Thesis PlanB (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Stout, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references.

Diss. (sammanfattning). Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2003. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (MSc Food Science)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa is a water scarce country and farmers are forced to irrigate crops with river water. Contamination of South African rivers has been reported and the carry-over of bacteria from river water to produce has been confirmed. Foodborne outbreaks linked to fresh produce are increasing world-wide. A total of 151 fresh produce samples (lettuce, tomatoes, beans, peas, coriander, basil, mint, rocket, thyme, spinach, cabbage, parsley and sprouts) were sourced from small-scale and commercial farms, farmers’ markets and retail outlets. Total coliforms (TC) and E. coli loads on the produce were determined with Colilert-18. Isolates were phenotypically characterised and identified with the API system and the E. coli identification confirmed with uidA PCR. Sixty-three E. coli isolates were identified. Three were not identified as E. coli with the API system but were positive for the uidA gene. The TC loads for the produce from the farms, farmers’ markets and retail outlets were all in the range of log 3 to log 8.38 MPN.100 mL-1. Escherichia coli was found to be most prevalent on produce samples from farmers’ markets with the highest E. coli load (log 7.38 MPN.100 mL-1) on cabbage sampled from a commercial farm. Escherichia coli were present on 8% of the produce samples. The maximum TC and E. coli loads found on the fresh produce were log 8.38 and log 7.38 MPN.100 mL-1, respectively. The lowest risk in terms of TC and E. coli presence and load was observed on fresh produce from retail outlets and the highest risk was on fresh produce from farmers’ markets. Phenotypic dendrograms and a PCA plot were statistically constructed to determine similarity groupings of the isolates and three main E. coli clusters were formed. These three clusters could not be directly linked to a specific produce type or source type. A larger variation E. coli phenotypes was observed present on fresh produce within the three clusters. All E. coli isolates were also subjected to triplex and multiplex PCR analysis to identify their phylogenetic groups and the presence of INPEC and ExPEC strains. Fourteen isolates belonged to genotypic group A0, 11 to A1, 20 to B1, 7 to B23 and 11 to D2. Thus a large variation E. coli genotypes are present but it cannot be linked to a specific source type or produce type. Multiplex PCR testing for INPEC revealed that none of the E. coli isolates were carriers of the INPEC genes. The isolates were also tested for the presence of ExPEC gene sequences: papA, papC, sfa/foc, iutA, kpsMT II and afa/dra. None of the isolates were classified as ExPEC (which required the presence of two or more genes) but three of the isolates did test positive for the presence of the kpsMT II gene. The latter could indicate that potentially pathogenic E. coli can be evolving in the environment and increase the risk of pathogenic E. coli occurring on fresh produce. In conclusion, the presence of E. coli (commensal or pathogenic) on fresh produce is unacceptable according the South African Department of Health. According to this study the identification of E. coli types could not be correlated with the presence of E. coli on the different produce types and thus the presence of E. coli on fresh produce is unpredictable. It is recommended that extensive safety precautions should be in place throughout every step in the production chain from harvest to the consumer’s kitchen to reduce the probability of contamination of fresh produce. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid-Afrika is ‘n waterskaars land en boere word gedwing om rivier water te gebruik vir gewas besproeiing. Kontaminasie van Suid-Afrikaanse riviere is al telkemale aangemeld en die oordrag van bakterieë vanaf rivierwater na vars produkte is al voorheen bevestig. Voedselverwante uitbrake wat gekoppel is aan vars produkte is besig om wêreldwyd toe te neem. ‘n Totaal van 151 vars produk monsters (blaarslaai, tamaties, boontjies, ertjies, koljander, basilie, kruisement, roket, tiemie, spinasie, kool, pietersielie en spruite) was verkry van klein-skaalse en kommersiële plase, plaasmarkte en kettingwinkels. Totale kolivorme (TK) en E. coli tellings op die vars produkte is bepaal deur middel van Colilert-18. Isolate word fenotipies gekarakteriseer en geïdentifiseer met die API sisteem en die E. coli identifikasie is bevestig met uidA PKR. Drie-en-sestig E. coli isolate is geïdentifiseer. Drie is nie met met die API sisteem as E. coli geklassifiseer nie, maar was wel positief vir die uidA geen. Die TK tellings vir die vars produkte van die plase, plaasmarkte en kettingwinkels was almal in die reeks van log 3 tot log 8.38 MPN.100 mL-1. Escherichia coli teenwoordigheid was die meeste op groente monsters van plaasmarkte, maar die hoogste E. coli telling (log 7.83 MPN.100 mL-1) was op ‘n kool monster van ‘n kommersiële plaas. Escherichia coli was teenwoordig op 8% van die vars produk monsters. Die maksimum TK en E. coli wat teenwoordig was op die vars produkte was log 8.38 en log 7.38 MPN.100 mL-1 onderskeidelik. Die laagste risiko in terme van TK en E. coli teenwoordigheid en tellings is waargeneem op vars produkte van kettingwinkels en die hoogste risiko is op vars produkte van plaasmarkte. Fenotipiese dendrogramme en ‘n PKA plot is statisties gekonstrueer om ooreenstemende groepe van isolate te identifiseer en drie hoof groepe is gevorm. Daar kon geen direkte verband gevind word tussen hierdie drie groepe en ‘n spesifieke produk-tipe of ‘n spesifieke bron-tipe nie. ‘n Groter variasie in E. coli fenotipes teenwoordig op die vars produkte is waargeneem binne die drie groepe. Alle E. coli isolate was onderworpe aan tripleks en multipleks PKR analise om die filogenetiese groep van elke isolaat te bepaal en of enige INPEC of ExPEC stamme teenwoordig is. Veertien isolate behoort aan genotipiese groep A0, 11 aan A1, 20 aan B1, 7 aan B23 en 11 aan D2. Dus is ‘n groot variasie E. coli genotipes teenwoordig maar dit kan nie gekoppel word aan ‘n spesifieke produk-tipe of bron-tipe nie. Multipleks PKR analise vir INPEC het gewys dat geeneen van die E. coli isolate enige INPEC gene dra nie. Die isolate is ook getoets vir die teenwoordigheid van ExPEC geen volgordes: papA, papC, sfa/foc, iutA, kpsMT II en afa/dra. Geeneen van die isolate is geklassifiseer as ExPEC (wat die teenwoordigheid van twee of meer gene vereis) nie, maar drie van die isolate het wel positief getoets vir die teenwoordigheid van die kpsMT II geen. Laasgenoemde kan ‘n aanduiding wees dat potensiële patogeniese E. coli in die omgewing kan ontwikkel en dus dan die risiko van die teenwoordigheid van patogeniese E. coli op vars produkte sal verhoog. Ter afsluiting, die teenwoordigheid van E. coli (nie-patogenies en patogenies) op vars produkte is onaanvaarbaar volgens die Suid-Afrikaanse Departement van Gesondheid. Volgens hierdie studie kan die identifisering van E. coli tipes nie gekorreleer word met die teenwoordigheid van E. coli op verskillende produk-tipes nie en dus is die teenwoordigheid van E. coli op vars produkte onvoorspelbaar. Dit word aanbeveel dat ekstensiewe voorsorgmaatreëls in plek moet wees in elke stap dwarsdeur die produksie ketting, vanaf oestyd tot in die verbruiker se kombuis, om die moontlikheid van vars produk kontaminasie te verminder.

Thesis (MSc Food Sc)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Food-borne disease outbreaks caused by Escherichia coli have been linked to the use of faecally-polluted irrigation waters. Thus the overall aim of this research was to evaluate irrigation water and agricultural effluents as sources of antibiotic resistant E. coli in the Western Cape. The aim of the first study was to enumerate and characterise E. coli present in irrigation water and in potential contamination sources. Maximum total coliform and E. coli counts for irrigation sites was log 7.862 and log 5.364 MPN.100 mL-1, respectively. Five out of seven irrigation sites had E. coli counts exceeding national and international guidelines for ‘safe’ irrigation water (<1 000 counts.100 mL-1), making it unsafe for the irrigation of fresh produce. In this study, 46.6% of the E. coli strains were characterised in phylogenetic group B1. It has been shown that E. coli in group B1 have the ability to survive and persist in the external environment. Group B1 was also the most common group among isolates from irrigation sites (79.4%), while isolates from environmental sites grouped mainly in group A0 (54.1%). It was concluded that the wide variation of E. coli types present in irrigation water is a concern that should be further investigated. This raises human health implications since the increased exposure to faecal organisms increases the risk of food-borne outbreaks. The E. coli isolates (n = 120) and the marker (n = 37) and reference strains (n = 6), were evaluated for antibiotic resistance to seven medically-important antibiotics from different classes using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Thirty-five strains (35/163 = 21.5%) exhibited resistance to one or more antibiotics. Piggery effluent was found to harbour the most antibiotic resistant E. coli isolates (9/35 = 25.7%). Among the resistant E. coli strains, the highest occurrence of antibiotic resistance was to trimethoprim (2.5 μg) (68.6%), tetracycline (30 μg) (57.1%), ampicillin (10 μg) (45.7%) and chloramphenicol (30 μg) (34.3%). Seventy-four percent (26/35) exhibited multiple antibiotic resistances to two or more antibiotics. The antibiotic resistant E. coli strains were evaluated for the presence of pathotypes using Polymerase Chain Reaction analysis to detect Intestinal Pathogenic E. coli (InPEC) and Extra-intestinal Pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC). Five InPEC strains were characterised as four Entero-Pathogenic E. coli (EPEC) strains resistant to three or four antibiotics and one Entero-Aggregative E. coli (EAEC) strain resistant to trimethoprim. The antibiotic resistant EAEC strain also possessed the ExPEC-related gene iutA. Two E. coli isolated from the Mosselbank River were both resistant to chloramphenicol and trimethoprim and also possessed the ExPEC-related gene iutA. It was concluded that the diverse antibiotic resistances of E. coli pathotypes present in irrigation water is a concern that should be further investigated. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Voedselverwante siekte uitbrake wat deur Escherichia coli veroorsaak word, is gekoppel aan die gebruik van fekale besoedelde besproeiingswater. Dus was die hoof doel van die navorsing om besproeiingswater en landbou-afvalwater te evalueer as bronne van antibiotika-weerstandbiedende E. coli in die Wes-kaap. Die doel van die eerste studie was om die getalle en eienskappe van E. coli te bepaal wat in besproeiingswater en in ander potensiële besmettingsbronne teenwoordig is. Maksimum totale koliforme en E. coli-tellings vir besproeiingspunte was onderskeidelik log 7.862 en log 5.364 MPN.100 mL-1. Vyf uit sewe besproeiingspunte het E. coli-tellings gehad wat hoër is as die nasionale en internasionale riglyne vir ‘veilige’ besproeiingswater (<1 000 tellings.100 mL-1). Dit maak dit onveilig vir die besproeiing van vars produkte. In hierdie studie was 46.6% van die E. coli-stamme in filogenetiese groep B1 gegroepeer. Dit is reeds bewys dat E. coli in groep B1 oor die vermoë beskik om in die eksterne omgewing te oorleef en voort te bestaan. Groep B1 was ook die mees algemene groep onder die isolate van besproeiingspunte (79.4%), terwyl isolate van omgewingspunte meestal in groep A0 (54.1%) gegroepeer is. Die breë variasie E. coli tipes in die besproeiingswater is bekommerniswaardig en sal gevolglik verder ondersoek moet word. Dit bring gesondsheidsimplikasies mee vir mense aangesien die verhoogde blootstelling aan fekale organismes die risiko van voedselverwante uitbrake verhoog. Die E. coli isolate (n = 120) en die merker (n = 37) en verwysingsstamme (n = 6), is teen sewe medies belangrike antibiotikas uit verskillende klasse getoets vir antibiotika-weerstandbiedendheid. Die Kirby-Bauer skyfie diffusie metode is gebruik. Vyf-en-dertig stamme (35/163 = 21.5%) het weerstand teen een of meer antibiotika getoon. Dit is gevind dat vark-afvalwater die meeste antibiotika-weerstandbiedende E. coli-isolate (9/35 = 25.7%) bevat. Die weerstandbiedende E. coli-stamme het die hoogste antibiotika-weerstandheid getoon teen "trimethoprim" (2.5 μg) (68.6%), tetrasiklien (30 μg) (57.1%), ampisillien (10 μg) (45.7%) en chloramfenikol (30 μg) (34.3%). Vier-en-sewentig persent (26/35) het meervoudige weerstandbiedheid teen twee of meer antibiotikas getoon. Die antibiotika-weerstandbiedende E. Coli stamme is getoets vir die teenwoordigheid van patogene deur van Polimerase Ketting Reaksie analise gebruik te maak om ‘Intestinal Pathogenic’ E. coli (InPEC) en ‘Extra-intestinal Pathogenic’ E. coli (ExPEC) op te spoor. Vyf InPEC-stamme is geklassifiseer as vier ‘Entero-Pathogenic’ E. coli (EPEC)-stamme wat weerstandbiedend teen drie of vier antibiotika getoon het en een ‘Entero-Aggregative’ E. coli (EAEC)-stam wat weerstandbiedendheid getoon het teen "trimethoprim". Die antibiotika-weerstandbiedende EAEC-stam het ook die ExPEC-verwante geen, iutA, besit. Twee E. coli isolate van die Mosselbankrivier het weerstand teen beide chloramfenikol en "trimethoprim" getoon en het ook die ExPEC-verwante geen, iutA, besit. Daar is tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat die diverse antibiotika-weerstandbiedenheid van E. coli patogene teenwoordig in besproeiingswaters bekommerniswaardig is en verder ondersoek behoort te word.

L’emballage intelligent (EI) est une technologie émergente basée sur la fonction communicative des emballages. La radio-identification (RFID) est considérée comme le concept le plus prometteur de l’EI. La RFID fait référence aux technologies et systèmes qui utilisent les ondes radio (sans fil) pour transmettre et identifier de manière exclusive et/ou suivre des objets avec une information précise en temps réel.Cette thèse est basée sur une recherche innovante des propriétés électriques (capacité, permittivité réelle et perte) de la protéine de soja isolée, de la gélatine et du caséinate de sodium, et vise leur utilisation comme capteurs de température, associés à l’étiquette RFID. Les variables étaient la température (20°C jusqu’à 80°C) et l’humidité (90% HR) qui sont normalement utilisées pour la cuisson de la viande. La gélatine s’est révélée être le capteur le plus sensible. Après cette partie, plusieurs étapes ont été menées :• L’analyse de l’impact de l’épaisseur du film de gélatine sur la capacité et la détermination de plusieurs paramètres tels que la sensibilité, l’hystérésis et la répétabilité;• La couverture de gélatine sur l’étiquette RFID, testée à 90% HR et à température variable (de 20°C à 80°C) en condition pilote. L’impact sur la bande de lecture a été analysé.Le potentiel de la gélatine en tant que capteur a été démontré à une épaisseur de 38 µm à laquelle la capacité était stable de 20°C à 80°C et à Ultra-Haute Fréquence (300-900 MHz). L’échantillon de 125 µm a subi une dégradation électrothermique entre 60°C et 80°C. Pour surmonter ce phénomène, 600 MHz ont été appliqués. Un équilibre entre l’épaisseur et la fréquence devrait être considéré pour augmenter la sensibilité qui était de 0,14 pF/°C (125 µm à 600 MHz) et 0,045 pf/°C (38 µm à 868 MHz), influençant les résultats lors de la simulation de cuisson de la viande. La réutilisation du même capteur a conduit à une perte de masse réduisant la sensibilité. L'étiquette RFID couverte d’un film de gélatine sur l'antenne a pu donner de différence significative (p <0,05) dans la bande de lecture théorique (BLT) à 868, 915 et 960 MHz. Également dans cette layout, la BLT a été la même pour la même température croissante et décroissante (pas de hystérésis) dans la zone critique (60°C-80°C et 60°C-20°C) à 915 MHz. Ces résultats prometteurs ouvrent une porte à une nouvelle conception de capteurs de température basés sur les biomatériaux, renouvelable at à faible coût, couplé avec des étiquettes RFID passives pour l’emballage intelligent. / Intelligent packaging (IP) is an emerging technology based on the communication function of packages. Radio frequency Identification (RFID) is considered the most promising concept of IP. RFID refers to technologies and systems that use radio waves (wireless) to transmit and uniquely identify and/or track objects with accurate information in a real time.The present thesis is based on an innovative study of the electrical (capacitance) and dielectric properties (real permittivity and loss factor) of soybean isolated protein, gelatin and sodium caseinate aiming at their use as a sensor of temperature coupled with RFID tags. The environmental variables were temperature (range from 20°C up to 80°C) and humidity (90% RH) that are normally used for meat cooking. Gelatin was the most sensitive sensor. After this first part, several steps have been set up:• Analysing the impact of gelatin film thickness on electrical capacitance and the determination of several parameters such as sensitivity, hysteresis and repeatability;• The coating of gelatin on a RFID tag tested at 90% RH and variation of temperature (20°C up to 80°C) in a pilot condition. The impact on the reading range was analysed.The potential of gelatin as a sensor was demonstrated at thickness of 38 µm and 125 µm. For the first case, the capacitance was stable at 20°C up to 80°C and at Ultra High Frequency band (300-900 MHz). Sample with 125 µm has suffered the electro-thermal breakdown between 60-80°C. To overcome this phenomenon, 600 MHz was applied. A balance between thickness and frequency should be consider to increase the sensitivity that was 0.14 pF/°C (125 m at 600 MHz); this value was higher than 0.045 pF/°C (38 m at 868 MHz) influencing the results in the simulation of meat cooking. Reuse of the same sensor has led to mass loss reducing the sensitivity. The feasibility of gelatin sensor-enable RFID tag was demonstrated. The tag covered by gelatin film in the whole antenna was suitable because it was able to deliver different Theoretical Reading Range (TRR) (p<0.05) for 868 MHz, 915 MHz and 960 MHz. At this layout also, the TRR was the same (without hysteresis) for the rising and descending temperature at the critical zone (60°C- 80°C and 60°C-20°C) at 915 MHz. These promisor results open a window for new conception of temperature sensor based on biomaterial that confers advantages, such as low cost and eco-friendly property sought to be interfaced to passive RFID tags for intelligent packaging.

Orientador: Luiz Francisco Prata / Banca: Angela Cleusa de Fatima Banzatto de Carvalho / Banca: Sandra Ferreira Fukuda / Resumo: Este trabalho buscou definir e padronizar uma metodologia simples e rápida para ser utilizada na indicação da segurança de consumo de leite pasteurizado. Foram analisadas 261 amostras de leite recém-pasteurizado de diferentes marcas comerciais, as quais foram submetidas à prova rápida de redução em tubos, aos métodos microbiológicos oficiais de controle (contagem padrão em placas de mesófilos, determinação do número mais provável (NMP) de coliformes totais e fecais) e às pesquisas de atividade enzimática (peroxidase e fosfatase alcalina). Padronizou-se a prova rápida em tubos partindo de diluições decimais das amostras, misturando-as ao Cloreto de Trifeniltetrazólio (TTC) e a um meio nutritivo à base de leite desnatado. As leituras foram realizadas a cada 30 minutos até completar 8 horas de incubação, observando-se a formação de cor pela redução do TTC. Comparou-se os resultados da prova rápida com os da contagem padrão em placas de mesófilos e com o NMP de coliformes (total e fecal), demonstrando uma elevada correlação linear (r = -0,85). A maioria das amostras que se encontrava fora dos padrÕes regulamentares tinha peroxidase positiva classificadas como reações P++ e P+++. Do total, 134 amostras (51,3%) foram consideradas dentro dos padrões regulamentares para ambos os métodos microbiológicos oficiais, embora oito dessas tenham reduzido o TTC em até 8 horas. Dentre as 127 amostras (49,7%) que estavam fora dos padrões regulamentares, 93 reduziram o TTC em até 8 horas de leitura... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objective of this study was to define and to standardize a sim pie and rapid methodology to be used in the indication of the security of pasteurized milk consumption. In this work, 261 fresh-pasteurized milk samples, of different commercial brands, were submitted to a rapid test of reduction in tubes and to the official microbiological methods of control (standard plate count of mesophilic aerobic bacteria, determination of the most probable number (MPN) of total and fecal coliforms) and to the research of enzymatic activity (peroxidase and alkaline phosphatase). It was standardized rapid test in tubes leaving of decimal dilutions of the samples, mixing them it the Triphenyltetrazolium Chloride (TTC) and to a nutritional medium containing skimmed milk. The readings were realized to each 30 minutes until completing 8 hours of incubation, observing themselves it formation of color for the reduction of the TTC. The results of the fast test were compared with the ones of the standard plate count of mesophilic and with the MPN of coliforms (total and fecal), demonstrating a high degree of linear correlation (r = -0,85). Most of the samples that was found outside of established pattern had peroxidase positive as reactions P++ and P+++. Of the total, 134 samples (51.3%) were considered inside of the established limits for both the official microbiological methods, even so eight of these have reduced the TTC in up to 8 hours. Amongst the 127 samples (49.7%) that were over the established pattern, 93 had reduced the TTC in up to 8 hours of reading. The fast reduction test in tubes was able to detect bacterial counts loading from 104 UFC/mL of tested sample, with 72,2%... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os sistemas de gestão da segurança de alimentos de indústrias de vegetais minimamente processados (VMP) do Rio Grande do Sul, avaliar a inativação de Salmonella Enteritidis (SE86) em alfaces submetidas aos diferentes métodos de lavagem e desinfecção observados nas indústrias investigadas e, por fim, elaborar uma proposta de regulamento técnico de Boas Práticas de Fabricação (BPF) para o setor. Cinco indústrias foram visitadas a fim de investigar os fatores contextuais e os sistemas de segurança de alimentos implementados. Em seguida, os métodos de lavagem e desinfecção observados em cada indústria foram simulados em laboratório e alfaces artificialmente inoculadas com S. Enteritidis SE86 foram submetidas a cada um deles. Com base nessas avaliações e outros documentos técnicos, elaborou-se uma proposta de legislação para indústrias de VMP. Os resultados demonstraram que as indústrias estavam operando em um contexto de alto risco, sem os controles necessários para a redução dos mesmos. Foi demonstrada a necessidade de melhorias em relação aos controles de fornecedores, instalações, design higiênico de equipamentos, programas de manutenção e calibração de equipamentos, programas de higienização, registros, capacitação de funcionários, bem como, na realização de análises microbiológicas do produto final. Nenhuma empresa demonstrou implementação completa das BPF, Procedimentos Operacionais Padronizados (POP) ou implementação de sistema Análise de Perigos e Pontos Críticos de Controle (APPCC). Os resultados laboratoriais indicaram que as indústrias estavam realizando procedimentos de lavagem e desinfecção capazes de reduzir significativamente contagens de S. Enteritidis SE86, porém, em nível industrial, a concentração de sanificante, o pH, a concentração de matéria orgânica e temperatura de água não estavam sendo controlados, o que sugere alto risco. Em vista dos resultados, recomendações foram realizadas na proposta de legislação de BPF e POP, as quais foram adicionadas a RDC 275/2002 (ANVISA) aplicável às indústrias de alimentos brasileiras. Foi sugerido a inclusão de dois POP, o primeiro referente a seleção dos fornecedores de matéria-prima (frutas e vegetais frescos) e o segundo com relação ao processo de lavagem e desinfecção. Além disso, no corpo da proposta, foi sugerido a adição de monitoramento e verificação das temperaturas das câmaras frias, capacitação adequada e contínua de pessoal sobre higiene e manipulação de alimentos e riscos associados a produção e consumo de frutas e vegetais frescos. Também sugeriu-se a obrigatoriedade de Responsável Técnico comprovadamente capacitado para orientar e controlar a implementação e continuidade dos sistemas de gestão da segurança de alimentos. As recomendações foram divididas entre aquelas de curto, médio e longo prazo, sendo as de curto prazo a implementação de controles do processo, principalmente nas etapas de lavagem e desinfecção e análises microbiológicas de produto final. As de médio prazo foram a seleção de fornecedores com Boas Práticas Agrículas (BPA) implementadas, bem como a implantação completa de BPF nas indústrias de VMP. Finalmente, a medida a ser implementada a longo prazo foi a implementação de APPCC. A Proposta de Regulamento específico para VMP pode ser discutida com o setor regulado, para em seguida ser encaminhada para consulta pública e possível publicação pela Vigilância Sanitária Estadual. Essas ações são propostas, a fim de melhorar a segurança dos VMP e desenvolver o setor. / The aim of this study was to evaluate Safety Management Systems of minimally processed vegetable industries (VMP) of Rio Grande do Sul, evaluate the inactivation of Salmonella Enteritidis (SE86) in lettuces exposed to different washing methods and disinfection observed in the investigated industries and, finally, prepare a draft technical regulation for Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) for the sector. Five industries were visited to investigate the contextual factors and the implemented food safety systems. Then, the cleaning and disinfecting methods observed in each industry were performedin laboratory, by inoculating S. enteritidis SE86 on lettuces and subjecting to them. Based on these assessments and other technical documents, it was drawn up a proposed for legislation to VMP industries. The results showed that the industries were operating in a high risk environment, without the necessary control to reduce the risk. It has demonstrated the need for improvements in relation to suppliers of controls, facilities, hygienic equipment design, maintenance programs and calibration equipment, hygiene programs, records, employee training, as well as in carrying out microbiological analyzes of the final product. No company demonstrated full implementation of GMP, Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) or the implementation of Hazard Analysis System and Critical Control Points (HACCP). The laboratory results indicated that the washing and disinfection procedures performed in industries can significantly reduce S. Enteritidis SE86 counts, however, at the industrial level, the concentration of sanitizing, pH, concentration of organic matter and water temperature were not It is controlled, suggesting a high risk. In view of the results, recommendations were made in the proposed GMP and SOP legislation, which were added to DRC 275/2002 (ANVISA) applicable to Brazilian food industries. The inclusion of two SOP has been suggested, the first relating to the selection of suppliers of raw materials (fruits and vegetables) and the second with respect to the washing and disinfection process. In addition, the body of the proposal, it was suggested the addition of monitoring and checking temperatures of cold rooms, adequate and continuous training of personnel on hygiene and food handling and risks associated with production and consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables. It also suggested to proven capable mandatory technical manager to guide and monitor the implementation and continuity of Food Safety Management Systems. The recommendations were divided into short, medium and long term. Short term was the implementation of process controls, especially in the washing and disinfection steps and microbiological analyzes of the final product. Medium-term was the selection of suppliers with Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) implemented, as well as the full implementation of GMP in the VMP industries. Finally, the measure to be implemented in the long term was the implementation of HACCP. The Proposal for a Regulation specific to VMP can be discussed with the regulated sector, to then be sent for public consultation and possible publication by the State Sanitary Surveillance. These actions are proposed in order to improve the safety of VMP and develop the sector.

System of HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points) is the main and unbroken system in the field of food safety. There is a duty for food producers in the Czech Republic to implement a system of critical control points into their business. It means to identify points (critical) in the process of production where can be the highest hazard for food safety, to monitor these points, to control and register data regularly. Production of safety food, protection of consumers, and also protection of a producer is the principle and result of proper and functional system of HACCP. Documents, an indivisible part of system of HACCP, were drafted for a selected company. Analysis of hazards was also done with the result of setting control points (CP) and two of critical control points (CCP) in a production step of cooling and packing.

Este trabalho procura estabelecer a relação entre as informações científicas e da mídia, relativas a um presumido risco associado ao consumo de um produto agroalimentar, e o comportamento do mercado. O caso estudado se refere à ocorrência da encefalopatia espongiforme bovina (BSE) no Reino Unido, no final da década de 1980. O entendimento do processamento da informação científica pela mídia, e o seu efeito no comportamento de um mercado conhecido, pode auxiliar no estabelecimento de um modelo integrado de geração do conhecimento científico, sua difusão pela mídia e impactos no mercado, que refletem a percepção pública de risco alimentar derivada da informação. Este modelo pode auxiliar na análise prospectiva de mercados, frente à geração de novos conhecimentos, relativos a riscos no âmbito da segurança alimentar. O modelo também poderá expressar os efeitos do comportamento do mercado alimentar sobre a pauta futura da pesquisa científica sobre risco alimentar. As percepções de risco são disseminadas na população, em regra, pelas informações que chegam até a mesma, principalmente pela mídia escrita e digital. Analisando as publicações científicas e a difusão de notícias nos informativos da mídia, se buscou determinar se as variáveis de mercado da carne bovina são afetadas pelo número de informações publicadas sobre determinado tema, e se estas variáveis podem ser antecipadas pela produção científica e da mídia sobre risco alimentar. O trabalho consistiu em levantamentos bibliométricos nas bases de dados e fontes de informação on-line, correlacionando-se o número de informações publicadas com o comportamento do mercado da carne, antes, durante e após a crise da BSE. Esta análise permitiu caracterizar os fluxos e a dinâmica da informação, identificando os intervalos de tempo e a intensidade, com os quais a percepção de risco foi repassada pela mídia para a população. No caso estudado, observou-se que a difusão de notícias pelos semanários científicos ocorreu de forma rápida, e que estas notícias se correlacionavam com as variações de mercado ligadas ao consumo de carne bovina. As revistas dirigidas à área econômica trataram do risco alimentar apenas discretamente, enquanto que os jornais diários reagiram de forma rápida e massiva. Por isso, antes dos periódicos científicos e das revistas econômicas, são os jornais diários e os semanários de divulgação científica, as fontes de informação sugeridas para avaliar a percepção de risco da sociedade. Por outro lado, a análise dos dados bibliométricos permitiu constatar que, em resposta ao comportamento da população, novas pesquisas são realizadas sobre temas correlatos, cujas publicações realimentam os jornais e semanários. Essas novas informações contribuem para reduzir o grau de incerteza na sociedade, com reflexos positivos no mercado, independente da natureza e do grau do risco mensurado científicamente. / This work aims to establishing the relationship between the scientific information and the information published by the media, regarding a potential health risk associated to food consumption, and the market of this food. The case studied refers to the events on the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) occurred in the United Kingdom at the end of the 1980s. The understanding of the processing of the scientific information by the media, and its effects on the market behavior, might help in designing a conceptual model which integrates the production of scientific knowledge, its diffusion by the media, and its impacts no the market, which expresses the public perception of a potential risk, as derived from the information. This conceptual model might be helpful in the prospective analysis of a market, towards on emergent, new scientific knowledge on food risk and food safety. The model could also express the effects of the public behavior on the scientific agenda related to food safety. Risk perception is usually disseminated in the public by the media. By analyzing the scientific publications and the news, it was searched whether the beef market was impacted by the number of scientific publications on BSE, and its human version, and whether changes in this market could be anticipated by the analysis of the progress of the scientific research, and the behavior of the media regarding that food scare. Bibliometric data was gathered from open, public, online sources, correlating the number of publications on the BSE and its agents with the behavior of the beef market, before, during, and after the food scare crisis. The analysis allowed the characterization of the dynamic of the information, and the identification of the time intervals, and the intensity with which the risk perception was disseminated by the media in the population. In the case studied, one could find that the dissemination of information by the weekly scientific magazines occurred quite rapidly, and that the published news were correlated with the changes of the beef market. The magazines directed to the economic area have dealt the food risk with no special editorial emphasis, while the daily newspapers reacted rapidly and massively. Therefore, before the scientific journals, and the economic magazines, the daily newspapers and the weekly scientific magazines are the main sources of information for evaluating the evolution of the perception of food risk in the society. Further, the analysis of the bibliometric data suggested that, as a response to the public behavior, new scientific research is carried out on subjects related to the food scare. The new publications derived from this research supply newspapers and magazines with new information, and contribute to reduce the uncertainty of the society, and affect positively the behavior of the market.

The aim of this thesis is to characterise the Food and Safety Information Centre of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic, the theoretical part characterise it's activity, mapping system of Food and Safety Control in the Czech Republic as such but also in the follow up to ensure food safety in the European Union, and create an overview how the whole system works. Practical part is to focus on website www.viscojis.cz and www.viscojis.cz/teens and evaluation of the questionnaire in order to determine use of this site and educational programs in practice with lessons in primary schools.