This thesis explores the relationship between the determinants and the components of the labor outflow from Turkey, Italy and Spain to the industrial parts of Europe. It is a comparative study analysing the historical backgrounds of these countries and the characteristics of their people who work in various countries of the continent. It covers a period of fiftyfour years (1920-19Th) in three eras: The Ease Era, 1920-1950; The Pre-Migration Era, 1950-1960; The Migration Era, 1960-19Th. It studies the role of the Pre-Migration Era as a "thresho1" to the labor outflow with the hypothesis that the existence of the "threshold" plays an important role in making the components of the labor outflow the same for all the three countries considered, in spite of their different socio-economic backgrounds.For the pursuance of the objectives, the study uses secondary data on two sets of socio-economic variables. The first set analyses the Base Era and the Pre-Migration Era. The second set analyses the Migration Era,The results found prove the points hypothesized, but with variations.

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This thesis takes a critical approach to examine recent developments in European asylum and migration policy. Specifically, this research is interested in addressing the emerging paradigm of "migration management" and its impact on the nature of refugee protection and asylum in an integrated Europe. Two approaches are used in this analysis. First, from a functionalist perspective, this work considers how migration management has responded to contemporary realities of international migration. Secondly, from a critical theory perspective, the thesis analyzes how refugee protection becomes subsumed within the broader goals of migration management. This thesis will argue that the paradigm of migration management has effectively shifted the contours of the asylum debate by linking refugee and asylum policy with broader issues of labor migration, illegality and foreign relations. This has resulted in the separation of asylum from territoriality and more broadly, the submersion of the humanitarian considerations to the overarching goals of migration management.