When large areas of forest are modelled, spatial detail can create excessively large databases and adversely affect the processing time. Spatial generalization can be an efficient means of aggregating polygons into blocks in strategic forest planning models. In this study, a sensitivity analysis on spatial generalization was conducted to examine the trade-off between accuracy and spatial resolution to meet the objectives of strategic planning. Five scenarios were designed by generalizing forest cover polygons into the uniform hexagon block sizes of 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 ha. To quantitatively assess accuracy, deviations caused by spatial generalization were calculated by criteria for hexagon scenarios relative to the base case. Criteria include model inputs (area of natural disturbance type and ungulate winter range) and outputs (harvest volume, growing stock and seral stage distribution). In general, deviations in all criteria increased with the block size. Spatial resolution was also evaluated by the database size and simulation runtime. A negative relationship was observed between spatial resolution and the block size. The trade-off analysis between accuracy and spatial resolution indicated that using the smallest block size of 5 ha creates more detail than necessary. Although scenarios with the block sizes of 50 and 100 ha reduced spatial resolution significantly, the maximum deviations relative to the base case were as high as 14% and 17% in growing stock, 12% and 12% in seral stage distribution, and 6% and 21% in ungulate winter range, respectively. For this study, the preferred block size is in the range of 10-20 ha, however, in general, the preferred block size will vary depending on the importance of each criterion used in the trade-off analysis.

When large areas of forest are modelled, spatial detail can create excessively large databases and adversely affect the processing time. Spatial generalization can be an efficient means of aggregating polygons into blocks in strategic forest planning models. In this study, a sensitivity analysis on spatial generalization was conducted to examine the trade-off between accuracy and spatial resolution to meet the objectives of strategic planning. Five scenarios were designed by generalizing forest cover polygons into the uniform hexagon block sizes of 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 ha. To quantitatively assess accuracy, deviations caused by spatial generalization were calculated by criteria for hexagon scenarios relative to the base case. Criteria include model inputs (area of natural disturbance type and ungulate winter range) and outputs (harvest volume, growing stock and seral stage distribution). In general, deviations in all criteria increased with the block size. Spatial resolution was also evaluated by the database size and simulation runtime. A negative relationship was observed between spatial resolution and the block size. The trade-off analysis between accuracy and spatial resolution indicated that using the smallest block size of 5 ha creates more detail than necessary. Although scenarios with the block sizes of 50 and 100 ha reduced spatial resolution significantly, the maximum deviations relative to the base case were as high as 14% and 17% in growing stock, 12% and 12% in seral stage distribution, and 6% and 21% in ungulate winter range, respectively. For this study, the preferred block size is in the range of 10-20 ha, however, in general, the preferred block size will vary depending on the importance of each criterion used in the trade-off analysis.

When large areas of forest are modelled, spatial detail can create excessively large databases and adversely affect the processing time. Spatial generalization can be an efficient means of aggregating polygons into blocks in strategic forest planning models. In this study, a sensitivity analysis on spatial generalization was conducted to examine the trade-off between accuracy and spatial resolution to meet the objectives of strategic planning. Five scenarios were designed by generalizing forest cover polygons into the uniform hexagon block sizes of 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 ha. To quantitatively assess accuracy, deviations caused by spatial generalization were calculated by criteria for hexagon scenarios relative to the base case. Criteria include model inputs (area of natural disturbance type and ungulate winter range) and outputs (harvest volume, growing stock and seral stage distribution). In general, deviations in all criteria increased with the block size. Spatial resolution was also evaluated by the database size and simulation runtime. A negative relationship was observed between spatial resolution and the block size. The trade-off analysis between accuracy and spatial resolution indicated that using the smallest block size of 5 ha creates more detail than necessary. Although scenarios with the block sizes of 50 and 100 ha reduced spatial resolution significantly, the maximum deviations relative to the base case were as high as 14% and 17% in growing stock, 12% and 12% in seral stage distribution, and 6% and 21% in ungulate winter range, respectively. For this study, the preferred block size is in the range of 10-20 ha, however, in general, the preferred block size will vary depending on the importance of each criterion used in the trade-off analysis. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

As regiões de cultivo de eucalipto apresentam um grande número de variações ambientais em nível microrregional, como pode ser facilmente constatado quando se observam as diferenças expressivas entre as produtividades florestais de cada área. No entanto, para se avaliar um ambiente, é necessário identificar segmentos específicos dentro de uma paisagem, tratando-se de uma propriedade florestal e, dentro desse estudo, buscar a compreensão das interações que aí se processam. Este trabalho contribui para entender o efeito da face de exposição solar no crescimento de plantios comerciais de Eucalyptus. A proposta metodológica apresentada leva em consideração o conhecimento do meio físico - tendo como base a fisiografia para distinção das faces de exposição solar- além disso, a interação dos fatores fisiográficos com os fatores biológicos são discutidos para subsidiar a tomada de decisão. A acentuada interação genótipo x ambiente presente em muitas culturas faz com que estudos de adaptabilidade a ambientes específicos sejam parte integrante dos programas de pesquisa florestal. A resposta diferenciada dos genótipos a ambientes favoráveis e desfavoráveis pode auxiliar o gestor florestal na alocação assertiva dos materiais genéticos para maximizar a produtividade. O escaneamento a laser aerotransportado, ferramenta de uso precoce no Brasil, é um sensor óptico ativo que mede a distância até os objetos-alvo e foi utilizado para a obtenção da altura das árvores. A área de estudo está localizada na região sudoeste do estado de São Paulo. Dentre as métricas disponíveis do processamento utilizou o percentil 90 de altura para estimar a altura de plantios comerciais homogêneos de Eucalyptus. Elaborou-se a análise de variância considerando um delineamento fatorial contemplando a face de exposição solar (norte e sul) e o material genético (clones comerciais), além da interação entre ambos para observar o efeito da face no crescimento em altura do povoamento. Para florestas abaixo de quatro anos de idade observou-se que os plantios de face sul cresceram menos que os da face norte. Para florestas acima de 5 anos essa diferença entre face continua, contudo, quando concluído o desdobramento da interação fatorial observou-se que os materiais genéticos plantados em face norte não diferem entre si, mas a diferença se mantém para florestas em face sul. / The eucalyptus cultivation regions boast a large number of environmental variables in micro-regional level, as can easily be seen when studying the expressive differences between the productivity of each forest area. To evaluate an environment, however, it is necessary to identify specific segments within a landscape with regards to a forest property and within that landscape study to seek the understanding of the interactions that takes place in the process. This work contributes to a better understanding of the effect of the aspect on growth in commercial plantations of Eucalyptus. The methodological approach presented in this work takes into account the knowledge of the physical environment, based on physiography, for distinction of aspect on environments, in addition to showing the interaction of physiographic factors with biological factors to support the decision-making process. The sharp interaction genotype x environment present in many cultures leads to studies of adaptability to specific environments to become integral parts of forestry research programs. The differentiated response of genotypes to favorable and unfavorable environments can assist forest managers in the allocation of assertive genetic materials to maximize productivity. The airborne laser scanning, which is an early tool used in Brazil, is an active optical sensor that measures the distance to the target objects, was used to obtain the height of the trees. The study area is located in the southwestern region of the State of São Paulo in Brazil. Among the available processing metrics, it was used 90 percentiles in height to estimate the height of homogeneous commercial plantations of Eucalyptus. A variance analysis was devised considering a factorial design contemplating the aspect (North and South) and genetic material (commercial clones), besides the interaction between both to observe the effect of the exposure on the height growth of the settlement. To forests below four years of age, it was observed that the plantations of the South exposure grow less than the north exposure. For forests above five years, this difference between aspect continues, however, when the deployment of factorial interactions is done, it\'s observed that the genetic materials planted in the north exposure do not differ with each other, but the difference stands within forests in the South exposure.

A aplicação da tecnologia LASER aerotransportado (ALS) para realização de inventários florestais, tem se apresentado como excelente alternativa para a área de planejamento florestal, principalmente pelos ótimos resultados em termos de precisão das estimativas, pelas facilidades de uso e demais produtos e benefícios advindos do sobrevôo com o LASER. A evolução e o menor custo das tecnologias GPS e Sistemas de Medição Inercial têm sido o principal fator de sucesso para a aplicação da tecnologia ALS. Vários trabalhos de análise da tecnologia LASER aerotransportado, em inventários florestais, alguns até mesmo em escalas comerciais (NAESSET, 2007), têm sido realizados principalmente na Europa e no Canadá. Os resultados têm sido muito atraentes, dentre os quais se destacam as estimativas de volume e de área basal que têm apresentado erros de no máximo 8,4%, dependendo das configurações da área amostrada. Sendo assim, este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar o uso da tecnologia ALS para a realização de inventários florestais em níveis de parcela e talhão em plantios clonais de Eucalyptus sp, no sul do estado da Bahia. Para tanto foram realizados levantamentos de campos que permitiram a estimação de parâmetros como área basal, altura de árvores média e das dominantes e volume, em parcelas circulares de treze metros de raio, nas quais foram coletados o diâmetro de todas as árvores e a altura de uma a cada sete árvores da parcela. A área sobrevoada para coleta dos dados LASER foram duas faixas de aproximadamente 2x20km. Os dados LASER foram processados para se obter os percentís das observações ALS nos níveis 10 (f_h10), 30 (f_h30), 50 (f_h50), 70 (f_h70) e 90 (f_h90), bem como a densidade de pontos nos respectivos percentís (f_p10, f_p30, f_p50, f_p70 e f_p90), e a altura média (f_havg) e o desvio padrão (f_hstd) desses pontos. Essas estatísticas foram utilizadas em modelos de regressão para estimar diâmetro médio, altura média, altura dominante, área basal e volume das parcelas amostradas. Para o volume, uma avaliação exploratória de diferentes combinações de variáveis permitiu a definição das relações mais promissoras e a utilização dessas variáveis mais promissoras no ajuste de modelos já consagrados na área de biometria e inventário florestal. As observações ALS que melhor ajustaram diâmetro médio foram f_h30 e f_p30, com R²=0,88 e RQEM%=0,0004; para altura média, f_h10 e f_h90 geraram boas estimativas, com R²=0,94 e RQEM%=0,0003, enquanto que para altura dominante, as melhores estimativas foram obtidas com f_h90, apresentando R²=0,96 e RQEM%=0,0003; e para área basal, os melhores ajustes usaram idade, f_h10 e f_havg, sendo R²=0,92 e RQEM%=0,0016. No caso de volume, os dois melhores modelos exploratórios apontam para o uso de idade, f_h30 e f_p90, em ambos os casos, e ambos com R² entre 0,94 e 0,95 e RQEM% entre 0,002 e 0,003. Já, dentre os modelos biométricos testados, os melhores foram os de Schumacher ajustado com idade e f_h90; Clutter ajustado com idade, f_havg e f_h70; e de Buckman ajustado com idade, f_havg e f_h10. / The application of the airborne laser scanning (ALS) technology for forest inventories execution, have been presented as an excellent alternative to the forest planning area, particularly by the excellent results in terms of accuracy of the estimates, by the facilities of usage and other products and benefits derived from LASER overflight. The technology evolution and lower cost for GPS and Inertial Measurement Units have been the main factor of the success for ALS technology application. Several studies of ALS technology analysis in forest inventories, some even in commercial scales (NAESSET, 2007), have been conducted mainly in Europe and Canada. The results have been very attractive, among which there are the volume and basal area estimates which have made errors of up to 8.4% depending on the settings of the sampled area. Thus, this study aimed to examine the use of the ALS technology for forest inventories executions at plot and stands levels in clonal Eucalyptus sp plantations in the south of Bahia state. Field surveys were conducted to provide the parameters estimation such as diameter, tree heights, basal area and volume in circular plots of thirteen-meter radius, which were the diameter of all trees and height of a the seven trees of each plot. The overflown areas for LASER data collection were two bands of approximately 2x20km. LASER data were processed to obtain the percentiles of the ALS observations in the following levels 10 (f_h10), 30 (f_h30), 50 (f_h50), 70 (f_h70) e 90 (f_h90), and 90 (f_h90) and the density of points in the respective percentiles (f_p10, f_p30, f_p50, f_p70 and f_p90), the average height of the points (f_havg) and the standard deviation (f_hstd). These statistics were used in the regression models to estimate mean diameter, mean height, dominant height, basal area and volume of the sampled plots. For the volume, an exploration of different combinations of the variables supported the definition of the most promising relations and most promising use of these variables in the set of models already established in the biometrics and forest inventory area.The ALS observations that better fit to the average diameter were f_h30 and f_p30, resulting in a R²=0.88 and RQEM%=0.0004; for the average height, f_h10 and f_h90 generate good estimates, having R²=0.94 and RQEM%=0. 0003, therefore for the dominant height, the best estimates were obtained with f_h90, showing R²=0.96 and RQEM%=0.0003. For the basal area, the best fit used age, f_h10 and f_havg, presenting a R²=0.92 and RQEM%=0.0016. In the volume case, the two best exploratory models point to the use of age, f_h30 and f_p90, both with R ² between 0.94 and 0.95 and RQEM% between 000.2 and 000.3. Among the biometric tested models, the best were Schumacher fitted by age and f_h90; Clutter fitted by age, f_havg and f_h70; Buckman fitted by age, f_havg and f_h10.

Submitted by Alexandre Soares (alexandredesoares@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-07-15T14:54:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 mauro_ant?nio_pereira_werneburg.pdf: 2554491 bytes, checksum: 6bada387b4235cd579a4307fe05edcbd (MD5) / Rejected by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br), reason: on 2016-07-15T20:04:48Z (GMT) / Submitted by Alexandre Soares (alexandredesoares@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-07-15T20:21:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 mauro_ant?nio_pereira_werneburg.pdf: 2554491 bytes, checksum: 6bada387b4235cd579a4307fe05edcbd (MD5) / Rejected by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br), reason: rever: Refer?ncia ABNT Tipo: opem Acess Nota de disserta??o/Tese: colocar ano Palavra Chave: cada uma em um campo, sem pontua??o Ag?ncia Financiadora: Sempre por extenso e com a abrevia??o entre par?nteses no final on 2016-07-18T14:41:10Z (GMT) / Submitted by Alexandre Soares (alexandredesoares@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-07-19T12:54:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 mauro_ant?nio_pereira_werneburg.pdf: 2554491 bytes, checksum: 6bada387b4235cd579a4307fe05edcbd (MD5) / Rejected by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br), reason: Rever: Refer?ncia ABNT Tipo Palavra Chave Ag?ncia Financiadora http://acervo.ufvjm.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/559 on 2016-07-21T15:24:41Z (GMT) / Submitted by Alexandre Soares (alexandredesoares@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-08-25T11:48:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 mauro_ant?nio_pereira_werneburg.pdf: 2554491 bytes, checksum: 6bada387b4235cd579a4307fe05edcbd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2016-09-08T18:01:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 mauro_ant?nio_pereira_werneburg.pdf: 2554491 bytes, checksum: 6bada387b4235cd579a4307fe05edcbd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-08T18:01:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 mauro_ant?nio_pereira_werneburg.pdf: 2554491 bytes, checksum: 6bada387b4235cd579a4307fe05edcbd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / O objetivo deste estudo foi contextualizar o planejamento florestal nos n?veis estrat?gico, t?tico e operacional seguido por grandes empresas florestais no Brasil, bem como estimar a densidade b?sica de povoamentos de clones de eucalipto em fun??o de vari?veis quantitativas e qualitativas (cadastrais) obtidas pelo Invent?rio Florestal Cont?nuo (IFC) e informa??es clim?ticas da ?rea em estudo empregando Redes Neurais Artificiais. O Cap?tulo 1 abordou desde a import?ncia do plano estrat?gico, que trata dos objetivos macros da empresa, considerando as condi??es internas e externas e sua evolu??o esperada, passando pelo plano de m?dio prazo que indica os projetos para os pr?ximos anos e a necessidade de infraestrutura para per?odos seco e chuvoso, at? o planejamento de curto prazo que cuida do or?amento anual do processo florestal. Al?m de descrever o conhecimento do fluxo do processo de fabrica??o de celulose para dar uma no??o ao planejador das vari?veis importantes e que influenciam o manejo da floresta na busca de melhor rendimento final do produto. Destacou-se em cada processo, as principais atividades cr?ticas para produ??o e entrega de madeira na f?brica, como a colheita, transporte de madeira e fomento florestal. O Cap?tulo 2 abordou uma das vari?veis importantes de qualidade da madeira para o processo de produ??o de celulose que ? a densidade b?sica de povoamentos de clones de eucalipto. Esta foi estimada em fun??o de vari?veis quantitativas e qualitativas (cadastrais) obtidas pelo Invent?rio Florestal Cont?nuo (IFC) e de informa??es clim?ticas da ?rea em estudo empregando Redes Neurais Artificiais. Os resultados demonstraram a viabilidade da aplica??o da t?cnica para estimar a densidade com n?veis de erros percentuais aceit?veis para o processo de produ??o de celulose. Palavras / Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Ci?ncia Florestal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2015. / The objective of this study was to contextualize forest planning at the strategic, tactical and operational levels used by large forestry companies in Brazil, and to estimate the basic density of stands of eucalyptus clones in terms of quantitative and qualitative variables (registration) obtained by the Continuous Forest Inventory (CFR) and climatic information of the area under study using Artificial Neural Networks. Chapter 1 assessed the importance of the strategic plan, which deals with the macro objectives of the company, considering the internal and external conditions and its expected evolution, in addition to the medium-term plan which indicates projects for the coming years and the need for infrastructure for dry and rainy periods, as well as short-term planning that monitors the annual budget of the forestry process. Also included is an understanding of the pulp manufacturing process to provide a notion to the planner of the important variables that influence forest management when seeking a better final yield of the product. In each process the main critical activities are indicated for production and delivery of wood to the factory, including harvesting, timber transport and forest development. Chapter 2 addressed one of the important wood quality variables for the pulp production process which is the basic density of stands of eucalyptus clones. This was estimated in function of the quantitative and qualitative variables (registration) obtained by the Continuous Forest Inventory (CFI) and climatic information of the area under study using Artificial Neural Networks. The results demonstrated viability of applying the technique to estimate the percent density within acceptable error levels of the pulp production process.

As regiões de cultivo de eucalipto apresentam um grande número de variações ambientais em nível microrregional, como pode ser facilmente constatado quando se observam as diferenças expressivas entre as produtividades florestais de cada área. No entanto, para se avaliar um ambiente, é necessário identificar segmentos específicos dentro de uma paisagem, tratando-se de uma propriedade florestal e, dentro desse estudo, buscar a compreensão das interações que aí se processam. Este trabalho contribui para entender o efeito da face de exposição solar no crescimento de plantios comerciais de Eucalyptus. A proposta metodológica apresentada leva em consideração o conhecimento do meio físico - tendo como base a fisiografia para distinção das faces de exposição solar- além disso, a interação dos fatores fisiográficos com os fatores biológicos são discutidos para subsidiar a tomada de decisão. A acentuada interação genótipo x ambiente presente em muitas culturas faz com que estudos de adaptabilidade a ambientes específicos sejam parte integrante dos programas de pesquisa florestal. A resposta diferenciada dos genótipos a ambientes favoráveis e desfavoráveis pode auxiliar o gestor florestal na alocação assertiva dos materiais genéticos para maximizar a produtividade. O escaneamento a laser aerotransportado, ferramenta de uso precoce no Brasil, é um sensor óptico ativo que mede a distância até os objetos-alvo e foi utilizado para a obtenção da altura das árvores. A área de estudo está localizada na região sudoeste do estado de São Paulo. Dentre as métricas disponíveis do processamento utilizou o percentil 90 de altura para estimar a altura de plantios comerciais homogêneos de Eucalyptus. Elaborou-se a análise de variância considerando um delineamento fatorial contemplando a face de exposição solar (norte e sul) e o material genético (clones comerciais), além da interação entre ambos para observar o efeito da face no crescimento em altura do povoamento. Para florestas abaixo de quatro anos de idade observou-se que os plantios de face sul cresceram menos que os da face norte. Para florestas acima de 5 anos essa diferença entre face continua, contudo, quando concluído o desdobramento da interação fatorial observou-se que os materiais genéticos plantados em face norte não diferem entre si, mas a diferença se mantém para florestas em face sul. / The eucalyptus cultivation regions boast a large number of environmental variables in micro-regional level, as can easily be seen when studying the expressive differences between the productivity of each forest area. To evaluate an environment, however, it is necessary to identify specific segments within a landscape with regards to a forest property and within that landscape study to seek the understanding of the interactions that takes place in the process. This work contributes to a better understanding of the effect of the aspect on growth in commercial plantations of Eucalyptus. The methodological approach presented in this work takes into account the knowledge of the physical environment, based on physiography, for distinction of aspect on environments, in addition to showing the interaction of physiographic factors with biological factors to support the decision-making process. The sharp interaction genotype x environment present in many cultures leads to studies of adaptability to specific environments to become integral parts of forestry research programs. The differentiated response of genotypes to favorable and unfavorable environments can assist forest managers in the allocation of assertive genetic materials to maximize productivity. The airborne laser scanning, which is an early tool used in Brazil, is an active optical sensor that measures the distance to the target objects, was used to obtain the height of the trees. The study area is located in the southwestern region of the State of São Paulo in Brazil. Among the available processing metrics, it was used 90 percentiles in height to estimate the height of homogeneous commercial plantations of Eucalyptus. A variance analysis was devised considering a factorial design contemplating the aspect (North and South) and genetic material (commercial clones), besides the interaction between both to observe the effect of the exposure on the height growth of the settlement. To forests below four years of age, it was observed that the plantations of the South exposure grow less than the north exposure. For forests above five years, this difference between aspect continues, however, when the deployment of factorial interactions is done, it\'s observed that the genetic materials planted in the north exposure do not differ with each other, but the difference stands within forests in the South exposure.

A aplicação da tecnologia LASER aerotransportado (ALS) para realização de inventários florestais, tem se apresentado como excelente alternativa para a área de planejamento florestal, principalmente pelos ótimos resultados em termos de precisão das estimativas, pelas facilidades de uso e demais produtos e benefícios advindos do sobrevôo com o LASER. A evolução e o menor custo das tecnologias GPS e Sistemas de Medição Inercial têm sido o principal fator de sucesso para a aplicação da tecnologia ALS. Vários trabalhos de análise da tecnologia LASER aerotransportado, em inventários florestais, alguns até mesmo em escalas comerciais (NAESSET, 2007), têm sido realizados principalmente na Europa e no Canadá. Os resultados têm sido muito atraentes, dentre os quais se destacam as estimativas de volume e de área basal que têm apresentado erros de no máximo 8,4%, dependendo das configurações da área amostrada. Sendo assim, este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar o uso da tecnologia ALS para a realização de inventários florestais em níveis de parcela e talhão em plantios clonais de Eucalyptus sp, no sul do estado da Bahia. Para tanto foram realizados levantamentos de campos que permitiram a estimação de parâmetros como área basal, altura de árvores média e das dominantes e volume, em parcelas circulares de treze metros de raio, nas quais foram coletados o diâmetro de todas as árvores e a altura de uma a cada sete árvores da parcela. A área sobrevoada para coleta dos dados LASER foram duas faixas de aproximadamente 2x20km. Os dados LASER foram processados para se obter os percentís das observações ALS nos níveis 10 (f_h10), 30 (f_h30), 50 (f_h50), 70 (f_h70) e 90 (f_h90), bem como a densidade de pontos nos respectivos percentís (f_p10, f_p30, f_p50, f_p70 e f_p90), e a altura média (f_havg) e o desvio padrão (f_hstd) desses pontos. Essas estatísticas foram utilizadas em modelos de regressão para estimar diâmetro médio, altura média, altura dominante, área basal e volume das parcelas amostradas. Para o volume, uma avaliação exploratória de diferentes combinações de variáveis permitiu a definição das relações mais promissoras e a utilização dessas variáveis mais promissoras no ajuste de modelos já consagrados na área de biometria e inventário florestal. As observações ALS que melhor ajustaram diâmetro médio foram f_h30 e f_p30, com R²=0,88 e RQEM%=0,0004; para altura média, f_h10 e f_h90 geraram boas estimativas, com R²=0,94 e RQEM%=0,0003, enquanto que para altura dominante, as melhores estimativas foram obtidas com f_h90, apresentando R²=0,96 e RQEM%=0,0003; e para área basal, os melhores ajustes usaram idade, f_h10 e f_havg, sendo R²=0,92 e RQEM%=0,0016. No caso de volume, os dois melhores modelos exploratórios apontam para o uso de idade, f_h30 e f_p90, em ambos os casos, e ambos com R² entre 0,94 e 0,95 e RQEM% entre 0,002 e 0,003. Já, dentre os modelos biométricos testados, os melhores foram os de Schumacher ajustado com idade e f_h90; Clutter ajustado com idade, f_havg e f_h70; e de Buckman ajustado com idade, f_havg e f_h10. / The application of the airborne laser scanning (ALS) technology for forest inventories execution, have been presented as an excellent alternative to the forest planning area, particularly by the excellent results in terms of accuracy of the estimates, by the facilities of usage and other products and benefits derived from LASER overflight. The technology evolution and lower cost for GPS and Inertial Measurement Units have been the main factor of the success for ALS technology application. Several studies of ALS technology analysis in forest inventories, some even in commercial scales (NAESSET, 2007), have been conducted mainly in Europe and Canada. The results have been very attractive, among which there are the volume and basal area estimates which have made errors of up to 8.4% depending on the settings of the sampled area. Thus, this study aimed to examine the use of the ALS technology for forest inventories executions at plot and stands levels in clonal Eucalyptus sp plantations in the south of Bahia state. Field surveys were conducted to provide the parameters estimation such as diameter, tree heights, basal area and volume in circular plots of thirteen-meter radius, which were the diameter of all trees and height of a the seven trees of each plot. The overflown areas for LASER data collection were two bands of approximately 2x20km. LASER data were processed to obtain the percentiles of the ALS observations in the following levels 10 (f_h10), 30 (f_h30), 50 (f_h50), 70 (f_h70) e 90 (f_h90), and 90 (f_h90) and the density of points in the respective percentiles (f_p10, f_p30, f_p50, f_p70 and f_p90), the average height of the points (f_havg) and the standard deviation (f_hstd). These statistics were used in the regression models to estimate mean diameter, mean height, dominant height, basal area and volume of the sampled plots. For the volume, an exploration of different combinations of the variables supported the definition of the most promising relations and most promising use of these variables in the set of models already established in the biometrics and forest inventory area.The ALS observations that better fit to the average diameter were f_h30 and f_p30, resulting in a R²=0.88 and RQEM%=0.0004; for the average height, f_h10 and f_h90 generate good estimates, having R²=0.94 and RQEM%=0. 0003, therefore for the dominant height, the best estimates were obtained with f_h90, showing R²=0.96 and RQEM%=0.0003. For the basal area, the best fit used age, f_h10 and f_havg, presenting a R²=0.92 and RQEM%=0.0016. In the volume case, the two best exploratory models point to the use of age, f_h30 and f_p90, both with R ² between 0.94 and 0.95 and RQEM% between 000.2 and 000.3. Among the biometric tested models, the best were Schumacher fitted by age and f_h90; Clutter fitted by age, f_havg and f_h70; Buckman fitted by age, f_havg and f_h10.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第18321号 / 農博第2046号 / 新制||農||1021(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H26||N4828(農学部図書室) / 31179 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻 / (主査)教授 吉岡 崇仁, 教授 德地 直子, 准教授 長谷川 尚史 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Development of goals (desired future conditions (DFCs)) based on substantial public involvement is critical to the success of ecosystem management on public lands. I evaluated DFCs of riparian areas on national forests in the southern Appalachian mountains and evaluated a process for involving the public in development of DFCs for riparian areas on the Jefferson National Forest. First, I identified the major components, structures, and functions that are essential to riparian health through a literature review. Second, I examined how the key components, structures, and functions identified in the literature review were addressed in the DFCs and standards and guidelines for eight southeastern national forest management plans. In reviewing forest plans, I found a clear shift from emphasizing water quality in older forest plans to a more comprehensive incorporation of the values and functions of riparian areas in more recent plans. Riparian attributes included in DFCs varied widely and disparities between DFCs for forest plans and measurable criteria in the standards and guidelines often occurred. Finally, I designed, tested, and evaluated a public involvement process that identified public values for use in the development of DFCs for riparian areas on the Jefferson National Forest. I used a combination of alternative dispute resolution techniques and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), a participatory decision-making tool. I used surveys before and after the riparian meetings to evaluate the effectiveness of the public involvement process. Survey respondents generally were middle-aged, well-educated, high-income males who were long-time residents of the area. Riparian meeting participants indicated that the DFC for riparian areas on the JNF should strongly emphasize water quality and quantity, protection of riparian-dependent species and their habitats, and maintenance of the integrity of the relationship between riparian areas and the surrounding environment. Participants indicated recreational and commodity uses of riparian areas could occur as long as they did not negatively affect the other, more highly valued characteristics of riparian areas. Participants felt that the meetings were fair, that diverse interests were represented, that they had enough information to participate in the process, and that it was a wise use of their time. / Ph. D.