This thesis discusses the influence of consumption on masculinity beginning in the early modern period of the English Restoration through the twenty-first century. Specifically, this thesis investigates the male figures known as the gallant, the fop and the metrosexual, which are found in the Renaissance, Restoration and twenty-first century respectively. Each figure embodied his society's fears about the effect of consumerism on masculinity by openly wearing sumptuous clothing and practicing "effeminate" behavior. A product of the developing early consumer society, the gallant of the Renaissance was widely and harshly chastised for his dress and behavior. Because mass consumerism was so new in the early modern period, the gallant was able to utilize consumption to express social dissidence and to defy class and gender. Writers such as Thomas Dekker, Philip Stubbes and Barnabe Riche rejected the gallant, but their rejection only served to fuel his subversive behavior. The fop built upon the foundation laid by the gallant and found wider acceptance in the Restoration despite the fact he was still mocked by Restoration society. The fop embodied the specific changes in consumption in the Restoration such as a greater influx of international trade through an excessive adoption of French dress and behavior. I first define the fop through George Etherege's Man of Mode. Then, by comparing William Wycherley's The Country Wife to William Shakespeare's All's Well that End's Well, I distinguish the fop's reception in the Restoration from the gallant's in the Renaissance. The metrosexual was the culmination of the impact of five hundred years of consumerism upon masculinity, and as such did not face rejection by society. Instead, metrosexuality embodies the pervasiveness of consumer-mediated masculinity in the twenty-first century. While some members of contemporary society still struggle to recognize the performative nature of gender identity, instead choosing to cling to the notion that masculinity is in "crisis," the metrosexual openly embraces gender performativity by consuming different products in order to maintain his male gender identity. As a result of metrosexuality masculinity is subsumed under consumerism and all forms of male identity become products to be purchased at will. Chuck Palahniuk tries to envision a world wherein consumerism no longer has any influence over masculinity in Fight Club, but he is ultimately unable to break masculinity away from consumerism because of the powerful bond that had been formed over a half a millennia. Ultimately masculinity is found to be dependent upon consumption, and the days when the male identity could exist apart from consumerism have long since departed. The gallant, the fop and the metrosexual each faced individual challenges, but in the end demonstrate the unbreakable and subversive bond between consumerism and masculinity.

Sammanfattning Titel: En studie om hur Front-of-packaging påverkar konsumenters attityder. Nivå: C-uppsats, examensarbete i ämnet företagsekonomi. Författare: Alexandra Ekstrand och Jasmine Wiberg. Handledare: Jonas Kågström och Benny Berggren. Datum: 2019-05-24. Syfte: Vårt syfte är att skapa en djupare förståelse för hur konsumenter värderar sötnings-relaterade hälsopåståenden på livsmedelsförpackningar. Metod: I denna studie har en kvantitativ metod använts där 186 enkätsvar samlades in via en webbaserad undersökning som publicerades på sociala medier. Enkätsvaren analyserades i data- och statistikprogrammet Jamovi där deskriptiva analyser samt faktoranalyser genomfördes. Resultat & diskussion: Ett genomgående drag för i stort sett alla faktoranalyser är att WTP inte påvisar något starkt samband gentemot övriga variabler. Det finns dock ett tydligt samband mellan köpintention och de specifika påståendena i samtliga av faktoranalyser. Det vi funnit är främst att natur- och närvarofokuserade sötningspåståenden på produktförpackningar genererar högst WTP samt att vetenskaps- och närvarofokuserade påståenden ger lägst WTP hos konsumenterna inom denna produktkategori när sötning är i fokus. Uppsatsens bidrag: Undersökningen har främst bidragit genom att utveckla och fördjupa det teoretiska ramverk som André et al. (2018) skapat. Studien har även skapat en djupare inblick i huruvida FOP:ers utformning och karaktär påverkar konsumenters preferenser och WTP samt givit granola-producenter viss vägledning kring vilken karaktär hos påståenden som preferens. Förslag till vidare forskning: Ett exempel på vidare forskning är att ge studien en ny vinkel genom att följa Bonilla (2010, s. 11) tes om att utföra experimentella studier för ett mer verklighetsförankrat resultat. T.ex. genom att utföra ett experiment som innefattar respondenternas interaktion med verkliga produkter och verkliga pengar.

BACKGROUND: Inflammation is a key regulator in skeletal homeostasis during normal growth and tissue repair. However, the role that inflammation plays in skeletal processes is not well understood. Previous studies showed that damage associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules released after injury may contribute to immune activation and subsequent fibrosis. OBJECTIVE: This project aims to elucidate the link between tissue damage caused by trauma and the subsequent inflammatory response in a genetic condition of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway over activation. METHODS: We investigated this potential link by examining immune cells from patients with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), a genetic condition of endochondral heterotopic ossification caused by activating mutations in the Activin A type I receptor (ACVR1). Patients with FOP show sensitivity to trauma, elevated serum cytokines and abnormal cytokine/chemokine secretion from monocytes and macrophages when stimulated with lipopolysaccharide in vitro. This suggested that BMP pathway activation may alter immune responses in patients with FOP. We studied macrophages derived from peripheral blood monocytes or created from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from FOP and control subjects. Macrophages were evaluated by gene expression and culture media by multiplex cytokine analysis after stimulation with key DAMPs that were previously identified to be released after tissue injury. These DAMPs act as endogenous activators of inflammation. RESULTS: Monocyte derived macrophages from control subjects showed increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to stimulation with DAMPs, HMGB1 and S100A8/A9. FOP monocyte-derived macrophages treated with each DAMP showed elevated production of CCL22, IL-8, CCL3, and CCL8 when compared to control macrophages. However, both control and FOP macrophages showed increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to DAMPs compared to non-stimulated conditions. RNA expression profiles of FOP iPSC derived macrophages did not show significantly increased responsiveness to DAMPs compared to control. Surprisingly, control patient iPSC derived macrophages show elevated expression of TNF-a and IL-1B CONCLUSIONS: Macrophages derived from peripheral blood monocytes show that DAMPs may be responsible for macrophage activation and the development of inflammatory complications in patients with FOP. Control iPSC derived macrophages showed similarity to monocyte derived macrophages in their response to DAMPs, suggesting that our iPSC derived macrophages are an applicable model for investigating the human immune system. The dissimilarity in FOP macrophage responsiveness to endogenous activators of our two macrophage models, suggest that iPSC derived macrophages may be affected by the different differentiation and polarization methods, and needs to be characterized further. Similarly, RNA expression profiles may not reflect cytokine production patterns of stimulated iPSC macrophages and warrants further studies. / 2021-06-07T00:00:00Z

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医科学) / 甲第21697号 / 医科博第101号 / 新制||医科||7(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医科学専攻 / (主査)教授 妻木 範行, 教授 影山 龍一郎, 教授 松田 秀一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(医学) / 乙第13031号 / 論医博第2113号 / 新制||医||1016(附属図書館) / 32989 / (主査)教授 妻木 範行, 教授 安達 泰治, 教授 開 祐司 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM