Orientador: Fausto Bérzin / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T16:34:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CornelioNeto_WashingtonLeoncio_D.pdf: 2629189 bytes, checksum: 39a2f43d5b3a053c4a3314d3ee376494 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A Antropologia Forense por meio da identificação humana estuda diversos tipos caracteres que se diferenciam entre os indivíduos. O estabelecimento do dimorfismo sexual é realizado por meio de parâmetros antropométricos qualitativos e quantitativos. O objetivo deste foi verificar a possibilidade de determinar o sexo por intermédio do neurocrânio. Para tanto, foram realizados o estudo piloto, complementar I, II e III, sendo utilizados respectivamente 30, 80 e 67 exemplares de ambos sexos. O instrumental utilizado para as mensurações foi composto de craniômetro, paquímetro, régua flexível e uma balança. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística, obtendo-se os seguintes resultados para o ESTUDO PILOTO: o neurocrânio permitiu estabelecer o dimorfismo sexual, conforme proposição inicial; a variável mensurável considerada mais importante para caracterização foi o N_Br, sendo um modelo altamente significativo (p<0,001) com taxa de concordância de 76,5% contra uma discordância de 11,3% e estatística c (área da curva ROC) é de 0,826. O índice de acerto de 83,3% para a função discriminante. Quanto às variáveis não mensuráveis, obteve-se por meio da "Odds ratio" que uma glabela do tipo pronunciada tem 24,05 vezes mais probabilidade de ser masculina do que feminina, com indícios de uma associação muito forte (p<0,001); que o perfil do osso frontal tem 21,14 vezes mais probabilidade de ser masculino do que feminino, com indícios de uma associação muito forte (p<0,001). Para o ESTUDO COMPLEMENTAR I, o neurocrânio continuou demonstrando dimorfismo do sexo; foram utilizadas variáveis mensuráveis e não mensuráveis (comprimento, largura, nasal e aspecto) consideradas as mais importantes e altamente significativas (p<0,001), possibilitando a criação de um modelo de regressão logística; a taxa de concordância de 89,7% contra uma discordância de 10,1% e estatística c (área da curva ROC) é de 0,898. Obteve-se também estatísticas descritivas e Intervalos de confiança inferiores e superiores para as variáveis estudadas nos dois sexos a 95%. Para o ESTUDO COMPLEMENTAR II o neurocrânio continuou demonstrando dimorfismo do sexo; foram utilizadas variáveis mensuráveis (N_Br) significativa (p<0,05) e (Au_Ms) altamente significativa (p<0,001) consideradas as mais importantes, possibilitando a criação de um modelo de regressão logística. Obteve-se também estatísticas descritivas e Intervalos de confiança inferiores e superiores para as variáveis estudadas nos dois sexos a 95% para o padrão geral com todos os exemplares investigados; Finalizando nossa pesquisa, no ESTUDO COMPLEMENTAR III, desmembrou-se nossa amostra de 67 exemplares nos tipos dolico-meso-braquicrânios obtendo função discriminante, estatística descritiva e intervalos de confiança para cada padrão, revelando um forte indício em rever nossos protocolos de identificação humana, ou seja, primeiramente pesquisar o índice craniano horizontal para em seguida aplicar as equações disponíveis. Os resultados obtidos possibilitaram a elaboração de um método digital, facilitando os cálculos para a determinação do sexo pelo crânio nos casos em que forem utilizadas as mesmas variáveis por nós selecionadas, denominado SEX NEUROCRÂNIO / Abstract: Forensic anthropology concerning human identification involves several aspects that vary among the individuals. Sexual dimorphism is determined through qualitative and quantitative anthropometric parameters. The aim of this study was to determine the individual's gender through a neurocranium analysis. A pilot and two complementary studies (C1 and C2) were carried out. The pilot study, CI and C2 included 30, 80 and 67 skulls of both genders, respectively. A craniometer, a paquimeter, a flexible ruler and a scale were used to make neurocranium measurements. Non-measurable parameters were assessed. The neurocranium analysis allowed to determine sexual dimorphism, according to the initial proposition; the measurable variable N_Br was considered the most important for gender identification and the logistic model was highly significant (p <0.01) with an agreement rate of 76.5% against a disagreement of 11.3%. Statistics c (area of the curve ROC) was 0.826. The success rate for the discriminating function was 83.3%. With regard to the non-measurable variables, the "Odds ratio" showed that a glabela of a larger size was 24.05 times more likely to be of a male individual than of a female, with a high significance (p <0.01); the forehead with a more curved profile has 21.14 times more chances of being a man than a woman, with a high significance (p <0.01). For C1, the neurocranium analysis was efficient in indentify gender dimorphism; measurable and non-measurable variables (length, width, nasal and aspect) were considered the most important (p<0.01), making possible the creation of a model of logistic regression with a rate of agreement of 89.7% against a disagreement of 10.1% and statistics c (area of the curve ROC) of 0.898. It was also obtained descriptive statistics and inferior trust Intervals and superiors for the studied variables of the two sexes to 95%. For C2, the neurocranium analysis continued to demonstrate gender dimorphism; measurable variables were used (N_Br) significant (p <0.05) and (Au_Ms) highly significant (p <0.01) considered the most important, making possible the creation of a model of regression logistics. It was also obtained descriptive statistics and inferior trust Intervals and superiors for the studied variables of the two sexes to 95% for the general pattern with all the investigated copies; Concluding our research, we dismembered our sample of 67 copies in the types dolico-meso-braquicranium obtaining regression logistics, function discriminante, descriptive statistics and trust intervals for each pattern. The obtained results made possible the elaboration of a digital method, facilitating the calculations for the determination of the sex for the cranium in the cases in that the same variables be used by us selected, denominated neurocranium gender / Doutorado / Anatomia / Doutor em Biologia Buco-Dental

Orientador: Eduardo Daruge / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T16:59:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Scaglia_JorgeAlejandroPaulete_M.pdf: 3759817 bytes, checksum: c24d4be1f820d68f596b05dcaac0a60f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: A aplicação do estudo dos insetos, ácaros e outros artrópodes, a assuntos legais, é denominada de Entomologia Forense. A entomologia forense se aplica a inúmeras situações do cotidiano, que vão desde um simples caruncho em um saco de milho de pipoca, passam pelas traças devastando coleções de livros, que por sua vez se aliam às baratas e findam com os cupins destruindo documentos e antiguidades. Sem se falar, ainda, no seu uso em relação a produtos armazenados, grãos estocados, na lavoura; enfim, em todo e qualquer lugar, em que o dano ou a aparição de um inseto seja motivo de prejuízo, direto ou indireto, ou que, de certa maneira possa ser comprovadamente o nexo causal. Também se deve destacar, uma das mais importantes aplicações atuais da entomologia, através da qual determina-se o tempo de morte de um cadáver, independente de seu estado de decomposição. Nesse caso, os insetos (ou outros artrópodes) relacionados com um cadáver ou parte dele, atuam como indicador de tempo de morte (PMI). Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho de pesquisa teve por objetivo verificar quais são os insetos mais encontrados nos cadáveres, determinar em que fase da decomposição cadavérica os mesmos ocorrem, bem como analisar a viabilidade de uso dos mesmos para a determinação do tempo decorrido da morte. Para a investigação desse fato biológico, no presente trabalho foram utilizadas amostras coletadas sobre 200 cadáveres em diferentes estados de decomposição, que passaram pelo Instituto Médico Legal de Cuiabá, Estado do Mato Grosso, com causas da morte ¿não naturais¿. Para a inclusão dos cadáveres neste trabalho, não houve necessidade de se adotar quaisquer critérios específicos quanto à idade, sexo, altura, cor ou outro morfológico, visto que estes não influenciariam nos resul tados da pesquisa. As amostras consistem em ovos, estágios imaturos e adultos de diversos insetos. Para a análise das amostras em questão, utilizaram-se as tabelas de bioritmicidade e as técnicas do Grau- Hora-Acumulada (ADH). Todo material foi cuidadosamente coletado e processado no Laboratório de Odontolo-gia Legal da Faculdade de Odontologia de Pi racicaba - UNICAMP, bem como analisado tanto nos seus aspectos qual itativo quanto quantitativo, o que permitiu evidenciar as conclusões pretendidas. Atingido o seu termo, este trabalho de pesquisa científica permitiu concluir, através da metodologia empregada que, através da sucessão entomológica, é possível determinar em que fase a decomposição cadavérica se encontra, permitindo assim, determinar o tempo decorrido da morte / Abstract: The application of the study of the insects, acarids and other arthropods, to legal subjects, is denominated of Forensic Entomology. The forensic entomology is applies itself to countless situations of the daily life, since a simple little beetle in a sack of popcorn, they go by the moths desolating collections of books, that form an alliance with the cockroaches and join the termites destroying documents and antiquities for its time. Not to mention, therefore, its use in relation to stored products and grains, in the crop. Finally, in whole and any place, in which the damage or the appearance of an insect is reason for a damage, direct or indirect, or that, in a certain way can be really the causal connection. It should also highlight one of the most important current applications of the entomology, through which the time of death of a cadaver is determined, independent of its decomposition. In that case, the insects (or other arthropods) related to a cadaver or the leaves of it act as an indicator of the time of the death (PMI). In that context, the present research work has had for objective to verify which insects are mostly found in the cadavers, to determine in which phase of the cadaverous decomposition the same ones happen as wel l as to analyze the viabi lity of using of the same ones for the determining of the elapsed time of the death. For the investigation of that biological fact, in the present work samples collected on 200 cadavers in different decomposition phases, that have passed by the Legal Medical Institute of Cuiabá, State of Mato Grosso were used. To include the corpse in this work, there were not any necessities of criteria like age, sex, high, color or other morphological evidence, because this one does not chance the results of the research. The samples consist of eggs, immature and adult apprenticeships of several insects. All material was collected carefully and processed in the Laboratory of Legal Dentistry of the Ability of Dentistry of Piracicaba¿UNICAMP, as well as analyzed not only in its qualitative but also in its quantitative aspects, what has allowed evidencing the intended conclusions. Reached its term, this work of scientific research has allowed ending, through the methodology used that, through the entomological succession, it is possible to determine in which phase the cadaverous decomposition is, allowing this way, to determine the elapsed time of the death / Mestrado / Mestre em Odontologia Legal e Deontologia

Orientador: Eduardo Daruge Júnior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T20:17:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_JulianaMendoncaFerreirados_M.pdf: 905410 bytes, checksum: 2000e7b5451e5f8d58ef540bdeedbd5a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O processo de identificação humana envolve diferentes etapas, contexto no qual se faz necessário o aprimoramento das técnicas tradicionais e o desenvolvimento de novas metodologias aplicáveis na rotina da prática pericial. É através da investigação do gênero biológico, precedida da determinação da espécie, que se dá o passo inicial no delineamento do perfil de vítimas não-identificadas. Ao encontro dos exames antropológicos, as técnicas de DNA consolidaram-se como adjuvantes e certificadoras; porém, trazem consigo limitações atinentes ao custo, agilidade e aplicabilidade. O presente estudo buscou investigar o gênero biológico, através do isolamento do gene amelogenina. Para tanto, foram utilizadas 52 polpas dentais obtidas de dentes extraídos de corpos em decomposição, as quais foram submetidas à extração do material genético por meio da resina quelante Chelex 100® (BioRad) e à amplificação pela reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). Após eletroforese com seqüenciador automático (Applied Biosystems 3130 Genetic Analyzer®), os picos foram obtidos, e os resultados interpretados como AMEL X para indivíduo feminino (106 pb), e AMEL Y para indivíduo masculino (112 pb). Não foi possível determinar o gênero biológico em 15,4% (n=8) dos dentes e não houve influência do sexo na viabilidade do material coletado para a determinação do gênero (p = 0, 072). Quanto aos grupos dentais, divididos em molares, pré-molares, caninos e incisivos, os mesmos não exerceram influência na obtenção dos resultados (p = 0,892). Houve concordância de 95,5% (n=42) entre a determinação do gênero biológico e o gênero real dos indivíduos que compuseram a amostra (Kappa = 0, 909). Dentre aqueles do gênero masculino houve discordância de 5,6% (n=2) entre o sexo real e o sexo obtido pela amplificação, revelando resultado de falso-feminino, ou seja, indivíduos masculinos com genótipo XX (AMEL X). Concluiu-se que, apesar da amostra ser composta por material degradado, a amplificação da amelogenina apresentou resultados satisfatórios na investigação do gênero biológico, mostrando-se como uma metodologia de ótimo custo-benefício capaz de complementar estudos antropológicos de identificação humana / Abstract: The process of human identification involves differents stages, in wich context it is necessary to the improvement of tradicional techniques and the development of new methods applicable in forensic practice routine. It is througth the investigation of biological gender, preceded by the determination of species, wich takes the initial step in designing the profile of unidentified victms. To meet the anthropological examination, DNA techniques established themselves as adjuvants and certifiers, but bring with them limitations pertaining to cost, flexibility and applicability. This study aimed to investigate the biological gender by isolating the amelogenin gene. For this purpose, we used dental pulp obtained from 52 teeth extracted from decomposing bodies, wich were genetic material extracted throught the chelating resin Chelex 100® (Bio Rad) and amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). After electrophoresis on automatic sequencer (Applied Biosystems 3130 Genetic Analyser®), the peaks were obtained and the results interpreted as AMEL X for females individuals (106 pb) and AMEL Y for male individuals (112 pb). Could not be determined the biological gender of 15,4% (n = 08) of the teeth and there was no influence of gender on the viability of the material collected for the determination of sex (p = 0,072). As dental groups, divided in into molars, premolars, canines and incisors, they were not influential in obtaining the results (p = 0,892). There was concordance of 95,5% (n = 42) between the determination of the actual biological gender and the gender of sampled individuals (Kappa = 0,909). Among those of males, there was disagreement of 5,6% (n = 02) between real sex and sex obtained by amplification, revealing results of false-female, or males subjects with XX genotype (AMEL X). We concluded that, althought the samples were composed of degraded material, the amplification of amelogenin presented satisfactory results in the investigation of biological gender, showing himself as a cost-effective methodology, capable of complement anthropological studies in human identification / Mestrado / Odontologia Legal e Deontologia / Mestre em Biologia Buco-Dental

M.Com. (Computer Auditing) / Fraud is a major problem in South Africa and the world and organisations lose millions each year to fraud not being detected. Organisations can deal with the fraud that is known to them, but undetected fraud is a problem. There is a need for management, external- and internal auditors to detect fraud within an organisation. There is a further need for an integrated fraud detection model to assist managers and auditors to detect fraud. A literature study was done of authoritative textbooks and other literature on fraud detection and data mining, including the Knowledge Discovery Process in databases and a model was developed that will assist the manager and auditor to detect fraud in an organisation by using a technology called data mining which makes the process of fraud detection more efficient and effective.

The identification of metabolic diseases is a crucial aspect of osteoarchaeological analysis and of paleopathological studies. This study is specifically concerned with the study of scurvy and its bony manifestation. This investigation considers the recognition of the bony lesions of scurvy in adult skeletons that originate from English archaeological contexts dating to the Post Medieval period. In order to identify scorbutic bony lesions, assemblages were analysed that derived from the Georgian period Navy that were known to suffer from endemic scurvy, namely Haslar hospital near Portsmouth and Stonehouse hospital in Plymouth. These assemblages were complemented by two Non-Naval skeletal collections of a broadly contemporaneous time period, one of which was a prison assemblage from Oxford Castle in Oxford and the other was from Darwen, Lancashire and consisted of a Primitive Methodist cemetery. For the purpose of this study, an extensive literature review was carried out and a specially modified scurvy recording form was created. In total three hundred and fifty-eight skeletons were analysed using the scurvy recording form on which a total of twenty-one potential scorbutic indicators were scored. The data was then subject to statistical analysis and a set of primary and secondary scorbutic indicators was established. The primary scorbutic lesions were femur, sphenoid, posterior maxilla, scapula, endocranial and mandible. Nine secondary lesions were also established and these were lesions of the foot, humerus, ulna, radius, hand, clavicle, innominate, fibula and the ectocranial surface of the skull. In total, 66.7% of the Haslar assemblage was found to have suffered from scurvy, followed by Plymouth with 20.6%, Darwen with 16.4% and Oxford Castle with 7.9%. It was found that scurvy could be identified in adult skeletal material through the recognition of a number of lesions that could not be attributed to any other disease process. The results indicated that scurvy was present in all of the skeletal collections studied but was more common in the Naval assemblages. This is an important development in the detection of scurvy in the archaeological record and is crucial in the reconstruction of past diets and metabolic disease patterns.

La thèse proposée en regard des avancees technologiques récentes ayant trait au corps, d'explorer le statut du sujet lorsque celui-ci est place dans des situations ou la rationalité et l'individualité, mots-clés d'une représentation moderne de la subjectivité, ne peuvent définir le sujet en raison du rôle que les biotechnologies jouent en ces situations. L'analyse du contenu d'un corpus tire de l'anthropologie médicale touchant aux biotechnologies liées, d'un côte, à la reproduction et à la naissance, et, de l'autre, à la maladie, est développée. La conclusion montre que la subjectivité moderne, qui s'est transformée en une représentation contemporaine, est principalement caractérisée par une dissociation accrue entre corps et esprit qui s'exprime comme un acte d'objectivation du corps. L'objectivation du corps mise en lumière permet d'envisager le sujet contemporain comme découlant des possibilités d'automodification que la biotechnologie lui ouvre. Les perspectives éthique et politique que ce nouveau positionnement du sujet sont élaborées en terme de quête de l'homme intermédiaire et de préoccupation pour la durée (sustainability).

An estimated 18.6% of adult Americans struggle with mental health symptoms, 22% of whom experience significant functional impairment qualifying them for status as having a serious mental illness (SMI). Despite high prevalence rates, many with mental health symptoms do not receive treatment. Barriers to treatment include those at both individual (i.e. lack of insurance) and environmental (i.e. lack of access) levels. Mental health symptoms causing an individual to be at risk for harm to self or others may lead to legal involvement via involuntary civil commitment (ICC) and evaluation. Although ICC statutes have been adopted throughout the United States, relatively little is known about ICC-involved populations and ICC caseflow. This study extends the literature by providing a description of the ICC population in southern Arizona. Findings identify risk and protective case variables in predicting ICC caseflow. Furthermore, this study is the first to examine two potential sources of problems within the ICC process: 1) disproportionate ICC-contact compared to population-based expectancies and 2) rate of agreement between ICC evaluating physicians regarding an individual’s mental health diagnoses.

Purpose: Within the contemporary socio-political context of palliative care and an aging demography, there is a called-for shift to an upstream provision of palliative care in the form of a palliative approach to care as well as to frame access to palliative care within a health equity perspective. In the literature, there is a paucity of nurses’ experiences in the provision of palliative care within psychiatric settings. Moreover, little is known of the process by which nurses engage in a palliative approach to care for patients experiencing multiple marginalities, including institutionalization, mental health, and advanced age. This research explored how nurses in forensic and geriatric psychiatry engage with aging patients and mortal considerations to discern how ethical dimensions of care, aligned within the palliative approach, are enacted. An ethical lens by which to apprehend dimensions of human finitude, reflective of central elements of the palliative approach and public health palliative care, was proposed to help to delineate a process of recognition through which values can be identified in the care of patients. The purpose of this thesis was to explore the phenomenon by which nurses engaged with mortality as both an antecedent to adopting a palliative approach and as a phenomenon that captures nurses’ continued engagement with patients within this approach. Objectives: There were three objectives to the project: 1) explore nurses’ engagement with mortality within an ethics of finitude; 2) identify enablers and barriers, and related historical and socio-political discourses, to engagement of nurses with their patients within an ethics of finitude, and; 3) articulate and deepen understanding of the palliative approach, including ethical dimensions and considerations. The research was an analytical elaboration of a qualitative study at the University of Ottawa that examined the palliative approach to nursing care in forensic and geriatric psychiatry at a mental health facility in eastern Ontario. Methods: Situated within a constructivist epistemic stance, the analytical framework elaborated for this analysis drew from both interpretive description (ID) and interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA). Utilizing convenience sampling, eight Registered Nurses (7 women and 1 man) working in forensic or geriatric psychiatry completed interviews. Findings: Engagement of nurses within an ethics of finitude was revealed to surface through a process of recognition (recognition of mortality, recognition of the increased vulnerability of patients, and recognition of a corresponding increased responsibility for vulnerable patients) and through the affirmation of values including human connection, dignity, comfort, family, familiarity, and personhood. Barriers and enablers to this engagement emerged related to the care environment, the psychiatric nurse and patient construction, and factors related to family. The implications of the related discourses in the articulation of the palliative approach emerged in relation to health system considerations and to the language of the palliative approach. Conclusion: The process of recognition explored through the proposed ethical lens and revealed in the findings delineated values that underpin the palliative approach by offering an alternate conceptualization to their identification and enactment. Insights from this project underscore preliminary insights on a process to identify care practices aligned within the palliative approach as well as possibilities for critical questioning related to interconnected axes of an ethics of finitude in both the care of individual patients and in the enactment of health policy.

The reporting of the financial results of an organisation is the responsibility of the management of that organisation. However, value may be added to the financial statements by the auditing of such financial statements and by the opinion expressed by the external auditors. Furthermore, there is the expectation on the part of the users of the financial statements that the auditors are also responsible for detecting fraud and, more specifically, financial statement fraud. It was stated in the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners 2010 Report to the Nations that it is the high-level perpetrators who cause the greatest damage to their organisations. The costs arising from financial statement fraud were found to be more than three times higher than the costs arising from fraud committed by lower-level managers and nine times more than the costs involved in employee fraud. The question, thus, arises as to why the auditors would not detect financial statement fraud timeously. The external audit profession has formulated a specific standard which addresses the responsibility of the external auditor as regards the detection of fraud during the audit of financial statements. The aim of this research was to determine the adequacy of the internal auditor standards as regards providing guidance to the internal auditors in terms of detecting financial statement fraud. This research highlighted the lack of guidance in the internal audit standards regarding the responsibility of internal auditors relating to financial statement fraud. In the main, both the directives and the guidance refer to fraud in general but not specifically to financial statement fraud and, thus, the professional internal auditor is forced to seek guidance outside of the internal audit standards as regards the detection of financial statement fraud. / MPhil University of Pretoria, 2014 / Auditing / MPhil / Unrestricted

In Africa, the effects of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, rapidly expanding industrial and extractive economies, uncontrolled economic growth, environmental and lifestyle changes, and the rising age of populations with better access to medicine have occasioned rising rates of cancer. Rwanda’s national cancer program has been hailed as a unique example of how to build clinical oncology into a public healthcare infrastructure. Using ethnographic data, interviews, and historical archives, I address three sets of questions: 1. What historical, economic, social, and political factors have shaped the development of the country’s cancer program? 2. How do local clinicians and patients experience cancer as a treatable chronic disease? And how is that experience affected by the development of a national oncology infrastructure and new biomedical technologies? 3. As an instance of the transnational private-public partnerships characteristic of global health interventions in postcolonial Africa, what successes, limitations, and challenges does this cancer program present for envisioning oncology programs elsewhere in the global south? What are the ethical, political, and epistemological stakes involved in different models of cancer care? This project contributes to a new chapter in medical anthropology, one focused on rising rates of cancer in contemporary Africa. I argue that Rwanda’s cancer project is an exercise in the construction of a new sense of sovereignty, rendered through the politics of life as onco-nationhood; that it is an effort to create a postcolonial polity whose citizen body is gifted care of a international caliber provided by a paternal state. In a critical moment of post-traumatic social reconstruction, national biomedicine is becoming the entity through which government seeks to fuse sovereign statehood and nationhood in the cause of a healthy Rwandan future. Theorizing this relationship holds at least one key to developing an anthropology of cancer in contemporary Africa. / Anthropology