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Application of a framework to assess wildlife policy and its implementation in Mocambique.Soto, Bartolomeu. January 2004 (has links)
Wildlife management in Moryambique has had a troubled history. The end of civil war and
installment of a democratic Government provided opportunity to redefine policy and
implementation of conservation. Weakened by civil strife and with wildlife decimated in many
areas, Government sought approaches to conservation that would promote participation by investors
and civil society, particularly rural communities. The intention is to acknowledge the rights of rural
people to resources and the benefits that can accrue from their use. Partnerships are seen as a way in
which Government can bring the required financial and human resources to bear whilst at the same
time engendering positive attitudes to conservation in general, and to policy in particular.
The purpose of this research is to examine, using two case study conservation areas, the
consequences of Government's attempts to implement its policy. The philosophical basis for the
research is that policy reform and implementation should be envisaged as a complex system
comprising many interactions and that when this complexity is not acknowledged and addressed
systemically, it predisposes the process of policy reform and implementation to failure. A principal
cause of failure is considered to be that assumptions are not made explicit and this results in
development and application of an approach that does not accord with reality. Further, because of
the networked nature of the system, failure at one point can be magnified as its consequences are
propagated through the system.
A conceptual framework for policy reform and implementation is developed. This exposes some
critical assumptions about Government's capacity to implement policy and the ways in which
implementation is experienced by stakeholders, especially local communities. Context is provided
by tracing the evolution of approaches to conservation in Moryambique from the pre-colonial era to
the present. The findings are that Government does not have the capacity to implement its
conservation policy and this is shown to have serious implications for how local people perceive
and respond to Government approaches to conservation. Causal factors are analysed and assessed. It
is concluded that the process of policy reform and implementation is complex but that a systems
approach provides a simple and easily comprehended way in which this complexity can be
interpreted and taken into account with potentially very significant benefits.
Perceptions are shown to be a powerful determinant of response to policy reform and
implementation. As these are commonly a basis for destructive tensions between parties, it is
suggested that research directed at defining the principles that should underpin management of
perceptions and tensions should be encouraged. / Thesis (M.Env.Dev.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2004.
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Policy impact on stakeholder benefits and resource use and conservation in Mozambique : the case study of Moflor Forest Concession Area and Pindanganga Community AreaFalcao, Mario Paulo Pereira da Silva 04 1900 (has links)
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2005. / Some digitised pages may appear illegible due to the condition of the hard copy. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A case study in miombo woodlands was carried out in Pindanganga and MOFLOR forest
concession, Gondola and Dondo Districts respectively, in the centre of Mozambique, to analyse
the impact of alternative forest management regimes and sectoral and extra sectoral policies on
the well being of stakeholders and conservation of the woodlands. A system dynamics model,
MIOMBOSIM, based on game theory and implemented in POWERSIM was developed. The
analysis is based on a simulation model of the fluctuation over time of the human population,
forest dynamics, harvesting costs of the private sector, household consumption, commercial
outputs and prices (timber, charcoal, non timber forest products and domestic animals), using data
from field surveys and the literature. It also simulated the effects over time of changes in charcoal
production efficiency, sales amount and marketing prices of NTFPs, agricultural output prices,
off-miombo greater employment availability and a combination between the changes
(simultaneous increase in marketing prices ofNTFPs and agricultural output prices, simultaneous
increase in charcoal production efficiency and agricultural output prices, and simultaneous
increase in off-miombo greater employment availability and agricultural output prices). The
modelling approach chosen allows to evaluate management regimes taking into account the
different stakeholder interests, which are often conflicting.
This study shows that improvement in the well being of stakeholders and resource conservation
can be achieved with sound forest management practices. There is no management regime
capable of fully satisfying the goals of the stakeholders. The cooperative management option is
potentially beneficial to local communities if properly implemented and can improve the rural
livelihoods and the woodland resources condition. It also shows that regulated forest management
regimes incorporating social concerns or incorporating social and environmental concerns are
potentially more beneficial to the household sector than the open access regime.
Results found in the study show that an increase by 10% and 30% on charcoal production
efficiency can lead to an increase in the per capita benefits of the household sector by 3.0 to more
than 100%, but can not reach the poverty line (one dollar per day per person). An increase by
100% in the sales amount or 100% increase in market selling prices of NTFPs can lead to an
increase in the per capita benefits of the household sector. An increase in agricultural output
selling prices by 25% without any other incentive leads to agricultural expansion. An increase by
100% in off-miembo employment opportunities in the study areas has an insignificant impact on
resource use and conservation for the local communities due to the very low employment opportunities currently in place (0.008% in Pindanganga and 0.005% in MOFLOR area). A
combination of these two policies instruments under ceteris paribus condition can improve the
well being of the rural communities depending on the management regime option, but can not
reach the poverty line (one dollar per day per person). The ranking of the management regime can
change depending on the policy instrument applied. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Gevalle-studie is in Miombo boomveld in Pindanganga en MOFLOR, onderskeidelik in die
Gondola en Dondo Distrikte in die sentrale deel van Mosambiek, uitgevoer om die impak van
alternatiewe bosbestuursisteme en sektorale en ekstra-sektorale beleide op die welstand van
belanghebbendes (stakeholders) en bewaring van die boomveld te ontleed. 'n Sisteem-dinamika
model, MIOMBOSIM, gebaseer op spel teorie (game theory) en ge-implementeer in
POWERSIM, was ontwikkel. Die analise is gebaseer op 'n simulasie-model van die fluktuasie
oor tyd van die plaaslike bevolking, bosdinamika, oestingskostes van die private sektor,
huishoudelike verbruik, kommersiële uitsette en pryse (hout, houtskool, nie-hout produkte en
huishoudelike diere), deur data van veldopnames en uit die literatuur te gebruik. Die invloede oor
tyd in veranderinge in effektiwiteit van houtskoolproduksie, verkoopsvlakke en markpryse van
nie-hout produkte, landbou uitsetpryse, beskikbare indiensneming buite die Miombo
boomveldgebiede, en 'n kombinasie tussen die veranderinge, is ook gesimuleer. Die gekose
modelleringsbenadering het dit moontlik gemaak om die bosbestuursisteme te evalueer met
inagneming van die verskillende en dikwels teenstrydige behoeftes van die belanghebbendes.
Die studie het getoon dat verbetering In die welstand van die belanghebbendes en
hulpbronbewaring bereik kan word met gesonde bosbestuurspraktyke. Geeneen van die
bosbestuursisteme kan die doelwitte van die belanghebbendes ten volle bevredig nie. Die
kooperatiewe bestuursopsie is potensieel voordelig vir die plaaslike gemeeskappe indien
behoorlik ge-implementeer, en kan die landelike lewensbestaan sowel as die toestand van die
boomveld as hulpbron verbeter. Gereguleerde bosbestuursisteme wat sosiale belange of sosialeomgewingsbelange
insluit, is potensieel meer voordelig vir die huishoudelike sektor as die vrye
toegangsisteem (open access regime).
Resultate van die studie het getoon dat 'n toename van onderskeidelik 10% and 30% in
effektiwiteit van houtskoolproduksie kan lei tot 'n toename in per kapita voordele van die
huishoudelike sektor van 3.0% tot meer as 100%, maar kan nie lei tot 'n vebetering bokant die
armoedevlak nie (een VSA doller per dag per persoon). 'n Toename van 100% in die hoeveelheid
verkope of 'n 100% toename in die markverkoopsprys van nie-hout produkte kan lei tot 'n
toename in die per kapita voordele van die huishoudelike sektor. 'n Toename in die landbou
uitsetverkoopspryse met 25% sonder enige ander insentiewe lei tot landbou-uitbreiding. 'n 100%
Toename in indiensnemingsgeleenthede buite die Miombo boomveldgebiede in die studiegebiede het onbeduidende impakte op hulpbrongebruik en bewaring vir die plaaslike gemeenskappe as
gevolg van baie lae huidige indiensnemingsgeleenthede (0.008% in Pindanganga en 0.005% in
MOFLOR). 'n Kombinasie van die twee beleidsinstrumente onder toestande van ceteris paribus
kan die welstand van die landelike gemeenskappe verbeter afhangende van die
bestuursisteemopsie, maar kan nie die armoedsvlak oorskry nie (een VSA doller per dag per
persoon). Die rangorde van die bestuursisteem kan verander afhangende van watter
beleidsinstrument toegepas word.
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The impact of plant product harvesting on Derre Miombo woodlands, Mozambique / by Maria Cruz.Cruz, Maria (Maria Regina Torres) 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScFor)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigates how information on plant products can be used to incorporate
local users into joint forest management planning by developing guidelines for
sustainable collaborative management in Derre miombo woodland in the Zambézia
Province in Mozambique. From the participatory appraisal, it was found that 46
woody miombo species were used in the five villages for at least 29 different
purposes. Five of these species (Brachystegia boehmii, B. spiciformis, Pterocarpus
angolensis, Terminalia sericea and Swartzia madagascariensis) were selected for
analysis because of their multiple uses and the unknown impact of their harvesting on
the future survival of those hardwood trees species.
In order to determine the impact of human resource extraction on the forest and on the
dynamics of tree canopy populations an inventory of woody plants was.carried out for
two categories of forest land-use, namely selective harvesting and fallow land
(approximately 15 years old). This was done for Golombe and Arame villages and for
selective harvesting only for Mphoto village, on 23, I-ha random selected plots in the
woodland adjacent to the three villages.
The population structure of the five species T sericea, S. madagascariensis, P.
angolensis, B. boehmii and B. spiciformis showed different trends in each of the
three villages. Size class distribution of the first tree species gave evidence that the
species were being harvested for building poles.
This study has shown that, through plant species products, miombo contribute to the
livelihoods of the local communities living in Derre woodlands. In this study it was
found that usually more than one species were used for one product as well as most of
the species being trees with multiple uses.
This study has also provided some evidence that P. angolensis and S.
madagascariensis can benefit from shifting cultivation and fire, which encourages
coppice regeneration. More research is required to further validate this evidence. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek die moontlikhede wat inligting oor spesifieke plantprodukte
bied, in die betrekking van plaaslike gemeenskappe in die proses van gesamentlike
bosbestuurs- en beplanningspraktyke. Verder word riglyne opgestel aangaande die
volhoubaarheid van die gesamentlike bestuurs- en beplanningspraktyke in die Derre
miombo bosveld, in die Zambézia Provinsie in Mozambique. Inligting verkry vanuit
die deelnemende opname dui aan dat in die vyf nedersettings wat ondersoek is, 46
houtagtige miombo spesies vir ten minste 29 verskillende doeleindes aangewend
word. Vyf van die spesies (Brachystegia boehmii, B. spiciformis, Pterocarpus
angolensis, Terminalia sericea en Swartzia madagascariensis) is geselekteer vir
gebruik in analises as gevolg van hul benutbaarheid deur plaaslike inwoners en die
feit dat minimale inligting beskikbaar is oor die impak van gebruik van die harde hout
spesies op hul volhoubare benutting en voortbestaan.
'n Opname van houtagtige spesies is uitgevoer in areas wat val in een van twee bosgrondgebruiks
kategoriee nl. areas wat selektief geoes en benut word, en braaklande
(ongeveer 15 jaar oud). Dit is gedoen om die impak wat verwydering van
boshulpbronne deur mense op die boomkruin populasies het, vas te stel. Die opname
strategie is gevolg in 23 ha persele, uitgelê in die gebiede wat die Golombe, Arame en
Mphoto nedersettings omring - in die geval van laasgenoemde nedersetting is slegs
die impak van selektiewe benutting ondersoek.
Die populasie struktuur van die vyf studiespesies (T sericea, S. madagascariensis, P.
angolensis, B. boehmii en B. spiciformis) het verkil vir elk van die drie nedersettings
wat ondersoek is. Die verspreiding van grootte klasse vir die eerste spesie, het
aangedui dat die spesie vir gebruik as konstruksie pale geoes word.
Die miombo bosveld plantegroei-tipe dra by tot die lewensonderhoud van plaaslike
gemeenskappe in die vorm van plant produkte, in die Derre omgewing. Daar is
verder gevind dat meer as een spesie dikwels vir dieselfde doel aangewend kan word
en die meeste van die spesies wat benut word is boomagtig met meer as een gebruik.
In die studie is verder aanduidings gevind dat P. angolensis en S. madagascariensis
kan baatvind by grondverbouings praktyke wat gereeld verskuif word en ook brande,
omdat beide praktyke kreupelhout regenerasie stimuleer. Verdere navorsing word
egter benodig om dié bevinding te ondersteun.
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