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A tariff policy is two-sided and may be compared to a wall. Every export from a country is some other country's import, and every tariff imposition, while apparently a domestic law to bring in a revenue or build up home industries, is, at the same time the means of keeping out some other country's exports. Too often, we look upon only one side of the wall--our own side. We are likely to regard the tariff as a means of controlling the inflow of foreign goods or as a means of raising revenue. But to understand the tariff policy and employ it to its fullest advantage or disadvantage we must be willing and capable of looking over the wall to understand the effect of a tariff--or any other commercial policy--on the aims and aspirations of other nations.

At first glance Thomas Jefferson's presidential actions concerning the Haitian Revolution seem to denote racially motivated decisions predicated upon fear. However, through a deeper analysis of primary documents, Jefferson's position appears more economically and politically ambitious. By 1791, the French colony of Saint Domingue held the title of the richest colony in the Caribbean and the world's leading producer of sugar. In addition, Saint Domingue consumed about sixteen percent of all of America's exports. Jefferson's personal opinions concerning revolution and trade on the island of Saint Domingue contradict the statements of his administration. Partisan politics manifested a stern voice within the Republican Party that cried out for an end to all trade with the island. Thomas Jefferson's republican and revolutionary ideals of freedom, as well as the ideals of many Americans, became transformed by the social transgression of the Caribbean blacks against white hegemony. Their actions, along with press accounts, become "grotesque" in comparison to pure republican and revolutionary ideals. Jefferson, though publicly in tune with the wishes of his party, used his chief advisors to carry out a foreign policy that appeased the South and allowed for continued trade with Saint Domingue. Contemporary historians often categorize Jefferson's foreign policy concerning Haiti as a completely racist agenda. For example, historians frequently cite Jefferson as having said he would, "reduce Toussaint to starvation," but in reality this excerpt comes from a report sent by Louis Pinchon, the French chargé d'affaires, to his superiors. While labeling this report false seems excessive, ignoring the possibility of exaggeration by Pinchon and placation by Jefferson becomes a dangerous oversight. Through a fresh analysis of primary documents, especially those used out of context, an understanding emerges that portrays Jefferson not as a racial equalitarian or as "a man intellectually undone by his negrophobia," but as a political figure who acknowledges the republican values inherent in revolution and, at the same time, the necessity of economic prosperity to sustain the United States.

There is a great need for competent teaching of Business English in tertiary institutions in Vietnam. At the Hanoi Foreign Trade College (HFTC) alone, about 150 students per year seek training to equip them to work in export and import organizations, banks for foreign trade and customs departments. In teaching such students, one problem is the provision of interesting and relevant materials. This study addresses the question of selection of materials and techniques for teaching business English listening skills. This Field Study Report consists of five chapters. Chapter 1 describes the purposes and aims of study, the background to this study, dealing with students, the teaching and the curriculum. Chapter 2 looks at the general theory about listening and in particular listening in business. The chapter also describes listening requirements for business graduates from the HFTC. Chapter 3 discusses criteria for selection of textbooks for language teaching in general and for teaching listening skills in business English in particular. Chapter 4 surveys the teaching of business English in two institutes of Technical and Further Education in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). The final chapter makes suggestions for priorities to improve the teaching of business English. This Field Study Report should be regarded as an exploratory attempt in choosing classroom techniques and materials for teaching listening skills to students of commerce at the Hanoi Foreign Trade College.

The politics of trade after the Cold War has transformed United States foreign policy. In fact, given the surge of interest in free trade agreements (FTAs) and the far-reaching political and economic repercussions of globalization, this thesis argues that the post-Cold War period, reinforced by the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, constitute a critical juncture in the history of U.S. international economic policy and trade diplomacy. The U.S. began to seek FTAs after 1989 as a way to maintain its strategic influence in international relations and counterbalance the formation of trading blocs such as the European Union (EU). Yet, despite its hegemony, the U.S. has succeeded in negotiating and implementing relatively few FTAs. Addressing this paradox, this dissertation seeks to answer two basic questions: First, why does the U.S. have relatively few FTAs compared to other economically powerful countries belonging to the Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation (OECD)? Second, why has the U.S. taken longer to negotiate and conclude certain FTAs over others? These questions will be examined by analyzing the evolution of interest group coalitions and the persistent conflict surrounding FTAs and international trade in general since the end of the Cold War. To further this analysis, the dissertation will study the influence of interest groups, bureaucratic politics, and the role of institutions, as well as the interaction among state and civil society actors, on the politics of trade. The dissertation will focus on the immediate aftermath of the Cold War period, which set the tone for current U.S. trade policy, and will examine the negotiations leading to the agreements signed with Jordan, Singapore, and Chile.

After the cold war, the world situation has already changed drastically. The development of economic in Vietnam and China are also changing by time. In order to develop national economy and improve the living standard of the people, Vietnam and China implemented a lot of economic reform policies. These policies included opened to outside world, promoted industrial modernization, and attraction of foreign direct investment etc, and the two countries¡¦ economy have become better during several years. But because of Vietnam¡¦ reformation implemented later than that in China, her investment environment and policy is incomplete, especially the ratio of reward of foreign investments implementing direct investment were not high, the foreign investments turned into China. Therefore, my focus on the research and comparison the policy difference investment environment and FDI in Vietnam and China. I am trying to find the reason why the foreign investment China much more than in Vietnam? Why China¡¦s investment environment is much more better than in Vietnam? What is the difference from the policies of attraction of FDI in the two countries? Eventually, how the two countries¡¦ economic development in the future?

Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on March 8, 2010). The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Dissertation advisor: Dr. Nicholas Kalaitzandonakes. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

This thesis analyses the interface between sustainable development and trade openings and the liberalization of foreign investment in Mexico. The position to be argued throughout this thesis is that the Mexican legal framework, crafted to avoid further degradation of the environment as required by sustainable development, has proven to be limited in meeting the objectives established in the North America Free Trade Agreement and its side accord, the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation. This thesis analyses the provisions intended for the protection of the environment within the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the outcome of NAFTA's Chapter 11 investors dispute resolution mechanism and the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC) citizens' submission process concerning Mexico.

Magistro baigiamajame darbe „Lietuvos užsienio prekyba Europos Sąjungos kontekste“ nagrinėjama užsienio prekyba Lietuvoje ir jos kitimas 1990 – 2005 metų laikotarpyje. Nagrinėjamu laikotarpiu reformų pagrindu įvykęs ūkio nuosmukis ir Rusijos krizė neigiamai įtakojo užsienio prekybą, todėl jos apimtys krito. 2000 m. ekonominis nuosmukis baigėsi. Lietuvos gamintojai perorientavo prekybos srautus iš Rytų į Vakarų valstybes. Užsienio prekyba augo intensyviai, kol 2005 m. pasiek÷ aukščiausią lygį. Prekybos liberalizavimas, įstojimas į ES, PPO turėjo teigiamos įtakos importo ir eksporto plėtrai. Darbo objektas – Lietuvos užsienio prekyba 1990 – 2005 metais. Darbo tikslas – remiantis statistiniais matematiniais metodais pagal užsienio prekybos statistinius duomenis išanalizuoti Lietuvos užsienio prekybos kitimo tendencijas ir jų priežastis, įvertinti užsienio prekybos pokyčius integruojantis į ES bendrąją rinką, nustatyti prekių grupių, šalių ir šalių grupių įtaką užsienio prekybai. Darbas susideda iš dviejų dalių: teorinės ir tiriamosios dalies. Darbo rezultatai pateikiami suformuluojant išvadas ir teikiant pasiūlymus. Darbe pateiktos 8 diagramos ir 19 priedų. Teorinėje dalyje apžvelgiama užsienio prekybos istorija, jos teorijos, tyrimo metodai, konkurencingumas, eksportą ir importą įtakojantys veiksniai, laisvosios prekybos poveikis užsienio prekybai. Analitinėje darbo dalyje apžvelgiama eksporto ir importo dinamika bei jų pokyčių pagrindiniai veiksniai. Taikant matematinius... [to full text] / Foreign trade and its’ dynamics tendencies of Lithuania is analyzed in this final work of master in 1990 – 2005. Economics recession and Russia crisis has a negative impact on foreign trade of Lithuania. The decline in trade reduced its volume. Foreign trade was on the increase in 2000 – 2005. Lithuanian manufacturers have found market in the West countries. The volume of trade reached the new high level in 2005. Entry to European Union (EU), World Trade Organization (WTO) and trade liberality had a positive impact to export and import expansion. The work object is Lithuanian foreign trade in 1990 – 2005. The main aim of this work is to analyze foreign trade dynamic tendencies; to assess foreign trade changes in the process of integration to EU market, to assess the influence of exported and imported commodity groups, states and states groups to Lithuanian foreign trade. The final work contains two parts: theory and practice. There are 8 diagrams in this work. There are deductions, recommendations, literature and 19 appendices at the end of this final work. There is reviewed foreign trade history, theories, research methods, competitive abilities, influence factors of export and import, free trade demand and supply in the first (theory) part. There is analyzed export, import dynamics and their main factors in the second (practice) part of the work. Computing statistical mathematical methods and calculations there was used factorial – indexation (correlation) analysis to... [to full text]

Užsienio prekyba yra būtina rinkos ekonomikos sąlygomis. Šiandiena be užsienio prekybos plėtros yra neįmanoma pasaulinė ekonomikos raida. Užsienio prekyba daro tiesioginę įtaką šalies vidaus rinkai: aktyvėja konkurencija, nes atsiranda pajėgūs konkurentai iš užsienio. Padidėjusi konkurencija verčia vietiniam gamintojams konkuruoti ne tik kainomis, bet prekės kokybe, dizainu ir pan. Tarptautinė prekyba – tai apsikeitimas prekėmis ir paslaugomis tarp valstybių. Tarptautinė prekyba įpareigoja šalis gauti tam tikrą prekių ir paslaugų pigiau, negu jos pačios gali pasigaminti (lyginamasis pranašumas), arba sudaro sąlygas vartoti prekes ir paslaugas, kurių nebūtų galima gauti iš savo šalies tiekėjų (pavyzdžiui, mažai žaliavų arba pažangesnė technologija). Lietuvos vykdoma ekonominė politika šiuo metu grindžiama į eksportą orientuotos plėtros modeliu. Tikėtina, jog ateityje stiprės lietuviškų produktų skverbimasis į naujas ES ir pasaulio rinkas, ypač bus didelė paklausa geros kokybės ekologiškiems ir natūraliems maisto produktams. Lietuvos eksporto apimtys per pastaruosius šešis metus išaugo 130,87 proc. t.y. nuo 14,1 mlrd. Lt 2000 m. iki 32.76 mlrd. Lt 2005 m. 2004 m. gegužės mėn. Lietuva tapo Europos Sąjungos (toliau – ES) nare. ES iš penkiolikos šalių (ES-15) tapo dvidešimt penkių šalių grupe (ES-25). Lietuvos integracija į ES paveikė visą Lietuvos ūkį, įskaitant ir Lietuvos užsienio prekybinius santykius. Apie teigiamą integracijos į ES įtaką šalies užsienio prekybos plėtrai... [to full text] / The policy of economics of Lithuania is based on the model of expansion orientated to the export. It is credible that entering of Lithuanian production to new markets of European Union and entire world will strengthen in future, also the demand of good quality ecological and natural foodstuff will be especially great. The range of the export of Lithuania has grown for 130, 87 per cent, that is from 14, 1 billion of litas in the year of 2000 up to 32, 76 billion of litas in the year of 2005. Lithuania became the member of European Union (EU) on March of 2004. EU earlier consisted of 15 states members (EU-15) became a group of 25 states (EU-25). The integration of Lithuania to EU had influenced all economy / farm of Lithuania including commercial relations with foreign countries. The growth of ranges of the export shows positive influence of the integration to EU on state’s expansion of foreign trade. The export has grown for 24, 2 per cent comparing first half-year of 2004 and first half-year of 2005. According to analysis of goods structure of the export of period of 2000 – 2005 the greatest part of the export was composed of mineral products – 176, 4 per cent, machines and mechanisms – 151, 8 per cent, transport and transport equipment – 161, 60 per cent. The range of the import of Lithuania within last six years has grown for 97, 7 per cent, that is from 21, 8 billion of litas in the year of 2000 up to 43, 1 billion of litas in the year of 2005. According to goods... [to full text]