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Farmers and forest land use in Lao PDR and Vietnam /Ohlsson, Bo, January 2009 (has links) (PDF)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2009. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.
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Pristine forest landscapes as ecological references human land use and ecosystem change in boreal Fennoscandia /Josefsson, Torbjörn, January 2009 (has links) (PDF)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2009. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.
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Participatory land management planning in biodiversity conservation areas of Lao PDR /Sawathvong, Silavanh. January 2003 (has links) (PDF)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2003. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.
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Dynamics of Bio-Elements in Soils Along a Land-Use Gradient in the Tropical Mountain Rain Forest of Southern EcuadorBurneo Valdivieso, Juan Ignacio 13 December 2013 (has links)
The tropical montane forest of Ecuador is one of the ‘hot spots’ of species diversity. Despite this great species diversity, there are forests in our study area, namely in the Zamora-Chinchipe province in southern Ecuador, which are being depleted at an alarming rate. For example, large areas are being permanently deforested for use as ‘pastureland ’. This development is typically characterized by intensive slash and burn activities for vegetation clearance. After clear cut and slash burning, pasture species are planted of which Setaria sphacelata and Melinis minutiflora, are the most common. However, forest clearing by slash burn for pasture production occurs in the region simultaneously with subsequent invasion of bracken fern (Pteridium arachnoideum) and re-colonization of secondary succession vegetation on abandoned pasture land.
In this study, we will examine the effects that the above phenomena have on ecosystems, namely the effects associated with the conversion of natural forestland to pasture land, and the succession that occurs as a result. We will also examine how land use change affects the nutrient status of the soil.
This study focuses specifically on the area called the ‘San Francisco Valley’, (3°58’ 30”S latitude, 79°4’ 25”W longitude), which lies between Loja and the Zamora-Chinchipe provinces in Ecuador. Field work for this study was carried out at 1,798 and 2,226 m a.s.l in the following sites: 1) the San Francisco Natural Forest (this area refers to the eastern part of Podocarpus National Park); 2) active pastures Type I (this area refers to the pastureland in front of the San Francisco Scientific Station ECSF, and are pastures that have existed for 50 years or more); 3) active pastures Type II (this area refers to the pastureland in Sabanilla sites, and are pastures that have existed for approximately 17 years); and 4) abandoned pastureland (affected by succession over a period of at least twenty years).
Each land-use type consists of five plots of approximately 20 x 20m2. Five points in each plot were then chosen and later sampled (two sub-samples) according to the defined horizons and depth units, namely the organic layer and mineral top soil horizons. Organic layer (only on forest and succession sampling plots) were designated as LOf1, Of2/Oh1 and mineral top soil was sampled to a depth of a 0-10, 10-20, 20-30 cm.
To quantify the effects of the impact that land use change has on the chemical characteristics of soil in the selected areas, we analyzed the following bio-elements: the pH value, soil organic carbon (SOC), the total nitrogen (TN), the effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC), as well as stocks of total and available macronutrients. In addition, we examined the biological characteristics such as carbon and nitrogen microbial biomass (MBC, MBN), basal respiration (BR), and nitrogen mineralization (Nmin) in organic layers and top mineral soils (0-30 cm) of the following: the San Francisco Natural Forest, ECSF pastureland, Sabanilla pastureland, and abandoned pastures affected by succession.
The main results of this study can be summarised as follows:
The soil pH value increased after forest-to-pasture conversion and tended to decrease with soil depth. Moreover, pastureland in the study that was fifty years or more, showed evidence of a decrease in pH values. This decrease in pH value of the soil can be attributed to the reduction in exchangeable cations . However, they still remained higher than the pH values for the forest sites in the study. After the abandonment of pastureland, we observed a re-acidification in the soil of succession sites. This resulted in a decrease of base saturation . On the other hand, the total exchangeable base cation stocks were significantly higher for pasture soils compared with forest and succession soils. This was because of the addition of basic cations by ‘slash and burn activity ’.
In this study, we observed that the greater values of soil organic carbon stocks occurred in forest sites. This can be explained by their high SOC value in the organic layer (73.9 Mg ha-1). However, the mineral layer (0 to 30 cm depth) of forest had a lower value than pasture and succession sites. This higher SOC stock of the mineral layer of our pasture sites are partly a result of carbon input from the former standing biomass. Likewise, in the mineral layers, we found that MBC content increases in a similar way to the SOC content. For example, when we compared the MBC content of forests with the pasture sites, we observed that pastures had approximately three times as much MBC. The results of nitrogen stored in the Microbial Biomass (MBN) showed the same tendency as the MBC values.
Moreover, for organic layers, the total nitrogen stocks of forest were higher compared to succession sites. On the other hand, for mineral soil (0 to 30 cm depth), nitrogen stocks increased after forest to pasture conversion. This increase is partly due to the burning of aboveground biomass and the subsequent death of roots. Furthermore, the values of nitrogen stocks decreased again in succession sites (4.2 Mg N. ha-1), with similar values those of forests (4.4 Mg N. ha-1 ).
Our results show that the slash-and-burn practice leads to a significant increase of P stock. We found that stocks of total phosphorus were significantly higher in the mineral topsoil (0–30 cm) of 50 year-old pastures (ECSF) than in the 17 year-old pastures (Sabanilla). It is important to note that the P stocks in the mineral soil of the abandoned pasture (20 year-old pasture sites) tend to return to forest values (399.9. Kg.ha-1). Nevertheless, the results show very low values of available P on both pastures and succession sites compared with forest sites.
In the organic layers, our results show significant differences in the values of basal respiration between forest and succession sites. This indicates that the level of CO2 was greater in the selected forestland due to an increase of organic material. This essentially means that there was an increase of micro-organisms in the soil and subsequently an improved nutrient cycle . For the mineral soil, however, the results only showed a significant difference of 0-10 cm depth in the ECSF pastures and forests.
In our study, we did not find any significant differences in the net nitrogen mineralization values in the four studied areas. Nevertheless, the results show that net nitrogen mineralization values decrease systematically according to the depth of the land uses.
Summarizing, after the conversion of forest to pasture, there was an increase of the value of bio-elements in the mineral layers at both pasture sites. However, this increase was higher in 50 year old pastures (ECSF) than in the 17 year old pastures (Sabanilla). In addition, we noticed that after 20 years of the abandonment of pastures, most measured soil properties returned to the old-growth forest levels. / El bosque montano tropical de Ecuador es uno de los \"puntos calientes\" de diversidad de especies. Pero el bosque primario en el área de investigación (la provincia de Zamora Chinchipe al Sur de Ecuador) se está perdiendo a un ritmo alarmante. Grandes áreas están siendo permanentemente deforestadas para su uso como tierras de pastoreo. Este proceso se caracteriza por el uso intensivo de fuego para desmonte de la vegetación. Después de la quema y roza, se plantan especies de pastos entre las que Setaria sphacelata y Melinis minutiflora son las más comunes. Sin embargo, la quema y tala del bosque para la conversión a zonas de pastos ocurre simultáneamente con la subsecuente invasión del helecho común (Pteridium arachnoideum), produciéndose. La difusión de esta maleza y la decreciente productividad de los pastos (especialmente Setaria spacelata y Melinis minutiflora) conducen a que las tierras se utilizan en pastoreo hasta que la tierra se agota de nutrientes y luego se abandonan.
En este estudio, se examinan los efectos que los fenómenos anteriormente mencionados tienen sobre los ecosistemas; a saber, los efectos asociados a la conversión de bosques naturales en tierras de pastoreo y la posterior sucesión de los pastizales; además de cómo el cambio de uso del suelo afecta el estado nutricional de los suelos del sur del Ecuador.
El estudio se sitúa en la zona del valle de San Francisco (3°58’ 30”S latitud, 79°4’ 25”W longitud), entre Loja y Zamora Chinchipe, provincias que se encuentran en el sur de Ecuador. El trabajo de campo se llevó a cabo a una altura entre 1,798 y 2,226 m s.n.m.; en: 1) las áreas de bosque natural San Francisco (esta área se refiere a la parte oriental del Parque Nacional Podocarpus); 2) pasto activos Tipo I (esta área se refiere a los pastos en frente de la Estación Científica San Francisco ECSF, y son pastizales que tienen más de 50 años de edad); 3) pastos activos Tipo II (esta área se refiere a los pastos en los sitios de Sabanilla, y son pastizales que existen desde hace aproximadamente 17 años); y 4) pastos abandonados bajo vegetación de sucesión (más de 20 años de edad).
Cada tipo de uso de la tierra consistió en cinco parcelas de aproximadamente 20 x 20 m2; se eligieron cinco puntos en cada parcela y se tomaron muestras (dos sub-muestras) de acuerdo con los horizontes orgánico y mineral. Las capas Orgánicas (solo presentes en el bosque y en los sitios de sucesión) se identificaron como LOf1, Of2/Oh1 y las capas minerales se muestrearon hasta los 0-30 cm de profundidad del suelo.
Para cuantificar los efectos del impacto del cambio del uso de la tierra en las características químicas del suelo, se analizó los siguientes bio-elementos: pH, carbono orgánico del suelo (COS), nitrógeno total (Nt), la capacidad de intercambio catiónico efectiva (CICE), así como las reservas del contenido total y disponibilidad de los macro nutrientes. Además, las características biológicas, tales como el carbón (MBC) y nitrógeno (MBN) de la biomasa microbiana, la respiración basal (Rb) y la mineralización de nitrógeno (Nmin) en las capas orgánicas y en la capa mineral del suelo (hasta -30 cm) de los bosques naturales, pastos y pastizales abandonados bajo vegetación de sucesión.
Los principales resultados del estudio se describen a continuación:
El valor de pH del suelo indica una elevada acidez, después de la conversión de bosque a pastos y tiene una tendencia general a disminuir con la profundidad del suelo, cuando los pastos se hacen más viejos (más de 50 años de edad); los valores de pH del suelo disminuye como consecuencia de la lixiviación de cationes intercambiables, pero siguen siendo superiores a los valores de pH de los sitios del bosque. Tras el abandono de los pastos se observó una re-acidificación en el suelo de los sitios de sucesión, lo que resulta en una disminución de la saturación de bases.
Los resultados además indican que las capas orgánicas, especialmente en los suelos de los bosques, almacenan una cantidad importante de potasio, calcio y magnesio. Sin embargo, las reservas totales de cationes básicos intercambiables fueron significativamente mayores en los suelos de los pastizales que en los bosques y que los suelos de sucesión, debido a la adición de cationes básicos producidos por la tala y quema usada en la conversión de bosques a pastizales.
En este estudio, se encontró que los mayores valores de reservas de COS se producen en zonas forestales, que se corresponde con un alto valor en la capa orgánica (73,9 Mg C ha-1). Sin embargo, la capa mineral (hasta - 30 cm de profundidad) de los suelos del bosque tiene un valor menor en comparación con los valores de los pastos y sucesión. Este alto contenido de COS en los pastos, se debe en parte al ingreso de carbono desde la biomasa. Asimismo, en las capas minerales, se encontró que el contenido de carbono en biomasa microbiana (CBM) aumenta de una manera similar al contenido de carbono orgánico del suelo (COS). Por ejemplo, cuando comparamos el contenido de CBM de los bosques con los sitios de pastoreo, se observó que los pastos tenían aproximadamente tres veces más MBC. El resultado de nitrógeno almacenado en la biomasa microbiana (NBM) mostró la misma tendencia que los valores de CBM.
En las capas orgánicas, las reservas totales de nitrógeno de los bosques fueron mayores en comparación con los sitios de sucesión. Por otro lado, en el suelo mineral (hasta -30 cm de profundidad) las reservas de nitrógeno aumentan después de la conversión de bosques a pastizales. Este incremento es parte debido a la quema de la biomasa superior y de la subsecuente muerte de las raíces. Además, los valores de las reservas de nitrógeno disminuyen de nuevo en los sitios de sucesión (4.2 Mg N. ha-1), a valores similares a las del bosque (4.4 Mg N. ha-1 ).
Nuestros resultados muestran que las prácticas de quema y tala incrementan significativamente las reservas de fosforo, encontramos que las reservas de fosforo total fueron significativamente altas en las capas minerales (- 30 cm) de los pastos de 50 años (ECSF), seguido de los pastos de 17 años de edad (Sabanilla). Es importante notar que las reservas de fosforo en las capas minerales de los suelos de pastos abandonados (20 años de edad) tienden a retornar a los valores del bosque (399.9. Kg.ha-1). Sin embargo, los resultados muestran valores muy bajos de fosforo disponible en ambos sitios de pastos y sucesión comparado con el bosque.
En las capas orgánicas, los resultados revelan diferencias significativas en los valores de la respiración basal (potencial) entre el bosque y la sucesión. Esto indica que el nivel de CO2 fue mayor en el los sitios de bosque debido a un aumento de la materia orgánica. Esto implica un aumento de los microorganismos en el suelo y, posteriormente, una mejora en el ciclo de nutrientes. En el suelo mineral, los resultados sólo muestran una diferencia significativa en la profundidad de 0-10 cm entre los pastos ECSF con los bosques.
En nuestro estudio, no se encontró diferencias significativas en los valores de mineralización neta de nitrógeno entre las cuatro áreas estudiadas. Sin embargo, los resultados muestran que los valores netos de mineralización del nitrógeno disminuyen sistemáticamente con la profundidad en todos los usos de los suelos estudiados.
En resumen, después de la conversión de bosques en pastizales, se produjo un incremento del valor de los bio-elementos en las capas minerales de ambos sitios de pastoreo. Sin embargo, este aumento fue mayor en los pastos de 50 años de edad (ECSF) que en los pastos de 17 años de edad (Sabanilla). Además, los resultados muestras que después de 20 años del abandono de los pastos, la mayoría de los parámetros medidos retornan a valores similares a los de los sitios de bosque. / Im globalen Kontext stellt der tropische Bergregenwald in Süd-Ecuador ein „Hotspot“ der Biodiversität dar. Im Untersuchungsgebiet ist die enorme Artenvielfalt durch die massive Zerstörung der natürlichen Waldökosysteme gefährdet. Der Wald wird durch intensive Brandrodung großflächig in Weideland umgewandelt. Im Laufe der Weidenutzung kommt es auf den Weideflächen zu einer zunehmenden Ausbreitung und Dominanz des tropischen Adlerfarns (Pteridium arachnoideum). Die Farnausbreitung und die abnehmende Produktivität der Weidegräser insbesondere von Setaria sphacelata und Melinis minutiflora, führt zum Verlassen der Weiden und zur Etablierung neuer Weideflächen durch fortgesetzte Brandrodung des Naturwaldes. Aufgelassene ehemalige Weideflächen unterliegen einer sekundären Sukzession.
Innerhalb dieser Studie wurden die Effekte der Umwandlung des Naturwaldes in Weideland, der Weidenutzung sowie der Wirkungen der sekundären Sukzession nach dem Verlassen unproduktiver Weideflächen auf die Nährstoffsituation der Böden untersucht.
Die Untersuchung erfolgte im Gebiet des „San Francisco Tales“, (3°58’ 30”S, 79°4’ 25”W), welches sich zwischen den beiden Provinzen Loja und Zamora-Chinchipe in Ecuador befindet. Feldarbeiten innerhalb dieser Studie wurden in einer Höhe zwischen 1798 und 2225 m NN in den folgenden Bereichen ausgeführt: 1) Naturwald in San Francisco; 2) aktive Weidefläche Typ I (seit circa 50 Jahren in Nutzung); 3) aktive Weidefläche Typ II (seit circa 17 Jahren in Nutzung); und 4) verlassenes Weideland (bestimmt durch sekundäre Sukzession seit mindestens 20 Jahren).
Jeder Landnutzungstyp besteht aus fünf Plots mit einer Ausdehnung von circa 20 x 20 m. Fünf Punkte innerhalb eines jeden Plots wurden zur Beprobung ausgewählt. Die organische Auflage (Naturwald, verlassenes Weideland) wurde nach Auflagehorizonten (LOf1 und Of2/Oh) und der Mineralboden nach Tiefenstufen (0-10 cm, 10-20 und 20-30 cm) getrennt beprobt.
Um die Effekte und den Einfluss des Landnutzungswandels auf chemische Bodenkennwerte zu quantifizieren, wurden die folgenden Indikatoren untersucht: pH, organischer Kohlenstoffgehalt des Bodens (SOC), Gesamtstickstoff (TN), effektive Kationenaustauschkapazität (CECeff) sowie Vorräte der gesamten und pflanzenverfügbaren Makronährelemente. Zusätzlich wurden bodenbiologische Indikatoren wie Kohlenstoff und Stickstoff der mikrobiellen Biomasse (MBC, MBN), Basalatmung (BR) und Stickstoffmineralisation (Nmin) in den organischen Auflagehorizonten und dem mineralischen Oberboden (0-30 cm) wie folgt untersucht: Naturwald in San Francisco, ECSF Weideflächen, Sabanilla Weideflächen und aufgelassene, von der Sukzession beeinflusste Weiden.
Die hauptsächlichen Resultate der Untersuchung können wie folgt zusammengefasst werden:
Der pH-Wert des Bodens erhöhte sich nach der Umwandlung von Wald zu Weide und zeigt mit zunehmender Tiefe einen abnehmenden Trend. Darüber hinaus nahmen die pH-Werte von der 17 Jahre alten zur 50 Jahre alten Weide ab. Diese Abnahme kann auf den Rückgang austauschbarer Kationen zurückgeführt werden. Dennoch verblieb der pH-Wert in den 50 Jahre alten Weiden oberhalb des pH-Wertes der im Wald beprobten Flächen. Nach dem Auflassen der Weiden wurde eine erneute Versauerung des Bodens im Stadium der Sukzession beobachtet. Dieser pH-Rückgang wird durch einen Abnahme der Basensättigung begleitet. Auf der anderen Seite waren die Vorräte an austauschbaren Basen der CECeff auf den Weideflächen signifikant über denen der Wald- und Sukzessionsflächen. Ursächlich dafür war die Freisetzung basischer Kationen während der Brandrodung des Naturwaldes.
Innerhalb dieser Studie wurden die höchsten Vorräte an Bodenkohlenstoff im Naturwald ermittelt. Das kann durch hohe Vorräte an SOC in der organischen Auflage (73.9 Mg ha-1) erklärt werden. Allerdings waren die Vorräte im Mineralboden (0-30 cm) des Waldes geringer als auf den Weide- und Sukzessionsflächen. Diese höheren SOC-Vorräte im Mineralboden der Weideflächen sind teilweise das Resultat der höheren Kohlenstoffzufuhr durch Reste der oberirdischen Biomasse. Der Gehalt an mikrobiellem Biomassekohlenstoff nahm in ähnlicher Art und Weise wie der des bodenbürtigen organischen Kohlenstoffs zu. Beispielsweise wurde beim Vergleich von MBC und MBN-Gehalten des Waldes mit denen der Weide der dreifache Gehalt in der Weide gefunden.
Außerdem waren die Stickstoffvorräte der organischen Auflagen im Wald höher als auf den Sukzessionsflächen. Andererseits nahmen die Stickstoffvorräte nach der Umwandlung von Wald zu Weide im Mineralboden (0-30 cm) zu. Diese Zunahme beruht zum Teil auf dem Abbrennen der oberirdischen Biomasse und dem anschließenden Absterben der Wurzeln. Des Weiteren verringerten sich die Stickstoffvorräte im Stadium der Sukzession (4.2 Mg N ha-1) und glichen sich wieder denen des Waldes (4.4 Mg N ha-1) an.
Die Resultate zeigen, dass die Brandrodung zu einem signifikanten Anstieg der Phosphorvorräte führte. Vorräte des Gesamtphosphors waren in den mineralischen Oberböden (0-30 cm) der 50 Jahre alten Weide, gefolgt von der 17 Jahre alten Weide signifikant am höchsten. Zu betonen ist, dass die P-Vorräte im Mineralboden der aufgelassenen Weide dazu tendieren auf Werte des Waldes abzusinken (399.9 kg ha-1). Trotzdem zeigten die Ergebnisse sehr geringe Werte für pflanzenverfügbaren Phosphor in Weide und Sukzession im Vergleich zum Wald.
In den organischen Auflagehorizonten wurden signifikante Unterschiede in der mikrobiellen Aktivität (Basalatmung) zwischen Wald und Weide gefunden. Das zeigt, dass das Niveau an C-Mineralisierung in der ausgewählten Waldfläche größer ist, was auf die erhöhte Verfügbarkeit der organischen Substanz zurückgeführt werden kann. Das bedeutet im Wesentlichen einen Anstieg der Mikroorganismen in den Böden und darauffolgend einen verbesserten Nährstoffkreislauf. Für den Mineralboden zeigten die Ergebnisse jedoch nur einen signifikanten Unterschied in einer Tiefe von 0-10 cm zwischen Wald und Weide.
Signifikante Unterschiede in der Nettostickstoffmineralisation der vier untersuchten Gebiete konnten nicht gefunden werden. Nichtsdestotrotz zeigten die Ergebnisse, dass die Nettostickstoffmineralisation mit zunehmender Tiefe in den unterschiedlichen Landnutzungen abnimmt.
Zusammenfassend kann festgestellt werden, dass nach der Brandrodung die Gehalte an Bioelementen im Mineralboden beider Weideflächen zunahmen. Dieser Anstieg war in den 50 Jahre alten Weideflächen (ECSF) sogar ausgeprägter als in den 17 Jahre alten Weideflächen (Sabanilla). Zusätzlich zeigte sich in den 20 Jahre alten Sukzessionsflächen, dass durch die Regeneration einer organischen Auflage ein positiver Effekt hinsichtlich erhöhter Vorräte an SOC und pflanzenverfügbarem Phosphor festgestellt werden konnte. Diese allmähliche Zunahme an Nährstoffen im Boden der Sukzession setzte sich fort, bis das Ausgangsniveau des Waldes wieder erreicht war.
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Efficiency and safety in self-employed family forestry /Lindroos, Ola, January 2006 (has links) (PDF)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.
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Betesmarker, djurantal och betestryck 1620-1850 : naturvårdsaspekter på historisk beteshävd i Syd- och Mellansverige /Dahlström, Anna, January 2006 (has links) (PDF)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2006. / Härtill 3 uppsatser.
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The impact of the radiation balance on snowmelt in a sparse deciduous birch forestTurton, Rachael Heather January 2017 (has links)
The representation of high-latitude surface processes and quantifying surface-climate feedbacks are some of the most serious shortcomings of present day Arctic land surface modelling. The energy balance of seasonally snow-covered sparse deciduous forests at high latitudes is poorly understood and inaccurately represented within hydrological and climate models. Snow cover plays an important role in wintertime fluxes of energy, water and carbon, controlling the length of the active growing season and hence the overall carbon balance of Arctic ecosystems. Snow cover is non-uniform and spatially variable, as wind redistributes snow from areas of exposed open tundra to sheltered areas within the forest, where a deeper snowpack develops. Low solar zenith angles, coupled with sparse deciduous leafless trees, cast shadows across the snow surface. The spatial distribution of canopy gaps determines the timing of direct radiation which penetrates down through the canopy to the snow surface. The forest canopy also excludes incoming longwave radiation and yet also emits longwave radiation to the snow surface. Consequently the forest canopy plays a key role in the radiation balance of sparse forests. To improve our knowledge of these complex processes, meteorological and field observations were taken in an area of highly heterogeneous birch Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii forest in Abisko, Sweden during the spring of 2008 and 2009. Detailed measurements of short and longwave radiation above and below the canopy, hemispherical photographs, tree temperatures and snow surveys were conducted to quantify the radiation balance of the sparse deciduous forest. An array of below canopy pyranometers found the mean canopy transmissivity to be 74 % in 2008 and 76 % in 2009. Hemispherical photographs taken at the pyranometer locations analysed with Gap Light Analyzer (GLA) showed reasonable agreement with a mean canopy transmissivity of 75 % in 2008 and 74 % in 2009. The canopy transmissivity was found to be independent of the diffuse fraction of radiation as the canopy is very sparse. A series of survey grids and transects were established to scale up from the below canopy pyranometers to the landscape scale. Hemispherical photographs analysed with GLA showed the sparse forest canopy had a mean transmissivity of 78 % and a mean LAI of 0.25, whereas the open tundra had a mean transmissivity of 97 % and a mean LAI of < 0.01. Snow surveys showed the sparse forest snow depth to vary between 0.34 and 0.55 m, whereas the snow depth in the open tundra varied between 0.12 and 0.18 m. Observations of canopy temperatures showed a strong influence of incident shortwave radiation warming the tree branches to temperatures up to 15 °C warmer than ambient air temperature on the south facing sides of the trees, and up to 6 °C on the north facing sides of the trees. To reproduce the observed radiation balance, two canopy models (Homogenous and Clumped) were developed. The Homogeneous canopy model assumes a single tree tile with a uniform sparse canopy. The Clumped canopy model assumes a tree and a grass tile, where the tree tile is permanently in shade from the canopy and the grass tile receives all the incoming radiation. These canopy models identified the need for a parameter that accounts for the spatial and temporal variation of the shaded gaps within the sparse forest. JULES (Joint UK Land Environment Simulator) is the community land surface model used in the UK Hadley Centre GCM suite. Modifications of the land-surface interactions were included in JULES to represent the shaded gaps within the sparse deciduous forest. New parameterisations were developed for the time-varying sunlit fractions of the gap (flit), the sky-view fraction (fv), and the longwave radiation emitted from the canopy (LWtree). These model developments were informed by field observations of the forest canopy and evaluated against the below canopy short and longwave radiation observed data sets. The JULES Shaded gap model output showed a strong positive relationship with the observations of below canopy shortwave and longwave radiation. The JULES Shaded gap model improves the ratio of observed to modelled short and longwave radiation on sunny days compared to the JULES model. The JULES Shaded gap model reduces the time to snow melt by 2 to 4 days compared to the JULES model, making the model output more aligned with in-situ observational data. This shortening of the modelled snow-season directly impacts on the simulated carbon and water balance regionally and has wider relevance at the pan-Arctic scale. When JULES Shaded Gap was evaluated on the global scale, it improved the modelled snowmass across large areas of sparse forest in northern Canada, Scandinavia and Northern Russia with respect to GlobSnow. The performance of the land surface-snow-vegetation interactions of JULES was improved by using the Shaded gap to model the radiation balance of sparse forests in climate-sensitive Arctic regions. Furthermore these observational data can be used to develop and evaluate high latitude land-surface processes and biogeochemical feedbacks in other earth system models.
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Zpracování studie revitalizace malého zemědělsko-lesního povodí / Revitalization study for small agricultural-forest catchmentČASTA, Jiří January 2014 (has links)
Revitalization generally are activities leading to the recovery of ecosystems in the landscape and their stabilization. In this thesis are proposed changes for revitalization of small agro-forestry basin stream called Branná significantly disrupted trough conditions, the banks and a river basin, including throughput migration of aquatic animals.
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Impacto economico da reserva legal florestal sobre diferentes tipos de unidades de produção agropecuaria / Economic impacts of restoration and maintenance of legal forest reserves on different farm typesFasiaben, Maria do Carmo Ramos 15 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Ademar Ribeiro Romeiro / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T18:02:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A legislação ambiental brasileira que trata da reserva legal florestal é alvo de intensa polêmica, pois põe em confronto interesses públicos e privados. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o impacto econômico da reserva legal sobre a margem bruta de diferentes tipos de unidades de produção agropecuária (UPA) da Microbacia do Rio Oriçanga - São Paulo. Para tanto, elaborou-se uma tipologia das UPAs da microbacia, mapearam-se os remanescentes de vegetação natural dos diferentes tipos e definiram-se as classes de capacidade de uso de suas terras. Foram escolhidos dois tipos para detalhamento do estudo: as pequenas unidades de baixa tecnologia e as unidades produtoras de citros. Procedeu-se à modelagem da estrutura produtiva dos dois tipos selecionados, através do método de programação recursiva, abarcando o período de 2002/2003 a 2008/2009. Os dois tipos de UPAs apresentaram déficits de reserva legal, que, para serem supridos na mesma microbacia, exigem a conversão de áreas atualmente em uso agropecuário. Confrontaram-se os sistemas atuais dessas unidades típicas aos seguintes cenários, de modo a completar a área requerida de reserva legal: i) conversão de áreas com uso agropecuário em vegetação natural, através do plantio de espécies nativas, visando o manejo sustentável para exploração de madeira; ii) conversão de áreas com uso agropecuário em vegetação nativa, através da regeneração natural e sem exploração econômica. Para a unidade típica produtora de citros, estimou-se uma redução média na margem bruta da unidade de produção de 13%, no cenário de restauração e exploração sustentável do déficit de reserva legal e de 17%, no cenário onde ela se manteve sem nenhum tipo de recuperação ou manejo. Já para a pequena unidade de baixa tecnologia, a margem bruta não sofreu alteração no primeiro cenário, e mostrou uma redução de 10% no segundo. Os resultados evidenciam a importância de políticas que permitam uma distribuição mais equitativa dos custos da conservação ambiental entre toda a sociedade, bem como a importância de ajustes locacionais das reservas legais, na busca de um melhor equilíbrio entre a conservação da biodiversidade e o custo de oportunidade das terras / Abstract: The Brazilian environmental legislation concerning the maintenance of native vegetation as a proportion of the farm's land (so-called "Legal Reserve") is a matter of intense debate. The subject brings public and private interests in confrontation. In this context, this dissertation aimed at assessing the economic impacts of the legal reserve on the gross margins (GM) of different types of farms located in the watershed of the Oriçanga River - in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. A farm's typology for the watershed was elaborated, the natural vegetation remnants were mapped and the classes of land use capacity were defined. Two farm types were selected for a detailed study: the low-technology small farms and the citrus producing farms. The productive structure of both types was modeled using recursive programming for the period between 2002/2003 and 2008/2009. The current farm systems adopted by both types were studied in two scenarios of legal reserve deficit elimination: i) native species plantations for sustainable production of timber; ii) spontaneous growth of natural vegetation, without forest restoration and economic management. In both scenarios some of the farms' productive area needed to be converted into native vegetation. The citrus producing farms suffered a 13% reduction in the average gross margin in the first scenario (sustainable timber production), and a GM reduction of 17% in the second scenario (unmanaged spontaneous growth). For the lowtechnology small farms, there were no losses in the first scenario, but a 10% reduction in GM in the second one. These results evidence the importance of policies aimed at a more equitable distribution of the environmental conservation costs in the society, as well as the need for locational adjustments of the legal reserves, in order to find a better equilibrium between the preservation of biodiversity and the opportunity cost of land / Doutorado / Desenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio Ambiente / Doutor em Desenvolvimento Economico
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Přehled a vyhodnocení dostupných databází při oceňování trvalých porostů / Review and Evaluation of Available Databases at the Appraisal of Permanent StandsPavlák, Jakub January 2010 (has links)
The subject of this master´s thesis is evaluation availability databases sources used in forensic engineering of forest management. Theoretical part describes basic terms about forests, forest management and available databases sources. Practical part deals with describing of this databases and make methods, how can we get useful information.
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