Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2002. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 116-120). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

With respect to foreign currency exchange markets, most governments would favour a stable exchange rate over a volatile exchange rate. This is also true for South Africa where volatile movements in the South African Rand pose challenges to industries, businesses and Government alike. There are a multitude of factors that affect the volatility of the South African Rand. These factors are difficult to identify, manage individually and measure. There are several tools that are available to manipulate and control foreign exchange rates in an attempt to reduce volatility; one such tool is the currency transaction tax. Spahn tax is one such form of currency transaction tax. The precursor to Spahn tax is Tobin tax. As a result of many criticisms levelled against Tobin tax, Spahn expanded on this original idea and made a few modifications to address some of the concerns. Spahn focused on creating a two-tier tax base where transactions falling within a normal and reasonable trading range would be taxed at a nominal amount and transactions that fall outside of the band would be taxed at a higher punitive rate. The trading band, or range, would be adjustable though market dynamics on a daily basis using a moving average. No country has implemented Spahn tax yet. The implementation of such a tax would have strong revenue-generating potential. A modification of such a tax with only a punitive rate and a wide trading band could be considered for South Africa. However, in being prudent South Africa does not appear to be in a position to be the first country to implement Spahn tax. There are too many market risks associated with the introduction Spahn tax that cannot be ignored. / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Taxation / unrestricted

The work is devoted to selected accounting transactions in foreign currencies in services. The introductory part defines the term services and their accounting issues. Another section is focused on the Czech legislation in the foreign currency in accounting, followed by selected accounting transactions in foreign currency, related to receivables and liabilities in connection with provide services. In the second half of the work are described specific services, represented by franchising and its financial resources in foreign currency. The whole issue is accompanied by a withholding tax and value added tax in services segment.

Recently, the importance of international trade has rapidly increased. Therefore, many companies face foreign currency transactions. The thesis focuses on the accounting and reporting of foreign currency. Its main objective is to provide a comprehensive overview of the above mentioned topic and explain it on practical examples.

The diploma thesis deals consolidation of subsidiaries with particular interest in a foreign currency and loss of control. The thesis id divided into 5 parts. The first part defines importance of the consolidated financial statements for the users, summarizes the basic terms and provides standards that deal with consolidated financial statements. Second part defines the obligation to prepare consolidated financial statements, determining the degree of influence, the exemtion from consolidation for investment companies and the consolidation of subsidiaries acquired for resale. The third chapter contains a basic definition of full consolidation method and theory is demonstrated on a complex example focusing on intra-group transactions and non-controlling interests. The fourth part deals with the issue of foreign currency. There are describe the basic term from area foreign currency and the procedure for determining the functional currency. After that there are described two types of exchange differences and swown in a smaller examples. The last chapter deals with the problem lost of control and theory is again explained by the smaller examples including the reclassification of other comprehensive income. It gives also example on deconsolidation of foreign subsidiary. The whole work contains comment, as this issue is solved according to Czech accounting legislation.

This diploma thesis is focused on the impact of foreign currency transactions and balances on the financial statements - which items denominated in foreign currencies should be converted to the accounting/functional currency during the accounting period, which items at the balance sheet day, which exchange rate should be used and where the exchange differences will be reported. All of this is examined in the environment of Czech GAAP and International Financial Reporting Standards. Both of these systems are continuously compared and complemented by specific examples. Next section provides analysis of real financial statements and sensitivity analysis of currency risk.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:48:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 141695.pdf.jpg: 10593 bytes, checksum: f7af37696c6c11d00da115a3009b4150 (MD5) 141695.pdf.txt: 165344 bytes, checksum: 847af16c2d59123ffcd94f2bae63b9eb (MD5) 141695.pdf: 450441 bytes, checksum: 8135576d7583f64d8557bef361fe14f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-12-18T00:00:00Z / This research investigates the factors that lead Latin American non-financial firms to manage risks using derivatives. The main focus is on currency risk management. With this purpose, this thesis is divided into an introduction and two main chapters, which have been written as stand-alone papers. The first paper describes the results of a survey on derivatives usage and risk management responded by the CFOs of 74 Brazilian non-financial firms listed at the São Paulo Stock Exchange (BOVESPA), and the main evidence found is: i) larger firms are more likely to use financial derivatives; ii) foreign exchange risk is the most managed with derivatives; iii) Brazilian managers are more concerned with legal and institutional aspects in using derivatives, such as the taxation and accounting treatment of these instruments, than with issues related to implementing and maintaining a risk management program using derivatives. The second paper studies the determinants of risk management with derivatives in four Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico). I investigate not only the decision of whether to use financial derivatives or not, but also the magnitude of risk management, measured by the notional value of outstanding derivatives contracts. This is the first study, to the best of my knowledge, to use derivatives holdings information in emerging markets. The use of a multi-country setting allows the analysis of institutional and economic factors, such as foreign currency indebtedness, the high volatility of exchange rates, the instability of political and institutional framework and the development of financial markets, which are issues of second-order importance in developed markets. The main contribution of the second paper is on the understanding of the relationship among currency derivatives usage, foreign debt and the sensitivity of operational earnings to currency fluctuations in Latin American countries. Unlikely previous findings for US firms, my evidence shows that derivatives held by Latin American firms are capable of producing cash flows comparable to financial expenses and investments, showing that derivatives are key instruments in their risk management strategies. It is also the first work to show strong and robust evidence that firms that benefit from local currency devaluation (e.g. exporters) have a natural currency hedge for foreign debt that allows them to bear higher levels of debt in foreign currency. This implies that firms under this revenue-cost structure require lower levels of hedging with derivatives. The findings also provide evidence that large firms are more likely to use derivatives, but the magnitude of derivatives holdings seems to be unrelated to the size of the firm, consistent with findings for US firms. / Este trabalho investiga quais são os fatores que levam empresas não financeiras da América Latina a gerenciar seus riscos usando derivativos. O foco principal é a gestão de risco cambial. Para tal, a pesquisa foi escrita dividindo-se em um capítulo introdutório, contendo a motivação da pesquisa e uma revisão da literatura sobre gestão de riscos financeiros, dois capítulos principais e uma conclusão. O segundo capítulo mostra os resultados de um questionário respondido pelos diretores financeiros de 74 empresas listadas na Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo (BOVESPA), em que se constatou que: i) empresas maiores são mais propensas a usar derivativos; ii) o risco cambial é o mais freqüentemente gerenciado com derivativos; iii) as questões relativas ao arcabouço jurídico-institucional, tais como a tributação sobre uso de derivativos e o tratamento contábil das operações de hedge preocupam mais os gestores financeiros do que as questões relacionadas à implementação, operacionalização e manutenção dos programas de hedge usando derivativos. O terceiro capítulo estuda os determinantes da gestão de risco nos quatro países mais importantes da América Latina (Argentina, Brasil, Chile e México). Investiga-se não apenas a decisão de utilizar derivativos, como uma variável binária, mas também a intensidade de utilização de derivativos, medida pelo valor nominal dos contratos em aberto. Trata-se do primeiro estudo a utilizar informações sobre as carteiras de derivativos de empresas de países emergentes. O uso de um conjunto de países permite que se compreenda a influência de fatores econômicos e institucionais, em especial o maior endividamento em moeda estrangeira, a maior volatilidade das taxas de câmbio e juros nos países latinoamericanos, a menor estabilidade político-institucional e o menor desenvolvimento dos mercados financeiros, questões que têm uma importância menor em mercados desenvolvidos. A contribuição principal deste trabalho está em auxiliar o entendimento da relação entre o uso de derivativos cambiais e a sensibilidade dos resultados operacionais às flutuações cambiais. Distintamente do que mostram trabalhos anteriores para empresas norte-americanas, a evidência obtida nesse trabalho mostra que as carteiras de derivativos de câmbio das empresas latinoamericanas são capazes de gerar fluxos de caixa comparáveis, em ordem de magnitude, às despesas financeiras e aos investimentos, mostrando que os derivativos são instrumentos chave nas estratégias de gestão de risco das empresas. Também se trata do primeiro trabalho a mostrar evidência forte e robusta que firmas cujos lucros operacionais se beneficiam da desvalorização da moeda local (por exemplo, exportadores), têm uma proteção natural contra o risco de dívida em moeda estrangeira, que permite a essa empresas captar mais dívida externa. Isso implica que empresas que possuem essa estrutura de receitas e custos precisam de menos derivativos para fazer hedge. Também se mostra que empresas maiores são mais propensas a usar derivativos, mas a magnitude das carteiras de derivativos está negativamente relacionada ao tamanho da empresa, o que é consistente com a teoria financeira e está em linha com os resultados obtidos para empresas dos Estados Unidos.

Using a sample of 141 U.S. small-cap industrial firms, I examine the firm characteristics that influence its use of foreign exchange derivatives to hedge exchange rate risk. Companies in the industrial sector produce goods and services that are used for the production of another final product. The performance of this sector is closely correlated to the level of demand from the final consumer. I find firm size, the amount of foreign sales, and firm liquidity influence the firm's decision to use foreign exchange derivatives to hedge exchange rate risk. For those firms that hedge exchange rate risk using derivatives, a second test examines the firm characteristics that influence the extent of its hedging activities. I find the extent of hedging is influenced by the amount of foreign sales, the amount of foreign assets, and the number of foreign subsidiaries the firm operates. A final test examines whether certain firm characteristics influence its decision to use options as part of its hedging operations. I find no evidence that the firm characteristics examined herein influence that decision.

Inflation indexed instruments are designed to help protect investors against the changes in the general level of prices. So, they are frequently preferred by investors and they have become increasingly developing part of the market. In this study, firstly, the HJM model and foreign currency analogy used to price of inflation indexed instruments are investigated. Then, the HJM model is extended with finite number of Poisson process. Finally, under the extended HJM model, a pricing derivation of inflation indexed swaps, which are the most liquid ones among inflation indexed instruments in the market, is given.

The diploma defines the term of entrepreneur and non-profit organisation. It presents legislative of accounting of foreign currencies of these accounting entities and then shows differences between accounting of foreign currencies at entrepreneur and non-profit organisation in practical examples. The diploma describes international regulation of changes in exchange rates (IAS 21) and compares it with present legislative in the Czech Republic.