Three studies were conducted to evaluate a method for estimating grass and legume fractions in extrusa samples from esophageally-fistulated animals, based on different concentrations of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), Ca and lignin in grasses and legumes. In experiment 1, NDF, Ca and lignin concentrations were measured in mixtures of six combinations of red clover-orchardgrass and alfalfa-tall fescue (100:0; 80:20; 60:40; 40:60; 20:80; 0:100). The R² values were .90, .80 and .22 for Ca, NDF and lignin, respectively. In experiment 2, fresh tall fescue and red clover were collected during 8 d, mixed in the same proportions as in experiment 1, and each fraction was fed to esophageally-fistulated steers. Extrusa samples were collected without loss of saliva. Regression equations developed were y= 1.08 - .008x (R²= .91) for Ca and y= 50.9 + .22x (R²= .74) for NDF, where x represents % grass. In experiment 3, two esophageally-fistulated steers were allowed to graze in 20 4 X 4 m² plots of red clover and tall fescue after fasting overnight. The grass/legume proportions of the extrusas and the grab samples were extrapolated from slopes. The botanical composition of grab samples differed (P<.001) from that of extrusas for both components and for both animals. Extrapolation from NDF values tended to overestimate the proportion of grass in extrusa samples and underestimate it in grab samples. Calcium was not affected by salivation and mastication and was more reliable than NDF. Lignin was not an accurate predictor. / M.S.

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Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

<p>During the last ten years the cultivation of maize in Sweden has increased and is expected to grow further. Most of the maize in Sweden becomes silage which is used to feed animals at farms. Maize has in other countries been shown to be a substrate for growth of mould and especially <em>Aspergillus </em>spp., <em>Fusarium </em>spp. and <em>Pencillium </em>spp. has been reported. Members of all three of these species can, during favorable conditions, produce mycotoxins which can cause a number of different health problems in both animals and man. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of mould and mycotoxins to increase our knowledge of the hygienic quality of Swedish maize silage. Microbiological analyses were made to study the growth of fungi. To analyze for fumonisin B₁, B₂and zearalenone, HPLC with fluorescence detection was made. The mycotoxins mycophenolic acid, roquefortine C, gliotoxin, penicillic acid, penitrem A, fumitremorgen C and verrucologen were analyzed with LC-MS/MS. The results showed that 47 % of the samples were contaminated with <em>Penicillium </em>spp. and 6 % had growth of <em>Aspergillus fumigatus</em>. A small amount of zearalenone was found in one sample and 0.01ppm of roquefortine C was detected in one sample. The data obtained indicate that Swedish maize silage has a moderate growth of fungi with a very low production of mycotoxins. More studies have to be performed to make more decisive conclusions.</p>

Thesis (Ph. D.)(Pasture Science)--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Includes summary. Includes bibliographical references. Available on the Internet via the World Wide Web.

During the last ten years the cultivation of maize in Sweden has increased and is expected to grow further. Most of the maize in Sweden becomes silage which is used to feed animals at farms. Maize has in other countries been shown to be a substrate for growth of mould and especially Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp. and Pencillium spp. has been reported. Members of all three of these species can, during favorable conditions, produce mycotoxins which can cause a number of different health problems in both animals and man. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of mould and mycotoxins to increase our knowledge of the hygienic quality of Swedish maize silage. Microbiological analyses were made to study the growth of fungi. To analyze for fumonisin B1, B2 and zearalenone, HPLC with fluorescence detection was made. The mycotoxins mycophenolic acid, roquefortine C, gliotoxin, penicillic acid, penitrem A, fumitremorgen C and verrucologen were analyzed with LC-MS/MS. The results showed that 47 % of the samples were contaminated with Penicillium spp. and 6 % had growth of Aspergillus fumigatus. A small amount of zearalenone was found in one sample and 0.01ppm of roquefortine C was detected in one sample. The data obtained indicate that Swedish maize silage has a moderate growth of fungi with a very low production of mycotoxins. More studies have to be performed to make more decisive conclusions.

The effects of feeding strategy on subcutaneous, perirenal adipose tissue and ribeye (longissimus dorsi) muscle fatty acid profiles were evaluated from 60 bison (Bison bison) bulls from Western Canada. Treatments included Forage Fed (n=19); short term concentrate feeding, <90 Day (n=9); mixed forage and concentrate feeding, 50:50 Forage:Grain (n=20); and Feedlot Finishing (n=12), and were analyzed for interactions and main effects between treatment and tissue type. Saturated fatty acids were found in larger (P<0.05) proportions within perirenal tissue for all treatments. Polyunsaturated fatty acids were concentrated (P<0.05) in the intramuscular tissue. Polyunsaturated fatty acid content was greater (P<0.05) in Forage Fed and 50:50 Forage:Grain than in <90 Day or Feedlot Finishing treatments. The polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio was greatest (P<0.05) for Forage Fed followed by 50:50 Forage:Grain, with <90 Day and Feedlot Finishing treatments having the lowest ratio. Linoleic acid content within intramuscular tissue was greatest (P<0.05) in the 50:50 Forage:Grain followed by the <90 Day treatment, with the Forage Fed group being intermediate, and the Feedlot Finishing being the lowest (P<0.05). Subcutaneous tissue contained more (P<0.05) conjugated linoleic c-9, t-11 acid than did intramuscular tissue. The conjugated linoleic c-9, t-11 acid content of intramuscular tissue was greater (P<0.05) in the Forage Fed and <90 Day treatments than in the 50:50 Forage:Grain and Feedlot Finishing treatments. Alpha-linolenic acid content was greatest (P<0.05) in intramuscular tissue of Forage Fed bison than the other treatments. Total omega-3 fatty acid concentration was greater (P<0.05), in the intramuscular tissue of Forage Fed bison, followed by <90 Day and 50:50 Forage:Grain being similar (P>0.05) with Feedlot Finishing having the lowest (P<0.05) content. Eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acid were all found in the greatest (P<0.05) proportion in the Forage Fed, and least (P<0.05) in the Feedlot Finishing treatment. </p> <p>The total omega-6 and arachidonic fatty acid content of intramuscular tissue was greater (P<0.05) in the Forage Fed and 50:50 Forage:Grain than in the <90 Day or Feedlot Finishing treatments. The omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid ratio was greatest (P<0.05) for the 50:50 Forage:Grain followed by <90 Day with Feedlot Finishing being intermediate, and Forage Fed bison having the lowest (P<0.05) ratio. </p><p>Feedlot bison were compared to beef (<i>Bos taurus</i>) steers (n=4) and sheep wethers (<i>Ovis aries</i>) (n=3). Sheep had lower (P<0.05) saturated fatty acid content than did bison or beef in intramuscular tissue. Polyunsaturated fatty acid content of intramuscular tissue was greater (P<0.05) in bison than in beef or sheep. The ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids was greater (P<0.05) for bison than for beef or sheep. The omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid ratio was lower (P<0.05) for the bison than the beef, while sheep were intermediate (P<0.05).</p><p>Forage Fed bison compared to forage fed sheep wethers (n=3) showed that the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids was greater (P<0.05) in bison than sheep. The ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids was similar (P>0.05) for both species.</p><p>Forage Fed bison yielded the greatest proportion of beneficial fatty acids amongst the bison treatments. Comparison of species under feedlot and forage finishing systems indicated bison to have a more desirable fatty acid profile than did beef or sheep finished under their respective systems.