Rapid infant weight gain (RWG) in the first six months postpartum is a strong predictor for obesity during childhood and adolescence. Although biological factors can influence infant weight gain trajectories, the modifiable factor of parent feeding practices can also have an influence. The use of food to soothe (FTS), or the act of feeding a child when he/she is upset for reasons other than hunger, has been associated with unhealthy eating behaviors and less-favorable weight outcomes in children and older infants. However, limited studies have explored the use of FTS during early infancy before the introduction of solids foods. The present study was a secondary analysis of mothers who completed previous infant feeding studies (n = 134) and was aimed at exploring whether maternal-reported use of FTS was associated with greater infant weight gain during the first six months postpartum and whether feeding type (exclusive breastfeeding versus exclusive formula-feeding versus mixed feeding) or bottle-feeding intensity (percent of daily feedings from a bottle) moderated this association. Both maternal-reported and observational measures of maternal and infant characteristics and their associations with the use of FTS were also explored. Individual correlations as well as multiple and logistic regressions were used to assess whether FTS predicted change in weight-for-age, weight-for-length, and/or RWG from birth to study entry. One-way ANOVA tests were used to assess the differences in use of FTS by feeding type and/or bottle-feeding intensity. Individual correlations and multiple regressions were used to assess whether maternal feeding style and/or infant temperament, clarity of cues, and/or eating behavior predicted the use of FTS. The mean age for infants was 14.8 weeks (SD = 7.1, range = 1.7 - 31.0 weeks). The results showed that the use of FTS had a significant negative association with percent of daily feedings from a bottle (r = -0.20, p = 0.021), and a significantly higher association among mothers who reported mixed feeding (M = 2.87, SD = 0.20) versus exclusive formula feeding (M = 2.20, SD = 0.20). Greater pressuring feeding, greater infant negativity, and lower infant surgency were all significant predictors for the use of FTS (p < 0.05). FTS was not significantly associated with infant weight gain during the first 6 months postpartum. Neither feeding type or bottle-feeding intensity moderated the relationship between the use of FTS and infant weight gain. Future studies would benefit from recruiting a more diverse sample population, including measures of FTS that have been validated on infants younger than 3 months, and following the infants at more frequent time points from birth to 6 months postpartum.

<p dir="ltr">The present study explored the association between maternal use of food to soothe and maternal sensitivity, while considering the potential moderating role of child negative affectivity. Before addressing the key questions, the congruence and stability of key constructs at two different time points, 12 and 18 months, using both self-reported and observer-reported data, were examined. A nonclinical sample of 136 mother-child dyads were recruited. Maternal use of food to soothe, child negative affectivity, and maternal sensitivity were observed across lab visits at both time points, 12 and 18 months. Mothers completed questionnaires about maternal use of food to soothe and child negative affectivity at both time points. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was employed to analyze the associations and potential interaction effects between maternal sensitivity and child negative affectivity on maternal use of food to soothe.</p><p dir="ltr">Findings showed that maternal sensitivity was negatively associated with mothers’ use of food to soothe at 12 months in the lab, although this association was not observed at 18 months. Child negative affectivity did not moderate the significant association mentioned. The study also found low to moderate stability in mother-reported use of food to soothe, child negative affectivity, and maternal sensitivity across the two time points. Furthermore, the congruence between self-reported and observer-reported data on these practices was generally low, underscoring the challenges in measuring these behaviors.</p><p dir="ltr">The findings suggest that higher maternal sensitivity could potentially lower the frequency of using food as a soothing method at 12 months. Future research should aim to confirm these findings in more diverse populations and through less structured observational settings.</p>