrections to the photon sector of the quantum electrodynamics in a gravitational background. The calculation was done using the "heat-kernel" technique in two different ways and an ambiguity on the results was found. This fact represents the first known example of the so called multiplicative anomaly. The calculations were performed to different space-time dimensions and a qualitative explanation of this anomaly was found. The non local formfactors to the electromagnetic field was obtained and also the one loop complete beta function, that describes the energy variation of it in relation to the energy of the process and it is valid to all energy scales. Using this beta function, the more complete form of the famous Appelquist e Carazzone theorem was obtained.

Ce travail de thèse s’intéresse aux corrections relativistes induites par une impulsion lumineuse ultra-brève et intense dans la matière condensée. Il s’inscrit dans la thématique nouvelle de la désaimantation ultra-rapide cohérente de systèmes ferromagnétiques induite par une impulsion laser femto-seconde [Nature 5, 515 (2009)] [1]. Un couplage de nature relativiste entre les spins et les photons a été proposé pour expliquer les résultats expérimentaux observés dans [1]. La première partie de ce travail étudie la limite non relativiste du formalisme de Dirac en présence d’un champ électromagnétique dépendant du temps. En utilisant la transformation de Foldy-Wouthuysen , le hamiltonien électronique de Dirac en présence d’un champ électromagnétique dépendant du temps est développé au cinquième ordre en 1/m. Les résultats obtenus ont permis de postuler une expression générale de l’interaction directe entre le spin et le champ électromagnétique sous la forme d’un développement en série entière. Un travail similaire est réalisé dans le cadre du problème relativiste à deux électrons en interaction coulombienne. La diagonalisation du hamiltonien de Breit au troisième ordre en 1/m fait apparaître une interaction singulière entre le spin, le champ coulombien et le champ électromagnétique externe dépendant du temps. Dans la deuxième partie, on propose un modèle classique pour modéliser une expérience de magnéto-optique non-linéaire réalisée sur des échantillons ferromagnétiques. Les prédictions théoriques des angles de rotation Faraday sont comparées aux résultats expérimentaux de la référence [1] et permettent d’ouvrir une discussion à propos des mécanismes physiques gouvernant les phénomènes magnéto-optiques observés. Le rôle joué par l’interaction spin-orbite entre les spins et le champ électrique du laser est discuté. / This thesis focuses on the relativistic corrections induced by an ultra-short and intense light pulse in condensed matter. It is part of the new theme of the coherent ultra-fast demagnetization of ferromagnetic systems induced by a femtosecond laser pulse [ Nature, 5, 515 (2009)] [1]. A relativistic coupling between spins and photons has been proposed to explain the experimental results obtained in [1]. The first part of this work focuses on the nonrelativistic limit of the Dirac’s formalism. By means of the Foldy–Wouthuysen transformation the nonrelativistic approximation of the external-electromagnetic-field Dirac equation to fifth order in powers of 1/m is obtained. Generalizing this result we postulate a general expression of the direct spin–field electronic hamiltonian valid at any order in 1/m. A similar work is performed on a two-interacting electrons system described with the Breit hamiltonian, whose the diagonalization at third order in 1/m illustrates an original coupling between the spin, the coulombian interaction and the time-dependent external electromagnetic field. In a second part, a classical model is developed for modeling ultrafast nonlinear coherent magneto-optical experiments performed on ferromagnetic thin films. Theoretical predictions of the Faraday rotation angles are compared to available experimental values and give meaningful insights about the physical mechanisms underlying the observed coherent magneto-optical phenomena. The crucial role played by the spin-orbit mechanism resulting from the direct interaction between the external electric field of the laser and the electron spins of the sample is underlined.