Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Basel, Basel, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 219-235).

Zugl.: Bochum, Universiẗat, Diss., 2003.

No description available.

published_or_final_version / Community Medicine / Master / Master of Public Health

Thesis ( MPH.) --University of Limpopo,2014. / Introduction: To evaluate the food safety legislation (FSL) implementation in the red meat abattoirs of Mopani district in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Method: A cross sectional survey was conducted. Sampling: A questionnaire was distributed to abattoir managers of various red meat abattoirs. From 16 abattoirs with a population 169, a sample of 22 was selected. Results: The study revealed that 77% managers were male. Majority of managers were aged 40 and 59 years. Work experience was between 20 to 25 years. Educational background: thirty seven percent (37%) of managers hold certificates on various disciplines, mostly not food safety related. Fifty-four percent (54%) managers did not have food safety knowledge. Fifty-nine percent (59%) abattoirs did not comply with food safety practices. Twenty seven percent (27%) of the structures did not comply with R.1072. The pieces of FSL were less implemented by DoH&SD and DTI. Hygiene Management Systems showed slow progress. Sixty-four percent (64%) abattoirs did not receive training on HMS and PRPs. Very few abattoirs had multi-disciplinary skilled personnel to implement FSL. Abattoirs were reluctant to financial commitment to implement FSL. Eighty two percent (82%) of abattoirs did not involve all stakeholder during planning and decision making process. Conclusion: The red meat abattoirs of Mopani district did not comply with all standards and requirements of food safety legislation. Factors such as educational background in basics of food safety principles, involvement of role players during implementation process, prevented successful implementation of food safety legislation in the red meat abattoirs of Mopani district. Food safety knowledge and practices of management and malpractice of FSL were determined, results showed that majority lack adequate food safety knowledge and poor food safety practices were identified. One of the recommendation was to establish FSL enforcement forum to develop a FSL strategy.

University of Macau / Faculty of Law

Graduation date: 1992

Orientador: Juliana Azevedo Lima Pallone / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T19:45:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kiyataka_PauloHenriqueMassaharu_M.pdf: 790194 bytes, checksum: e0beb44d58dcf269860ae3ea29511114 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O uso de embalagens poliméricas para contato com alimentos tem crescido nas últimas décadas devido ao aumento do consumo de produtos industrializados. Contaminantes inorgânicos, tais como chumbo (Pb), cádmio (Cd), mercúrio (Hg), e arsênio (As), cuja maior fonte são aditivos, principalmente catalisadores, estabilizantes térmicos, pigmentos e corantes inorgânicos, podem fazer parte da embalagem e migrar para o alimento. No Brasil, a Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA), através da Resolução nº 52 de 2010 estabelece limites e método analítico para quantificar contaminantes inorgânicos em pigmentos e corantes utilizados na fabricação de embalagens e indica também limites de migração dos contaminantes das embalagens poliméricas pigmentadas para uma solução de ácido acético 3%. Este trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar os teores totais de Pb, Cd, Hg e As nas embalagens de polietileno de alta densidade (PEAD) e polipropileno (PP), utilizadas no acondicionamento de iogurte e sorvete, respectivamente, estudar a migração desses elementos para o alimento e para a solução de ácido acético 3%, utilizando a técnica de espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma indutivamente acoplado. O método aplicado foi validado e os parâmetros linearidade, limites de detecção e quantificação, precisão e exatidão foram considerados adequados. Os resultados obtidos para as análises das embalagens de PP utilizado para sorvete mostraram que oito entre as dez amostras avaliadas apresentaram valores abaixo dos limites de quantificação para Pb, Cd, Hg e As, correspondentes a 18,2 ?g L-1, 2,6 ?g L -1, 1,0 ?g L-1 e 1,7 ?g L -1, respectivamente, e uma embalagem avaliada apresentou resultado para Cd de 0,45 mg kg-1 e uma outra embalagem resultado para Pb de 1,64 mg kg-1. A migração específica desses elementos para o sorvete foi inferior ao limite de quantificação. Os resultados da migração dos elementos Cd, Hg e As para a solução de ácido acético a 3% apresentaram-se inferiores aos limites estabelecidos pela ANVISA, 5 ?g kg-1, 5 ?g kg-1 e 10 ?g kg-1, respectivamente Porém, para o elemento Pb, o resultado não foi conclusivo, uma vez que o limite de quantificação do método utilizado foi superior ao limite estabelecido pela Resolução. Os resultados obtidos para as amostras de PEAD utilizado para o acondicionamento de iogurte mostraram que todas as embalagens avaliadas apresentaram níveis de mercúrio e cádmio abaixo do limite de quantificação, correspondentes a 1,0 ?g L-1 e 1,5??g L-1, respectivamente. Os teores máximos de arsênio e chumbo foram de 0,87 mg kg-1 e 462,3 mg kg-1, respectivamente. A migração específica desses elementos para o iogurte foi inferior ao limite de quantificação. Os resultados da migração de Cd, Hg e As para a solução de ácido acético a 3% apresentaram valores inferiores aos limites estabelecidos pela ANVISA, porém para três amostras de tampas houve migração de Pb para o simulante acima do limite da ANVISA, 10 ?g kg-1. Pelos resultados obtidos notou-se que há o uso de aditivos e substâncias com As, Cd e principalmente Pb ou matérias-primas contaminadas com esses elementos na produção de embalagem, indicando a necessidade de uma legislação ambiental, estabelecendo limites máximos de contaminantes inorgânicos em embalagens e fiscalização por parte da vigilância sanitária / Abstract: The use of polymeric packaging for food contact has increased in the last decades due to the increase of consume of industrialized food. Inorganic contaminants, such as lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic found in packaging additives, mainly catalysts, thermal stabilizers, inorganic pigments and colorants, may migrate to food. In Brazil, the Resolution nr. 52/2010 published by the ANVISA (National Agency of Sanitary Surveillance) establishes limits and analytical method for quantifying inorganic contaminants in pigments and dyes used for packaging manufacturing and also indicates specific migration limits of the inorganic contaminants into pigmented packaging. This work aimed to evaluate total levels of Pb, Cd, Hg and As in high density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) packaging, used for ice cream and yogurt, respectively, and to study the migration of these elements into food and acetic acid 3% solution. The technique of Inductively Coupled Plasma - Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) was used for the analyses. The method applied was validated and the parameters: linearity, detection and quantification limits, precision and accuracy were considered adequate. The results for the analyses of PP packaging used for ice cream showed that eight in ten evaluated samples were below the limit of quantification (LOQ) for Pb, Cd, Hg and As, corresponding to 18.2 ?g L-1, 2.6 ?g L-1, 1.0 ?g L-1 and 1.7 ?g L-1, respectively. One sample presented 0.45 mg kg-1 for Cd and another sample presented 1.64 mg kg-1 for Pb. The specific migration of these elements into ice cream was below the limit of quantification and the migration results of the elements Cd, Hg and As into acetic acid 3% solution were lower than the limits established by ANVISA, 5 ?g kg-1, 5 ?g kg-1 and 10 ?g kg-1, respectively. However, for element Pb the result was inconclusive, since the limit of quantification of the used method was higher than the limit established by the Resolution. The results obtained for the HDPE samples, used for yogurt, showed that all the packaging evaluated presented levels of mercury and cadmium lower than the limits of quantification (LOQ) corresponding to 1.0 ?g L-1 and 1.5 ?g L-1, respectively. The maximum levels of arsenic and lead were 0.87 mg kg-1 and 462.3 mg kg-1, respectively. The specific migration of these elements into yogurt was lower than the limit of quantification and the results of migration of Cd, Hg and As into acetic acid 3% solution were below the limits established by ANVISA. However, for three cap samples presented Pb migration above the limit established by Anvisa, 10 ?g kg-1. For the results obtained, it was proved that additives, substances and contaminated raw material with As, Cd and Pb are used in packaging manufacturing, showing the need of environmental legislation, establishing maximum concentration limit of inorganic contaminant in packaging and inspection made by sanitary surveillance / Mestrado / Ciência de Alimentos / Mestre em Ciência de Alimentos

Masters Research Report Department of International Relations School of Social Sciences Faculty of Humanities The University of the Witwatersrand / This research report provides a framework to assess the value of private-public partnerships (PPPs) in shaping the regulatory framework of the food safety regime within southern Africa. As one of Africa’s largest economies and major exporting countries, South Africa provides a clear case for analysing how developing countries in Africa have adopted and enforce international standards relating to the safety of foodstuffs that are produced, distributed and sold. Within the international systems, governments are generally held responsible for the ratification of international treaties that inform global standards and are criticised or excluded when they fail to comply. However, the role of private sector in supporting and enforcing food safety practices has not been evaluated in any meaningful way. The aim of this research is further the understanding of how PPPs have formed in South Africa and to what extent they have had a positive impact on the advancement of food safety between the years 2000 and 2015. With the help of document analysis and a review of the current regulatory framework, this research is framed within the concept of hybridity and allows us to better understand the focus of PPPs within South Africa’s food safety regime. The main conclusion is that South Africa’s commitment to food safety is strong but the relevant policy remains uncoordinated and undefined. South African businesses and the government are involved at the international level in terms of standards-setting and are aware of the global food safety strategy. The primary reason for this is that the country’s involvement improves trade prospects and affirms its role as a collaborative actor within the International Food Safety Complex (IFSC). However, South Africa still experiences several issues relating to food safety risks that affect trade and challenge the efficacy of existing food safety regulations. The recommendation is that public and private sectors should invest more capital and capacity in establishing a comprehensive food safety policy that brings together legislation, identifies key actors and provides a guideline to improve transparency and accountability relating to food safety issues in South Africa. / MT2017

Food labelling serves to (a) inform consumers about the attributes of a food product so that they can make rational and well-informed choices; (b) assist manufacturers in marketing their product; and (c) warn consumers about the inherent risks of certain products, or ingredients in the product. The costs of labelling products fully and informatively are borne by consumers, but the benefits of labelling outweigh the costs. To understand the role of labelling in an regulatory system it is vital to consider the arrangement of the provisions protecting consumers generally before considering food laws and the labelling regulations. Furthermore, due to food being an international product, it is necessary to consider foreign countries and the manner they go about in protecting consumers. The United Nations, under the auspices of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the \Vorld Health Organization (WHO), established a Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, called "Codex Alimentarius". The aim of the programme is to establish standards that can be used internationally to narrow the gap between developed countries and developing countries. To establish a standard various organs of the Codex Alimentarius are consulted. In addition, the standards have to comply with a prescribed format and follow a specified procedure. For the standard to be observed the member country has to incorporate the standard into its domestic laws. One of the advantages of the Codex Alimentarius is that the procedure to establish a standard is flexible. Australia, United Kingdom and the United States of America are member of the Codex Alimentarius. Australia, a federation of states, protects consumers by legislating either state and/or Commonwealth laws. Often there is a combination of statutes. Examples of subjects that are governed by both Commonwealth and states include false or misleading trade practices, and weights and measures. Commonwealth laws only deal with the freedom of information. Food laws are governed exclusively by state legislation. A significant area for future reform is uniformity of the state food laws. There are also other areas for future reform (eg date marking). England and Wales protect consumers by enacting statutes that relate to private and public rights. The important Acts that protect public rights are the Trade Descriptions Act, Weights and Measures Act, Consumer Protection Act, Fair Trading Act and Food Act. One of the provisions of the Criminal Courts Act is to protect personal rights when a consumer suffers personal injury, loss or damage as a result of the offender committing an criminal offence. Food labelling is governed by regulations, that are progressive. A fundamental criticism of the legislation and regulations is the lack of appropriate enforcement of the laws. The enforcement of most of the above Acts is delegated to the local weights and measures authorities. A further complication is the United Kingdom's membership of the European Economic Community. The United States of America enacts federal and state legislation. In protecting consumers in respect of food, it enacts federal legislation. The important Acts include the Fair Packaging and Labelling Act, the Meat Inspection Act, the Poultry and Poultry Products Inspection Act and the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act. The United States government also encourages openness, with regards to its public agencies, by creating the Freedom of Information Act. The class action is an innovative remedy established in terms of the Civil Procedure Act. The enforcement of food laws is delegated to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The protection afforded by the United States government is complex and sophisticated. Its laws serve as model for many countries. The common law of South Africa has limited value in safeguarding consumers. Consumer protection arise mostly by way of legislation and regulations. Consumers are protected generally by the Measuring Units and National Measuring Standards Act, Trade Metrology Act, Trade Practices Act and Harmful Business Practices Act, Standards Act, Dairy Industries Act and the Marketing Act. Consumers are protected against harmful and injurious foodstuffs by the Foodstuffs, Cosmetics and Disinfectants Act, and the regulations promulgated in terms of the Act. There are several problems with the laws, eg lack of enforcement, lack of consumer awareness and education, and so on. An analysis of the foreign countries discussed in Part II result in the indication of twel ve themes. Part III examine the twelve themes and present solutions. Some of the solutions are based on comparisons with foreign countries discussed in Part 11. The main issues that need to be addressed in the short-term are the lack of consumer education and problems of enforcement of consumer protection. Long-term issues include the feasibility of introducing a department of consumer affairs and the provision of statutory civil remedies for consumers. / Thesis (LL.M.)-University of Natal, Durban,1990.