The diploma thesis Cyclists speed analysis at the age bracket of 4 to 10 deals with history and origin of bicycle, description and types of the contruction of bicycles for children at the age bracket mentioned above. The thesis includes the statistics of accidents involving cyclists and regulations providing for the ride on a bicycle on a carriageway. The practical part includes measuring cyclists speed when passing a measured section and the analysis of these data. The analysis of data is processed in terms of gear systems as the equipment. Complementary measuring was made in a slight rising. In the second part of the practical part is measured braking of cyclists at a particular age bracket and the evaluation of their deceleration. The conclusion includes comparison with measuring of other authors made so far.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Canines are regularly utilized by law enforcement agencies to detect explosives. However, the mechanism by which canines respond to explosive vapors is not well understood, leading to difficulties in canine training and testing. It is known that the amount of vapor generated from explosive compounds is dependent upon several factors including sample amount, vapor pressure, and the degree of confinement. Underlying these factors is the basic process of evaporation of an unconfined explosive, which is rucial to understanding how explosive vapors behave in other, more confined, systems. In Stage One of this study, evaporation rates were determined for several explosive liquids using an analytical balance. These rates were compared to one another as well as to theoretical models for the evaporation of liquids. In general and as expected, mass decreased linearly with time and evaporation rates decreased logarithmically as boiling point increased. Several examples of solvent “pinning” on a metal surface were also observed. While an empirical model for the evaporation of unconfined explosive liquids was developed, a comprehensive model for the escape of explosive vapors from sealed containers (i.e., a suitcase, knapsack, or IED container itself) is needed. The second part of Stage One of this study was to determine that the flow rate of explosive vapors escaping from relatively large orifices does not conform to Fick’s Law of Diffusion. Fick’s model states that the flow rate is linearly dependent upon the cross sectional area of the orifice and the material’s diffusion coefficient. Instead, the flow rate was found to be linearly dependent upon the diameter of the orifice due to the tendency of the flow to diffuse outwards from its circular edge. A clear relationship between flow rate and diffusion coefficient was seen, however. Additional uncertainty arises concerning the complexity of the odor generated from explosive compounds. Because explosive vapors are often complex (they consist of multiple chemical compounds), confusion exists regarding the cause of canine alert; that is the “odor compound” that allows for canine detection of various explosives. Although 2, 4- dinitrotoluene (DNT) has been explored as a potential odor compound, the possibility of a nitrated explosive inherently producing nitrated gas upon decomposition has not. Stage Two of this study focused on evaluating nitrate as a potential cause of canine alerts. An LC/MS method for the detection of nitrate ions in Composition C-4 and flake trinitrotoluene (TNT) was developed and tested. Instrumental analysis was not successful in detecting nitrate ions in any of the explosives tested. The lack of nitrate was confirmed using a diphenylamine color test for nitrates, thus eliminating nitrate as an odor compound and cause of canine alert to nitroaromatic compounds. 2, 4-DNT has been introduced as a potential odor compound of TNT, however, the mechanisms behind its vapor emission have not been thoroughly explored. More specifically, due to the “sticky” nature of the 2, 4-DNT isomer, the effects of surface adhesion to container walls are of concern. In particular, whether the amount of material lost to surface adhesion is significant enough to effect canine detection of TNT. A second focus of Stage Two explored this concern. A GC/MS method for the detection and separation of TNT and DNT isomers in liquid extracts was developed and the amount of 2, 4-DNT residues adhering to container walls was quantified. These values, compared to the amount 2,4-DNT expected to saturate each container (determined by the Ideal Gas Law), showed a significant preference of 2,4-DNT in the solid phase as opposed to in the gas phase. The amount of residue adhering to the walls of a gallon can differed from expected values by nearly 70%. The amount of material extracted from a quart can exceeded expected values by 137%. The apparent sticky nature of 2, 4-DNT resulted in a significant loss of material needed to fully saturate a container and thus canine detection success may be affected. In the final stage of this study, theories regarding odor compounds and odor availability of nitromethane, TNT, and Composition C-4 were tested using certified explosives-detecting canines. These trials included thirty-three canine-handler teams from eight government agencies. The odor availability of nitromethane was tested by placing varying volumes of nitromethane in containers with differing degrees of confinement and studying the effects on canine detection success. The odor availability trial showed no significant effect of sample amount or degree of confinement on canine detection so long as the sample volume was sufficient to saturate its container. In this study that volume was determined to be < 1 mL. Detection of 2, 4-DNT, TNT-NESST (Non-Hazardous Explosives for Security Training and Testing), and flake TNT were also studied using certified canines. The purpose of this was to identify the odorant responsible for canine alert to the explosive TNT. These trials showed a significant response to 2, 4-DNT compared to TNT and its training aid; this suggests that 2, 4-DNT is the primary cause of canine alerts to TNT. Additionally, Composition C-4 and RDX-NESTT were tested along with potential odor compounds that included the manufacturing solvent, cyclohexanone, the energetic “taggant” 2, 3-dimethyl-2.3-dinitrobutane (DMNB), the plasticizer dioctyladipate (DOA) and its degradation product 2-ethyl-1-hexanol. While some response to DMNB and cyclohexanone was seen, the most significant response was to the actual Composition C-4. This suggests that the cause of canine alert to Composition C-4 is the explosive mixture as a whole and not a single chemical component of the mixture

[pt] É apresentado um procedimento para simulação de colisões de veículos terrestres deformáveis, cuja entrada são as condições imediatamente anteriores ao choque, produzindo como saída a evolução das variáveis ao longo do tempo de duração do impacto. Foram feitas simulações de casos semelhantes aos apresentados na literatura, e os resultados obtidos validaram os modelos criados. O procedimento foi implementado em Simulink/MatLab, seguindo a mesma estrutura dos demais programas em desenvolvimento nesta linha de pesquisa, de modo a futuramente integrá-lo aos pré- processadores e pós-processadores gráficos do programa SVDV - Simulação e Visualização da Dinâmica de Veículos. / [en] A procedure for the simulation of flexible ground vehicles collisions is presented, which uses the conditions at the instant just before the impact as input variables and the evolution of the dynamic variables during the collision as output. Various simulations are presented and compared to similar cases found in the literature, what validates the proposed models. The algorithm was implemented using Simulink/Matlab software and used the same structure of the other programs under development in this area, in order to integrate it to graphic pre-processors and post-processors available in SVDV program - Simulation and Visualization of Vehicle Dynamics.

As últimas décadas trouxeram grandes avanços tecnológicos às ciências forenses. Um dos marcos dessa evolução foram às pesquisas e os resultados obtidos com a aplicação da Biologia Molecular, como ferramenta de identificação humana a partir da década de 80. Desde então, novos estudos vêm sendo realizados nesta área. Vestígios encontrados em locais de crime são elementos que irão orientar na busca pela elucidação dos fatos. Existem dois tipos de vestígios: os macrovestígios, facilmente identificados e os microvestígios que demandam análises técnicas mais específicas. Dentre os microvestígios, tem-se a impressão digital, que se tornou uma possível fonte de extração de DNA, com um grande potencial de recuperação do material genético. Este trabalho objetivou analisar amostras coletadas em microvestígios de impressões digitais em vários objetos escolhidos como superfície de deposição sendo elas, vidro, metal, plástico, madeira e parede de alvenaria, demonstrando que é possível estabelecer uma ligação entre as amostras de DNA e as impressões digitais encontradas. As amostras foram coletadas de impressões latentes intactas e em esfregaço e impressões digitais intactas e em esfregaço com pó. Os resultados demonstraram a viabilidade de utilização deste tipo de amostra, tendo em vista a recuperação de DNA e o êxito da genotipagem. Os resultados obtidos nas diferentes matrizes analisadas evidenciaram maior êxito na superfície de metal, onde foi possível obter perfil genético íntegro em todas as amostras coletadas e analisadas. Com relação à matriz vidro, nas amostras “intacta latente” e “esfregaço latente” foi possível recuperar perfil genético com mais de 17 locos amplificados. Já nas amostras “intactas e esfregaço com pó”, mesmo com a confirmação da presença de DNA, as quantidades recuperadas foram insuficientes para gerar o eletroferograma. Na matriz madeira, assim como na matriz plástico, foi constatada a presença de DNA, mas em baixa concentração para gerar o eletroferograma. E, por último, as amostras coletadas da matriz parede de alvenaria “intacta latente” e “intacta com pó”, apresentaram respectivamente amplificação de 17 e 19 locos dos 24 presentes no kit. Estudos e experimentos já tornaram esta metodologia viável no Laboratório de Genética Molecular Forense da Polícia Científica do Estado do Paraná, com resultados positivos em diversos casos, identificando suspeitos e contribuindo com a Rede Integrada de Banco de Perfis Genéticos (RIBPG). Os resultados demonstraram a eficiência e a possibilidade de se obter um perfil genético quando se trabalha com este tipo de amostra, tornando esta mais uma ferramenta pericial. / The last decades have brought great technological advances to the Forensic Sciences. The Molecular Biology has been used as a tool for human identification since the 80´s, and it has bought fantastic results from this application, being a landmark in the evolution of Forensic Science. Since this decade, new studies have been carried out in this area. Traces found in crime scenes are elements that can guide the search for the elucidation of the facts. There are two types of traces: macro-traces, that are easily identified and micro-traces that requires more specific technical analysis. One of the traces is the digital fingerprint, that is a possible source of DNA extraction, with great potential for recovery of the genetic material. This research has the purpose to analyze samples collected from fingerprints on various objects chosen as deposition surface, such as glass, metal, plastic, wood and masonry wall. This research shows that it is possible to establish a connection between DNA samples and fingerprints. Samples have been collected from intact and intact smears and fingerprints intact and smeared with powder. The results showed the feasibility of using this type of sample, based on the DNA recovery and the success of the genotyping. The results obtained in the different matrices analyzed showed greater results in the metal surface, where it was possible to obtain a complete genetic profile in all the samples Collected and analyzed. In the glass matrix, either the samples "latent intact" or in "latent smear" it was possible to recover genetic profile with more than 17 amplified loci. In the "intact and powder smear" samples, even with confirmation of the presence of DNA, the quantities recovered were insufficient to generate the electropherogram. In the wood matrix, such as in the plastic matrix, the presence of DNA was observed, but at low concentration to generate the electropherogram. Finally, the samples collected from the "latent intact" and "intact with powder" masonry wall samples, respectively, showed amplification of 17 and 19 loci of the 24 present in the kit. Some Studies and experiments have been done in the Forensic Molecular Genetics Laboratory of Scientific Police in Paraná with positive results in many cases, identifying suspects and contributing to the Integrated Network of Gene Prolifiling Banks (RIBPG). These studies have made this methodology feasible. The results show the efficiency and the possibility of obtaining a genetic profile from this type of sample, making this one more important pericial tool.

As últimas décadas trouxeram grandes avanços tecnológicos às ciências forenses. Um dos marcos dessa evolução foram às pesquisas e os resultados obtidos com a aplicação da Biologia Molecular, como ferramenta de identificação humana a partir da década de 80. Desde então, novos estudos vêm sendo realizados nesta área. Vestígios encontrados em locais de crime são elementos que irão orientar na busca pela elucidação dos fatos. Existem dois tipos de vestígios: os macrovestígios, facilmente identificados e os microvestígios que demandam análises técnicas mais específicas. Dentre os microvestígios, tem-se a impressão digital, que se tornou uma possível fonte de extração de DNA, com um grande potencial de recuperação do material genético. Este trabalho objetivou analisar amostras coletadas em microvestígios de impressões digitais em vários objetos escolhidos como superfície de deposição sendo elas, vidro, metal, plástico, madeira e parede de alvenaria, demonstrando que é possível estabelecer uma ligação entre as amostras de DNA e as impressões digitais encontradas. As amostras foram coletadas de impressões latentes intactas e em esfregaço e impressões digitais intactas e em esfregaço com pó. Os resultados demonstraram a viabilidade de utilização deste tipo de amostra, tendo em vista a recuperação de DNA e o êxito da genotipagem. Os resultados obtidos nas diferentes matrizes analisadas evidenciaram maior êxito na superfície de metal, onde foi possível obter perfil genético íntegro em todas as amostras coletadas e analisadas. Com relação à matriz vidro, nas amostras “intacta latente” e “esfregaço latente” foi possível recuperar perfil genético com mais de 17 locos amplificados. Já nas amostras “intactas e esfregaço com pó”, mesmo com a confirmação da presença de DNA, as quantidades recuperadas foram insuficientes para gerar o eletroferograma. Na matriz madeira, assim como na matriz plástico, foi constatada a presença de DNA, mas em baixa concentração para gerar o eletroferograma. E, por último, as amostras coletadas da matriz parede de alvenaria “intacta latente” e “intacta com pó”, apresentaram respectivamente amplificação de 17 e 19 locos dos 24 presentes no kit. Estudos e experimentos já tornaram esta metodologia viável no Laboratório de Genética Molecular Forense da Polícia Científica do Estado do Paraná, com resultados positivos em diversos casos, identificando suspeitos e contribuindo com a Rede Integrada de Banco de Perfis Genéticos (RIBPG). Os resultados demonstraram a eficiência e a possibilidade de se obter um perfil genético quando se trabalha com este tipo de amostra, tornando esta mais uma ferramenta pericial. / The last decades have brought great technological advances to the Forensic Sciences. The Molecular Biology has been used as a tool for human identification since the 80´s, and it has bought fantastic results from this application, being a landmark in the evolution of Forensic Science. Since this decade, new studies have been carried out in this area. Traces found in crime scenes are elements that can guide the search for the elucidation of the facts. There are two types of traces: macro-traces, that are easily identified and micro-traces that requires more specific technical analysis. One of the traces is the digital fingerprint, that is a possible source of DNA extraction, with great potential for recovery of the genetic material. This research has the purpose to analyze samples collected from fingerprints on various objects chosen as deposition surface, such as glass, metal, plastic, wood and masonry wall. This research shows that it is possible to establish a connection between DNA samples and fingerprints. Samples have been collected from intact and intact smears and fingerprints intact and smeared with powder. The results showed the feasibility of using this type of sample, based on the DNA recovery and the success of the genotyping. The results obtained in the different matrices analyzed showed greater results in the metal surface, where it was possible to obtain a complete genetic profile in all the samples Collected and analyzed. In the glass matrix, either the samples "latent intact" or in "latent smear" it was possible to recover genetic profile with more than 17 amplified loci. In the "intact and powder smear" samples, even with confirmation of the presence of DNA, the quantities recovered were insufficient to generate the electropherogram. In the wood matrix, such as in the plastic matrix, the presence of DNA was observed, but at low concentration to generate the electropherogram. Finally, the samples collected from the "latent intact" and "intact with powder" masonry wall samples, respectively, showed amplification of 17 and 19 loci of the 24 present in the kit. Some Studies and experiments have been done in the Forensic Molecular Genetics Laboratory of Scientific Police in Paraná with positive results in many cases, identifying suspects and contributing to the Integrated Network of Gene Prolifiling Banks (RIBPG). These studies have made this methodology feasible. The results show the efficiency and the possibility of obtaining a genetic profile from this type of sample, making this one more important pericial tool.

Concretes reinforced by, using distributed steel reinforcements (fibres) are known as fibre-concrete. In case of disturbances or accidents of concrete structures reinforced with wires, it is necessary to carefully examine the actual implementation of dispersed reinforcement. Fibre concretes belong to modern building materials whose possible applications have not been fully utilized so far. Have been mainly used for floor structures loaded with factory halls and warehouses. Recently, thanks to well-known physical and mechanical properties of fibre-concrete, there were numerous attempts of designers, and namely investors, to utilize this kind of materials for support structures either. Favorable properties of wire-concrete can be utilized if there is a necessity to increase the resistance of concrete to stresses exceeding its strength, cyclic stress or impact stress. Daily practice shows to prove that the applications of fibre-concrete in such structures lead to the economic success. Necessary condition for successful application of steel fiber reinforced concrete in constructions however consists in its uniform dispersion, a homogeneous distribution of the wires throughout the volume of the structure. In case of inappropriate processing and deposition of the mixture during the manufacturing process fiber-concrete structures, the fibers are often unevenly distributed. Wires itself represent unfavourably shaped mixture components and they are extremely deteriorating its workability. A grouping of wires may be encountered as well, which reduces the overall homogeneity and the quality of steel fiber-concrete structures. If the homogeneity of fibre-concrete is not kept, the material possess different properties in various parts of the structure (for example, tensile strength), which can lead to defects in the structure (generation and development of cracks). The relevant lower reliability of the structure which is caused by unequal distribution of fibres (wires) in concrete volume can lead to damage of the property as well as the safety and the human lives can be jeopardized. Hence it is necessary to secure the effective control of the fibre-concrete homogeneity in ready support fibre-concrete structures. Contemporary homogeneity control is still ongoing on fresh blends, but if the fibre-concrete hardened and is a part of the construction, no known reliable methods are currently in available to test the homogeneity of the fibre-concrete on the structure without its destruction. The methods developed to control the concentration of wires in wire-concrete structures are based mostly on magnetic or electromagnetic properties of wires. The thesis deals with the development of the magnetic method in situ using permanent magnets for monitoring the distribution of fibers in hardened steel fiber-concrete structures. The test principle is based on measurements of the changes in magnetic field strength of permanent magnets which are induced by a change in wire distribution in steel fibre-concrete structure. Test is characterized as a so called local- failure- test using a small diameter core drill. In this sense it is a semi-destructive method.

The topic of my master´s thesis was to create an architectural study of the Fakulty of Fine Arts in Brno - city part Veveří. The site lies near the Faculty of Law of Masaryk University and it´s bordered by streets Šumavská, Veveří, Bulínova and Akademická. The project ties together the architectural study from subject TG02 witch solved the second part of the programme "Academic Square" and it was a construction of the fakulty of Forensic Engineering and the background for both faculties. So the solution is a compex architectural study which sorts the urban and also the architectural aspects of both faculties and their background. The main idea of the urban concept is to také up the surrounding bulit-up-area which is typical for this part of Brno. The philosophy of the architectural solution comes from the concept of the traditional British universities. So the solution are two objects of the faculties with plane shape od the letter U which clutches the volume of the common background between each other.

This thesis deals with the measurement of ponds and influencing aspects that may play a role in the valuation of ponds. In the first part of the thesis, the author discusses the basic concepts and issues that are necessary for the valuation of the pond. In the second part of the thesis is stated as a specific example of a pond situated on three pozemcíchy using the cost method of valuation in accordance with Decree successive steps and for comparing valuation program ABN14.

The dissertation deals with problems in the valuation of parts and accessories of land with an emphasis on the difference between landscaping and engineering structure. Despite the existence of defined components and accessories immovable in the Civil Code in practice often appear doubts about whether in a particular case is still part of the real property, or whether it is already a matter of self. The work addresses this issue in detail only for roads, drainages and retaining walls. There were studied various laws and the earlier Court decisions. The Court judicature often solves problems of ownership determination. Can be seen as an example: Determining ownership of the rock, that is formed by hardening the land surface rocks and planting permanent crops. Whether the owner of the land owner or the person who built it. Likewise, there are disputes to determine ownership of utility connections, ownership structures, which are kept below the surface of the land. Based on the new Civil Code no. 89/2012 Coll. there has been extensive changes in the field of things and their allocation. There is a new concept existing, instead of the current concept of property. There is existing a new concept called Real property. A very important change is that the engineering structures are parts of the land, but based on the § 509 utilities, especially water, sewer or power lines or other, are not parts of the land. It is believed that parts of the utilities are also buildings and technical equipment that is connected to them operationally. Also important is the § 3055 para. (1): Engineering structure which is connected to the ground with a solid foundation, which is under the existing legislation part of the land on which it is established, and the effective date of this Act, owned by a person different from the owner of the land, and the bottom the entry into force of this Act does not become part of the land and immovable property. The same applies to the building, which is co-owned, if one of the joint owners and the owner of the land or if they are just some of venturers building co-owners of the land. The author presents the general specifics valuation external works and civil engineering in selected cases and the valuation of construction law. Work includes a chronological overview of valuation rules.

The dissertation focuses on the problems associated with determining the amount of wear (finding the remaining technical values) that are being addressed. It deals with an overview of the different methods used. The basic premise of the thesis is a comprehensive overview of the calculation procedure and the methods used. This area of wear does not except the price regulation precisely defined procedure, nor are they addressed the circumstances in which that would be the method to be used. Various possible methods or inaccuracies may result in questioning the expert opinions as at trial. In conclusion of this dissertation is shown how the calculation procedure should wear for what purpose should be used and it is also proposed several alternatives.